Composite materials are augmented with functionalized graphene having added amine groups, benzoxazine groups, imide groups, or a combination of amine groups and imide groups on a surface of the graphene, epoxide groups formed on at least one edge of the graphene and/or holes formed through the graph
Composite materials are augmented with functionalized graphene having added amine groups, benzoxazine groups, imide groups, or a combination of amine groups and imide groups on a surface of the graphene, epoxide groups formed on at least one edge of the graphene and/or holes formed through the graphene. The functionalized graphene is integrated into a composite material as a supplement to or as a replacement for either the carbon reinforcement material or the resin matrix material to increase strength of the composite materials, and may be in the form of a functionalized graphene nanoplatelet, a flat graphene sheet or film, or a rolled or twisted graphene sheet or film.
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1. A composite material comprising carbon reinforcement fibers and a matrix material, the matrix material comprising 0.1% to 100% by weight functionalized graphene nanoplatelets having imide groups formed on a surface of the graphene nanoplatelets. 2. The composite material of claim 1, wherein the g
1. A composite material comprising carbon reinforcement fibers and a matrix material, the matrix material comprising 0.1% to 100% by weight functionalized graphene nanoplatelets having imide groups formed on a surface of the graphene nanoplatelets. 2. The composite material of claim 1, wherein the graphene nanoplatelets further comprise amine groups formed on the surface of the graphene nanoplatelets. 3. The composite material of claim 1, wherein the graphene nanoplatelets further comprise holes formed through the graphene nanoplatelets. 4. The composite material of claim 3, wherein the holes are substantially circular and have a diameter of 1-2 nanometers. 5. The composite material of claim 3, wherein about 12-80 carbon atoms are removed from the graphene nanoplatelets to form each of the holes. 6. The composite material of claim 2, wherein the imide groups and the amine groups on the surface of the graphene nanoplatelets have a surface density of about 4.0E10 to about 2.0E12 groups per square millimeter. 7. The composite material of claim 2, wherein about 0.1% to about 5.0% of carbon atoms in the graphene nanoplatelets have imide groups or amine groups bonded thereto. 8. The composite material of claim 2, wherein the matrix material comprises an aerospace-grade bismaleimide resin having 0.1% to 5.0% by weight functionalized graphene nanoplatelets. 9. The composite material of claim 8, wherein the graphene nanoplatelets are present throughout bismaleimide resin and the bismaleimide resin is a macromolecular complex. 10. The composite material of claim 8, wherein the graphene nanoplatelets form an interlayer between two layers of the bismaleimide resin, and the interlayer is a macromolecular complex of the bismaleimide resin. 11. The composite material of claim 2, wherein the matrix material comprises 100% by weight functionalized graphene nanoplatelets, and the matrix material is a macromolecular complex of the graphene nanoplatelets. 12. An aircraft comprising composite structures made from the composite material of claim 1. 13. A method of increasing strength of a composite material comprising carbon reinforcement fibers and a resin matrix material, the method comprising: mixing functionalized graphene nanoplatelets into the resin matrix material to form a graphene-resin mixture, the functionalized graphene nanoplatelets having imide groups formed on a surface of the graphene nanoplatelets and epoxide groups formed on at least one edge of the graphene nanoplatelets;combining the graphene-resin mixture with a plurality of the carbon reinforcement fibers to form a prepreg material; andcuring the prepreg material to form the composite material. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the graphene nanoplatelets further comprise amine groups formed on the surface of the graphene nanoplatelets. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein graphene nanoplatelets have holes formed through the graphene nanoplatelets. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the holes are substantially circular and have a diameter of 1-2 nanometers. 17. The method of claim 15, wherein about 12-80 carbon atoms are removed from the graphene nanoplatelets to form each of the holes. 18. The method of claim 14, wherein the imide groups and the amine groups on the surface of the graphene nanoplatelets have a surface density of about 4.0E10 to about 2.0E12 groups per square millimeter. 19. The method of claim 14, wherein about 0.1% to about 5.0% of carbon atoms in the graphene nanoplatelets have imide groups or amine groups bonded thereto. 20. The method of claim 14, wherein the functionalized graphene nanoplatelets are mixed into the resin matrix material in an amount of 0.1% to 5.0% by weight of the graphene-resin mixture. 21. A method of increasing strength of a composite material comprising carbon reinforcement fibers and a resin matrix material, the method comprising: combining the resin mixture with a plurality of the carbon reinforcement fibers to form a prepreg material;depositing functionalized graphene nanoplatelets onto a top surface of the prepreg material to form a graphene interlayer, the functionalized graphene nanoplatelets having imide groups formed on a surface of the graphene nanoplatelets and epoxide groups formed on at least one edge of the graphene nanoplatelets;laying a second prepreg material on top of the graphene interlayer; andcuring the prepreg material, the graphene interlayer and the second prepreg material to form the composite material. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the graphene nanoplatelets further comprise amine groups formed on the surface of the graphene nanoplatelets. 23. The method of claim 22, wherein the graphene nanoplatelets further comprise holes formed through the graphene nanoplatelets. 24. The method of claim 23, wherein the holes are substantially circular and have a diameter of 1-2 nanometers. 25. The method of claim 23, wherein about 12-80 carbon atoms are removed from the graphene nanoplatelets to form each of the holes. 26. The method of claim 22, wherein the imide groups and the amine groups on the surface of the graphene nanoplatelets have a surface density of about 4.0E10 to about 2.0E12 groups per square millimeter. 27. The method of claim 22, wherein about 0.1% to about 5.0% of carbon atoms in the graphene nanoplatelets have imide groups or amine groups bonded thereto. 28. The method of claim 22, wherein the prepreg material is cured to a cure state of 0.1. 29. A method of increasing strength of a composite material comprising carbon reinforcement fibers and a resin matrix material, the method comprising: forming a bed of the carbon reinforcement fibers;depositing functionalized graphene nanoplatelets through a top surface of the bed of the carbon reinforcement fibers to penetrate the entire bed of fibers and form a carbon fiber/graphene prepreg material, the functionalized graphene nanoplatelets having imide groups formed on a surface of the graphene nanoplatelets and epoxide groups formed on at least one edge of the graphene nanoplatelets; andcuring the carbon fiber/graphene prepreg material to form the composite material. 30. The method of claim 29, wherein the graphene nanoplatelets further comprise amine groups formed on the surface of the graphene nanoplatelets. 31. The method of claim 30, wherein the graphene nanoplatelets further comprise holes formed through the graphene nanoplatelets. 32. The method of claim 31, wherein the holes are substantially circular and have a diameter of 1-2 nanometers. 33. The method of claim 31, wherein about 12-80 carbon atoms are removed from the graphene nanoplatelets to form each of the holes. 34. The method of claim 32, wherein the imide groups and amine groups on the surface of the graphene nanoplatelets have a surface density of about 4.0E10 to about 2.0E12 groups per square millimeter. 35. The method of claim 32, wherein about 0.1% to about 5.0% of carbon atoms in the graphene nanoplatelets have imide groups or amine groups bonded thereto. 36. The method of claim 32, wherein the prepreg material is cured to a cure state of 0.1. 37. The method of claim 32, wherein the graphene nanoplatelets are rectangular in shape with sides having a length of 10 nanometers to 100 nanometers. 38. The composite material of claim 1, wherein the graphene nanoplatelets are rectangular in shape with sides having a length of 10 nanometers to 100 nanometers.
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Humfeld, Keith Daniel; Parameswaran, Venkatacha, Augmented reactor for chemical vapor deposition of ultra-long carbon nanotubes.
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