초록 ▼

Disclosed are gas permeable 3D electrodes, preferably that have practical utility in, particularly, electro-energy and electro-synthetic applications. Gas permeable materials, such as non-conductive porous polymer membranes, are attached to one or more porous conductive materials. In another aspect

Disclosed are gas permeable 3D electrodes, preferably that have practical utility in, particularly, electro-energy and electro-synthetic applications. Gas permeable materials, such as non-conductive porous polymer membranes, are attached to one or more porous conductive materials. In another aspect there is provided a method for the fabrication of gas permeable 3D electrodes, for example gas diffusion electrodes (GDEs). The 3D electrodes can be utilized in electrochemical cells or devices.

대표청구항 ▼

1. A gas permeable 3D electrode comprising: a gas permeable material that is non-conductive;a porous conductive material attached to the gas permeable material; anda binder material to attach the porous conductive material to the gas permeable material;wherein the binder material is provided with a

1. A gas permeable 3D electrode comprising: a gas permeable material that is non-conductive;a porous conductive material attached to the gas permeable material; anda binder material to attach the porous conductive material to the gas permeable material;wherein the binder material is provided with a catalytic material; andwherein a three-phase solid-liquid-gas boundary is able to form at or near a surface of the gas permeable material facing the porous conductive material. 2. The gas permeable 3D electrode of claim 1, wherein the electrode is flexible. 3. The gas permeable 3D electrode of claim 2, wherein the electrode is spiral-wound or rolled. 4. The gas permeable 3D electrode of claim 1, wherein during use of the electrode the gas permeable material is impermeable to a liquid electrolyte, and the porous conductive material is permeable to the liquid electrolyte. 5. The gas permeable 3D electrode of claim 1, wherein the porous conductive material is provided adjacent to the gas permeable material. 6. The gas permeable 3D electrode of claim 1, wherein the porous conductive material abuts the gas permeable material. 7. The gas permeable 3D electrode of claim 1, wherein the porous conductive material is selected from the group of: metallic meshes; metallic grids; metallic lattices; metallic cloths; perforated metallic sheets; polymeric meshes, grids, lattices or cloths coated with a metallic layer; carbon fibres or carbon cloths; and, porous or spaced apart metallic elements. 8. The gas permeable 3D electrode of claim 1, wherein the binder material is provided with a conductive material. 9. The gas permeable 3D electrode of claim 1, wherein the hinder material includes carbon black particles, graphene, carbon nanotubes, or buckyballs. 10. The gas permeable 3D electrode of claim 1, wherein the binder material includes Nickel particles or nanoparticles. 11. The gas permeable 3D electrode of claim 1, wherein the binder material includes an ionomer. 12. The gas permeable 3D electrode of claim 1, wherein the binder material is present between the porous conductive material and the gas permeable material. 13. The gas permeable 3D electrode of claim 1, wherein the binder material penetrates into the gas permeable material to a depth less than the thickness of the gas permeable material. 14. The gas permeable 3D electrode of claim 1, wherein the binder material penetrates into or around the porous conductive material. 15. The gas permeable 3D electrode of claim 1, comprising a barrier layer. 16. The gas permeable 3D electrode of claim 15, wherein the barrier layer limits an amount of water vapor permeating through the electrode. 17. The gas permeable 3D electrode of claim 1, wherein the gas permeable material has a characteristic pore size <500 nm. 18. The gas permeable 3D electrode of claim 1, wherein the electrode has a wetting pressure between 0.2 bar and 10 bar. 19. The gas permeable 3D electrode of claim 1, wherein the electrode has a width of about 0.05 in to about 2 in. 20. The gas permeable 3D electrode of claim 1, wherein the electrode has a length of about 0.5 m to about 10 m. 21. The gas permeable 3D electrode of claim 1, wherein in use the three-phase solid-liquid-gas boundary is macroscopically substantially two-dimensional in relation to the width of the 3D electrode. 22. The gas permeable 3D electrode of claim 1, wherein the porous conductive material is at least partially formed using Nickel. 23. The gas permeable 3D electrode of claim 1, wherein the porous conductive material is at least partially formed using Ti, Cr, Pt, Cu, Pb, Sn, Co, Mn, Au and/or Ag. 24. An electrochemical cell comprising the gas permeable 3D electrode of claim 1. 25. The electrochemical cell of claim 24, wherein the cell includes a plurality of the gas permeable 3D electrodes that are flexible. 26. A gas permeable 3D electrode comprising: a gas permeable material that is non-conductive;a first porous conductive material attached to the gas permeable material; anda second porous conductive material positioned on an opposite side of the gas permeable material to the first porous conductive material;wherein a three-phase solid-liquid-gas boundary is able to form at or near a surface of the gas permeable material facing the first porous conductive material. 27. The gas permeable 3D electrode of claim 26, wherein during use of the electrode, the gas permeable material is impermeable to a liquid electrolyte, and the first porous conductive material is permeable to the liquid electrolyte. 28. The gas permeable 3D electrode of claim 26, wherein the first porous conductive material is provided adjacent to the gas permeable material. 29. The gas permeable 3D electrode of claim 26, wherein the first porous conductive material abuts the gas permeable material. 30. The gas permeable 3D electrode of claim 26, further comprising a binder material to attach the first porous conductive material to the gas permeable material. 31. The gas permeable 3D electrode of claim 30, wherein the binder material is provided with a catalytic material. 32. The gas permeable 3D electrode of claim 30, wherein the binder material is provided with a conductive material. 33. The gas permeable 3D electrode of claim 30, wherein the binder material includes carbon black particles, graphene, carbon nanotubes, or buckyballs. 34. The gas permeable 3D electrode of claim 30, wherein the binder material includes Nickel particles or nanoparticles. 35. The gas permeable 3D electrode of claim 30, wherein the binder material includes an ionomer. 36. The gas permeable 3D electrode of claim 30, wherein the binder material is present between the first porous conductive material and the gas permeable material. 37. The gas permeable 3D electrode of claim 30, wherein the binder material penetrates into the gas permeable material to a depth less than the thickness of the gas permeable material. 38. The gas permeable 3D electrode of claim 30, wherein the binder material penetrates into or around the first porous conductive material. 39. The gas permeable 3D electrode of claim 26, comprising a barrier layer. 40. The gas permeable 3D electrode of claim 39, wherein the barrier layer limits an amount of water vapor permeating through the electrode.