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Methods separates a gas comprising providing a first electrode in ion-conducting contact with an electrolyte, providing a second electrode in ion-conducting contact with the electrolyte, wherein the second electrode comprises a liquid metal, providing a displacing material comprising a first surface

Methods separates a gas comprising providing a first electrode in ion-conducting contact with an electrolyte, providing a second electrode in ion-conducting contact with the electrolyte, wherein the second electrode comprises a liquid metal, providing a displacing material comprising a first surface in contact with the second electrode and a second surface exposed to an environment outside the second electrode, wherein said material permits flow of gas and impedes flow of liquid metal, and establishing a potential between the first and second electrodes, whereby gas flows toward the liquid metal. Other aspects include methods and apparatuses comprising electrodes, electrolytes and displacing materials.

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1. An apparatus comprising: (a) a cathode in ion-conducting contact with a molten electrolyte;(b) a solid oxygen ion-conducting electrolyte in ion-conducting contact with the molten electrolyte;(c) a liquid metal anode disposed within the solid oxygen ion-conducting electrolyte;(d) a displacing mate

1. An apparatus comprising: (a) a cathode in ion-conducting contact with a molten electrolyte;(b) a solid oxygen ion-conducting electrolyte in ion-conducting contact with the molten electrolyte;(c) a liquid metal anode disposed within the solid oxygen ion-conducting electrolyte;(d) a displacing material comprising a first surface in contact with the liquid metal anode and a second surface exposed to an environment outside of the liquid metal anode, wherein the displacing material comprises a two-phase liquid solid and said material permits flow of gas and impedes the flow of liquid metal; and(e) a power supply for establishing a potential between the cathode and the anode. 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first surface of the displacing material comprises protrusions. 3. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the protrusions displace at least a portion of the liquid anode. 4. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the protrusions comprise bumps, ridges, rings or spirals. 5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the displacing material comprises a plurality of displacing solids. 6. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein conduits are present through the displacing material. 7. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the displacing material comprises a porous oxide or an oxygen transport membrane. 8. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the oxygen transport membrane comprises a mixed ionic-electronic conductor. 9. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the porous oxide comprises alumina, zirconia, magnesia, ceria, titania, aluminum titanate or aluminum zirconate. 10. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the liquid metal does not enter the pores of the displacing material. 11. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the liquid metal wets the surface of the solid electrolyte. 12. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the liquid phase is immiscible with the liquid metal anode. 13. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the liquid phase comprises lead oxide, tellurium oxide or bismuth oxide. 14. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the liquid metal is oxygen stable. 15. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the liquid metal anode comprises silver, gold, or alloys thereof. 16. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the liquid metal anode alloy further comprises copper, tin, lead, or bismuth. 17. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the liquid metal anode comprises silver.