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This disclosure relates to a nanoporous composition including a number of clusters of nanoparticles dispersed in a liquid, a nanoporous layer formed of the nanoporous composition, a glucose-oxidation electrode including the nanoporous layer, and a glucose-sensing device and system including the gluc

This disclosure relates to a nanoporous composition including a number of clusters of nanoparticles dispersed in a liquid, a nanoporous layer formed of the nanoporous composition, a glucose-oxidation electrode including the nanoporous layer, and a glucose-sensing device and system including the glucose-oxidation electrode. This disclosure also relates to a method of making the nanoporous composition, the nanoporous layer, the glucose-oxidation electrode and the glucose-sensing device and system. Further, this disclosure also relates to devices, systems and methods for continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) and blood glucose monitoring (BGM).

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1. A glucose-sensing electrode, comprising: an electrically conductive layer;a nanoporous metal layer formed over the electrically conductive layer;an electrolyte ion-blocking layer formed over the nanoporous metal layer; anda biocompatibility layer formed over the electrolyte ion-blocking layer,whe

1. A glucose-sensing electrode, comprising: an electrically conductive layer;a nanoporous metal layer formed over the electrically conductive layer;an electrolyte ion-blocking layer formed over the nanoporous metal layer; anda biocompatibility layer formed over the electrolyte ion-blocking layer,wherein the glucose-sensing electrode does not include a glucose-specific enzyme,wherein, when contacting liquid containing glucose, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Cl−, PO43− and CO32−, the electrolyte ion-blocking layer is configured to inhibit Na+, K+, Ca2+, Cl−, PO43− and CO32− contained in the liquid from diffusing toward the nanoporous metal layer such that there is a substantial discontinuity of a combined concentration of Na+, K+, Ca2+, Cl−, PO43− and CO32− between over and below the electrolyte ion-blocking layer,wherein the nanoporous metal layer comprises a deposit of irregularly shaped bodies that are formed of numerous nanoparticles having a generally oval or spherical shape with a length ranging between about 2 nm and about 5 nm,wherein adjacent ones of the irregularly shaped bodies abut one another while forming unoccupied spaces between non-abutting surfaces or portions of the adjacent ones of the irregularly shaped bodies,wherein abutments between adjacent ones of the irregularly shaped bodies connect the adjacent ones with one another, which continues to other ones of the irregularly shaped bodies to form a three-dimensional interconnected network of irregularly shaped bodies,wherein the unoccupied spaces between non-abutting surfaces or portions of the adjacent ones of the irregularly shaped bodies are irregularly shaped and connect with other unoccupied spaces formed by other ones of the irregularly shaped bodies,wherein connections between the unoccupied spaces form a three-dimensional interconnected network of irregularly shaped spaces that is geometrically complementary to and outside the three-dimensional interconnected network of irregularly shaped bodies inside the nanoporous metal layer,wherein, inside the three-dimensional interconnected network of irregularly shaped bodies, at least part of the nanoparticles are adjacent to each other without an intervening nanoparticle therebetween and apart from each other to define interparticular nanopores therebetween,whereby the nanoporous metal layer comprises the interparticular nanopores inside the three-dimensional interconnected network of irregularly shaped bodies and further comprises the three-dimensional interconnected network of irregularly shaped spaces outside the three-dimensional interconnected network of irregularly shaped bodies,wherein at least part of the interparticular nanopores inside the three-dimensional interconnected network of irregularly shaped bodies are in a size ranging between about 0.5 nm and about 3 nm,wherein at least part of the irregularly shaped spaces of the three-dimensional interconnected network of irregularly shaped spaces are in a size ranging between about 100 nm and about 500 nm. 2. The glucose-sensing electrode of claim 1, wherein when applying a bias voltage of 0.2-0.45 V thereto relative to a reference electrode, the glucose-sensing electrode is configured to cause oxidation of glucose in the nanoporous metal layer and configured to generate an electric current that is a sum of a glucose-oxidation current caused by the glucose oxidation alone and a background current caused by other electrochemical interactions of the liquid and the glucose-sensing electrode, wherein, when the liquid contains glucose at a concentration of 4-20 mM (72-360 mg/dL), at steady state the glucose-oxidation current is at a level higher than 0.1 μA/mMcm2 (10 nA/mMcm2). 3. The glucose-sensing electrode of claim 1, wherein the combined concentration below the electrolyte ion-blocking layer is greater than 0% and lower than about 10% of the combined concentration above the electrolyte ion-blocking layer. 4. The glucose-sensing electrode of claim 1, wherein the combined concentration below the electrolyte ion-blocking layer is greater than 0% and lower than about 5% of the combined concentration above the electrolyte ion-blocking layer. 5. The glucose-sensing electrode of claim 1, wherein the electrolyte ion-blocking layer comprises a porous and hydrophobic polymer layer that is configured to limit mobility of Na+, K+, Ca2+, Cl−, PO43− and CO32− therethrough while not limiting mobility of glucose molecules therethrough. 6. The glucose-sensing electrode of claim 1, wherein the electrolyte ion-blocking layer comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA), and poly(methyl methacrylate-co-ethylene glycol dimethacrylate) (PMMA-EG-PMMA). 7. The glucose-sensing electrode of claim 1, wherein the electrolyte ion-blocking layer comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of a copolymer of methylmethacrylate and butylmethacrylate, and polymers obtained from polymerization of one or more monomers including branched or unbranched C1-C8 alkylmethacrylate, branched or unbranched C1-C8 cycloalkylmethacrylate, branched or unbranched C1-C8 alkylacrylate, branched or unbranched C1-C8 cycloalkylcrylate, and branched or unbranched C1-C8 cycloalkylmethacrylate, wherein the one or more monomers are selected from the group consisting of methylmethacrylate, ethylmethacrylate, proplymethacrylate, butylmethacrylate, pentylmethacrylate, hexylmethacrylate, cyclohexylmethacrylate, 2-ethylhexylmethacrylate, methylacrylate, ethylacrylate, proplyacrylate, butylacrylate, pentylacrylate, hexylacrylate, cyclohexylacrylate, and 2-ethylhexylacrylate. 8. The glucose-sensing electrode of claim 1, wherein the glucose-sensing electrode is a continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) electrode, wherein the liquid is bodily fluid of a subject. 9. The glucose-sensing electrode of claim 8, wherein when applying a bias voltage of 0.2-0.45 V thereto relative to a reference electrode, the glucose-sensing electrode is configured to cause oxidation of glucose in the nanoporous metal layer and configured to generate an electric current that is a sum of a glucose-oxidation current caused by the glucose oxidation alone and a background current caused by other electrochemical interactions of the liquid and the glucose-sensing electrode, wherein the electrolyte ion-blocking layer is configured to facilitate conditioning of the glucose-sensing electrode such that conditioning of the glucose-sensing electrode is complete within 30 minutes from contacting the subject's bodily fluid with the application of the bias voltage of 0.2-0.45 V. 10. The glucose-sensing electrode of claim 9, wherein conditioning of the glucose-sensing electrode is considered as complete when a rate of decrease of the electric current is smaller than a first predetermined value. 11. The glucose-sensing electrode of claim 9, wherein conditioning of the glucose-sensing electrode is considered as complete when the electric current stays smaller than a second predetermined value. 12. The glucose-sensing electrode of claim 9, wherein conditioning of the glucose-sensing electrode is considered as complete when a rate of decrease of the electric current is smaller than a first predetermined value and when the electric current stays smaller than a second predetermined value. 13. The glucose-sensing electrode of claim 9, wherein the reference electrode is configured to provide a reference level of electric potential for the bias voltage applied to the glucose-sensing electrode, whether reduction of a chemical entity occurs in the reference electrode or not. 14. An apparatus comprising: a single integrated body comprising a subcutaneous portion and a terminal portion;the subcutaneous portion comprising the glucose-sensing electrode of claim 1 and a reference electrode, each of which is exposed for contacting interstitial fluid of a first subject when the subcutaneous portion is subcutaneously inserted into the first subject's body; andthe terminal portion configured for coupling with a counterpart device and comprising a first terminal electrically connected to the glucose-sensing electrode and a second terminal electrically connected to the reference electrode. 15. A method of continuous glucose monitoring, the method comprising: providing the apparatus of claim 14;subcutaneously inserting the subcutaneous portion into a first subject's body such that the glucose-sensing electrode and the reference electrode contact interstitial fluid of the first subject's body;causing to apply a bias voltage of 0.2-0.45 V to the glucose-sensing electrode relative to the reference electrode;measuring electric current generated from the glucose-sensing electrode;computing a glucose level using an electric current value that is obtained by a measurement of the electric current within less than 1 hour from later of subcutaneous insertion of the subcutaneous portion and application of the bias voltage; andpresenting, on a display, the computed glucose level as that of the first subject within a range between about 4 mM and about 20 mM (between about 72 mg/dL and about 360 mg/dL). 16. The glucose-sensing electrode of claim 1, wherein the nanoporous metal layer is substantially free of a surfactant, wherein if any surfactant is contained in the nanoporous metal layer, the surfactant is in an amount smaller than 0.5 parts by weight with reference to 100 parts by weight of the deposit. 17. The glucose-sensing electrode of claim 1, wherein the three-dimensional interconnected network of irregularly shaped bodies further comprises interparticular nanopores between adjacent nanoparticles in a size ranging between about 0.25 nm and about 4.5 nm. 18. The glucose-sensing electrode of claim 1, wherein the unoccupied spaces forming the three-dimensional interconnected network of irregularly shaped spaces are individually in a size ranging between about 25 nm and about 700 nm. 19. The glucose-sensing electrode of claim 1, wherein the nanoparticles are primarily made of platinum (Pt) or gold (Au), wherein the interparticular nanopores are distributed generally throughout inside the three-dimensional interconnected network of irregularly shaped bodies. 20. The glucose-sensing electrode of claim 1, wherein the nanoparticles are primarily made of platinum (Pt) or gold (Au), wherein the unoccupied spaces of the three-dimensional interconnected network of irregularly shaped spaces are distributed generally throughout in the nanoporous metal layer.