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Technology for determining an orbit of a geosynchronous satellite is described. A ground station can receive a transponded (RF) signal from a relay satellite. The relay satellite can receive an RF signal from the geosynchronous satellite and transpond the RF signal to create the transponded RF signa

Technology for determining an orbit of a geosynchronous satellite is described. A ground station can receive a transponded (RF) signal from a relay satellite. The relay satellite can receive an RF signal from the geosynchronous satellite and transpond the RF signal to create the transponded RF signal. The ground station can identify a second Doppler shift associated with the transponded RF signal received at the ground station from the relay satellite. The RF signal received at the relay satellite from the geosynchronous satellite can be associated with a first Doppler shift. The ground station can determine a frequency of the transponded RF signal received at the ground station from the relay satellite. The first Doppler shift associated with the RF signal transmitted from the geosynchronous satellite to the relay satellite can be calculated using the frequency of the transponded RF signal and the second Doppler shift associated with the transponded signal. The orbit of the geosynchronous satellite can be determined based on the first Doppler shift associated with the RF signal.

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1. A method for determining an orbit of a geosynchronous satellite, the method comprising: under control of at least one processor and memory configured with executable instructions:receiving a transponded (RF) signal from a relay satellite, at a ground station, wherein the relay satellite receives

1. A method for determining an orbit of a geosynchronous satellite, the method comprising: under control of at least one processor and memory configured with executable instructions:receiving a transponded (RF) signal from a relay satellite, at a ground station, wherein the relay satellite receives an RF signal having a first Doppler shift from the geosynchronous satellite and transponds the RF signal to create the transponded RF signal;calculating a second Doppler shift that is associated with the transponded RF signal received at the ground station from the relay satellite;determining a frequency of the transponded RF signal that is received at the ground station from the relay satellite, wherein the frequency is a received frequency of the transponded RF signal;calculating the first Doppler shift associated with the RF signal using the frequency of the transponded RF signal and the second Doppler shift;computing, at the ground station, a trend in a Doppler shift based on multiple RF signals from the geosynchronous satellite, wherein the trend in the Doppler shift includes multiple Doppler shifts that include the first Doppler shift;determining, at the ground station, the orbit of the geosynchronous satellite relative to the relay satellite using the trend in the Doppler shift; andadjusting the orbit of the geosynchronous satellite that is determined using the trend in the Doppler shift,wherein a location of the ground station and an orbit of the relay satellite are known to the ground station. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the transponded RF signal, received at the ground station from the relay satellite, has a shifted frequency with respect to the RF signal communicated from the geosynchronous satellite to the relay satellite. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising determining the orbit of the geosynchronous satellite relative to an orbit of the relay satellite, wherein the orbit of the relay satellite is previously determined. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the relay satellite has an angular rate around the Earth that is higher than an angular rate around the Earth of the geosynchronous satellite. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of calculating the first Doppler shift further comprises using D1 =fGeo−D2−fground, wherein D1 represents the first Doppler shift, D2 represents the second Doppler shift, fGeo is a frequency of the RF signal transmitted from the geosynchronous satellite and fground is a frequency of the transponded RF signal that is received at the ground station from the relay satellite, wherein D2 is calculated using a relay satellite ephemeris, fground is measured at the ground station, and fGeo is a known value. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising identifying the second Doppler shift associated with the transponded RF signal received at the ground station from the relay satellite based on a known ephemeris associated with the relay satellite. 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising using the first Doppler shift associated with the RF signal transmitted from the geosynchronous satellite to the relay satellite to determine six classical orbital elements of the geosynchronous satellite, the six classical elements including an eccentricity, semimajor axis, inclination, longitude of an ascending node, argument of periapsis, and mean anomaly at epoch. 8. The method of claim 7, further comprising: determining, at the ground station, an expected Doppler shift associated with an upcoming RF signal to be transmitted from the geosynchronous satellite to the relay satellite; andupdating the current position and the current velocity associated with the geosynchronous satellite until a measured Doppler shift is within a predetermined threshold of the expected Doppler shift. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the relay satellite is a cube satellite (CubeSat) or a micro satellite. 10. A method for determining an orbit of a geosynchronous satellite, the method comprising: under control of at least one processor and memory configured with executable instructions:receiving a first radio frequency (RF) signal from the geosynchronous satellite;receiving a second (RF) signal from a relay satellite, at the ground receiver, wherein the second RF signal is a transponded RF signal, wherein the relay satellite receives a third RF signal from the geosynchronous satellite and shifts a frequency of the third RF signal to create the second RF signal, wherein the relay satellite has an angular rate around the Earth that is higher than an angular rate around the Earth of the geosynchronous satellite;calculating a second range (R2) that represents a distance traveled by the second RF signal between the relay satellite and the ground receiver, wherein a first range (R1) represents a distance traveled by the first RF signal between the geosynchronous satellite and the ground receiver and a third range (R3) represents a distance traveled by the third RF signal between the geosynchronous satellite and the relay satellite;determining the orbit of the geosynchronous satellite based in part on the second range (R2) and a predefined relationship between the first range (R1) and the third range (R3) at a given time, wherein the orbit of the geosynchronous satellite is determined using multiple second range (R2) measurements calculated over a period of time; andadjusting the orbit of the geosynchronous satellite that is determined using the multiple second range (R2) measurements calculated over the period of time,wherein a location of the ground station and an orbit of the relay satellite are known to the ground station. 11. The method of claim 10, further comprising determining the orbit of the geosynchronous satellite using K(t) =R1−R3, wherein K(t) represents the predefined relationship between the first range and the third range. 12. The method of claim 11, further comprising determining the orbit of the geosynchronous satellite using R⁢⁢1c=R⁢⁢3+R⁢⁢2c-τ+d, wherein: c is the speed of light;τ represents a time lag between the ground receiver receiving the second RF signal from the relay satellite with respect to receiving the first RF signal from the geosynchronous satellite; andd represents an amount of time for the relay satellite to receive the third RF signal from the geosynchronous satellite, shift a frequency associated with the third RF signal to create the second RF signal, and send the second RF signal to the ground receiver. 13. The method of claim 11, wherein the predefined relationship of K(t)=R1−R3 increases a speed for convergence of orbit determination of the geosynchronous satellite. 14. The method of claim 11, further comprising determining the orbit of the geosynchronous satellite relative to an orbit of the relay satellite, wherein the orbit of the relay satellite is previously determined. 15. The method of claim 11, further comprising: calculating a second Doppler shift associated with the second RF signal received at the ground receiver from the relay satellite;measuring a frequency of the second RF signal received from the relay satellite;calculating a first Doppler shift associated with the third RF signal transmitted from the geosynchronous satellite to the relay satellite using the frequency of the second RF signal and the second Doppler shift associated with the second RF signal; anddetermining the orbit of the geosynchronous satellite based on the first Doppler shift, the second range (R2), and the predefined relationship between the first range and the third range. 16. The method of claim 10, further comprising calculating the second range (R2) that represents the distance traveled by the second RF signal between the relay satellite and the ground receiver using a known ephemeris associated with the relay satellite. 17. The method of claim 10, further comprising: receiving at least one dedicated tone from the relay satellite; andcalculating the ephemeris of the relay satellite using the at least one dedicated tone. 18. The method of claim 10, further comprising: determining, at the ground receiver, an expected Doppler shift associated with an upcoming third RF signal to be transmitted from the geosynchronous satellite to the relay satellite;determining, at the ground receiver, an expected time lag between the ground receiver receiving an upcoming second RF signal from the relay satellite with respect to receiving an upcoming first RF signal from the geosynchronous satellite; andupdating an orbital determination of the geosynchronous satellite until a measured Doppler shift is within a predetermined threshold of the expected Doppler shift and a measured time lag is within a predetermined threshold of the expected time lag. 19. A system for satellite orbit determination, the system comprising: a geosynchronous satellite configured to generate a radio frequency (RF) signal;a relay satellite configured to receive the RF signal from the geosynchronous satellite and generate a transponded RF signal from the RF signal, wherein the relay satellite has an angular rate around the Earth that is higher than an angular rate around the Earth of the geosynchronous satellite; anda ground receiver configured to: receive the transponded RF signal from the relay satellite;compute a trend in a Doppler shift based on multiple RF signals from the geosynchronous satellite, wherein the trend in the Doppler shift includes multiple Doppler shifts that includes a first Doppler shift associated with the RF signal; anddetermine the orbit of the geosynchronous satellite using the trend in the Doppler shift,wherein a location of the ground station and an orbit of the relay satellite are known to the ground station. 20. The system of claim 19, wherein the ground receiver is further configured to: calculate a second Doppler shift associated with the transponded RF signal received at the ground receiver from the relay satellite, wherein the RF signal received at the relay satellite from the geosynchronous satellite is associated with the first Doppler shift; andcalculate the first Doppler shift associated with the RF signal transmitted from the geosynchronous satellite to the relay satellite using a frequency of the transponded RF signal that is received at the ground receiver from the relay satellite and the second Doppler shift associated with the transponded signal, wherein the frequency is a received frequency of the transponded signal. 21. The system of claim 19, wherein the ground receiver is further configured to determine six classical orbital elements of the geosynchronous satellite based on the first Doppler shift associated with the RF signal transmitted from the geosynchronous satellite to the relay satellite. 22. The system of claim 19, wherein the ground receiver is further configured to determine a current position and current velocity associated with the geosynchronous satellite based on the first Doppler shift associated with the RF signal transmitted from the geosynchronous satellite to the relay satellite. 23. The system of claim 19, wherein the relay satellite is further configured to receive the RF signal from the geosynchronous satellite, shift a frequency associated with the RF signal in order to create transponded RF signal, and send the transponded RF signal to the ground receiver. 24. A method for determining an orbit of a geosynchronous satellite, the method comprising: under control of at least one processor and memory configured with executable instructions:receiving a transponded (RF) signal from a relay satellite, at a ground station, wherein the relay satellite receives an RF signal having a first Doppler shift from the geosynchronous satellite and transponds the RF signal to create the transponded RF signal;calculating a second Doppler shift that is associated with the transponded RF signal received at the ground station from the relay satellite;determining a frequency of the transponded RF signal that is received at the ground station from the relay satellite, wherein the frequency is a received frequency of the transponded RF signal;calculating the first Doppler shift associated with the RF signal using the frequency of the transponded RF signal and the second Doppler shift;computing, at the ground station, a trend in a Doppler shift based on multiple RF signals from the geosynchronous satellite, wherein the trend in the Doppler shift includes multiple Doppler shifts that include the first Doppler shift;determining, at the ground station, the orbit of the geosynchronous satellite relative to the relay satellite using the trend in the Doppler shift; andadjusting a direction of one or more antennas associated with the ground station based on the orbit of the geosynchronous satellite determined using the trend in the Doppler shift,wherein a location of the ground station and an orbit of the relay satellite are known to the ground station.