초록 ▼

1. 생체지표를 이용한 환경보건 감시체계 구축을 위한 기반기술 개발
- PAH 지표 1-OHP, 2-naphthol, VOC 지표 phenol, hippuric acid, methyl hippuric acid, mandellic acid, 환경호르몬인 bisphenol A와 phthalates 등을 이용하여 환경모니터링 물질로 활용
- 환경노출에 의한 건강검진 항목으로 추가하는데 활용될 수 있을 뿐 아니라 환경부 연구에서 환경노출 생체지표로 활용될 수 있을 것임
2. 암 천식 환경보건 감시체계 구축을 위한 기반기술

1. 생체지표를 이용한 환경보건 감시체계 구축을 위한 기반기술 개발
- PAH 지표 1-OHP, 2-naphthol, VOC 지표 phenol, hippuric acid, methyl hippuric acid, mandellic acid, 환경호르몬인 bisphenol A와 phthalates 등을 이용하여 환경모니터링 물질로 활용
- 환경노출에 의한 건강검진 항목으로 추가하는데 활용될 수 있을 뿐 아니라 환경부 연구에서 환경노출 생체지표로 활용될 수 있을 것임
2. 암 천식 환경보건 감시체계 구축을 위한 기반기술 개발
1) 천식
- 중앙응급의료전산망에서 천식으로 내원한 환자의 의료이용데이터베이스와 대기오염 물질자료를 이용하여 천식의 수진율과 대기오염의 상관성 확인 및 GIS를 이용한 천식 발생률 제시
- 대기오염과 천식 발작으로 인한 응급실 방문 관련성 확인
- 천식발작위험지수 개발 및 예측치 산출 제안
2) 암
- 대기오염물질 자료와 국가암등록사업 연례 보고서(2001년 암발생 현황)에 근거한 7개 광역시구별로 제시된 남녀 폐암 발생자 수, 통계청의 사망원인통계데이터베이스의 사망 신고서에 기록된 주소지에 근거한 7대 광역시구별 남녀 폐암 사망자 수 산출하여 대기오염 관련 암종 연령별, 성별 암사망률 및 암발생률 산출
- GIS를 이용한 광역시(구) 단위 대기오염 관련 암발생 및 암사망의 지리적 분포 양상 제시
- 개인별 위험요인을 감안한 대기오염과 폐암의 관련성에 대한 코호트 분석
- 환경노출 데이터베이스 확보하여 폐암의 집단발병 확인체계 확립 제안
3. 저체중아에 대한 환경보건 감시체계 구축을 위한 기반기술 개발
- 대기오염 물질과 기상자료 및 지리정보, 출생자료를 이용하여 대기오염 물질의 농도에 따른 저체중아 발생 연관성 확인
- 대기오염으로 인한 저체중아 발생 기여위험도 산출
- 대기오염 농도에 따른 저체중아 발생 위험도 예측 시스템 제안
- 대기오염수준에 따른 저체증발생에 대한 정책 제시

Abstract ▼

This study used three different technologies, biomarkers, ESS for cancer and asthma, and ESS for low birth weight, to develop the infrastructure technology for an environmental surveillance system(ESS). The study methods were as follows.
1. Development of the Environmental Health Surveillance Sys

This study used three different technologies, biomarkers, ESS for cancer and asthma, and ESS for low birth weight, to develop the infrastructure technology for an environmental surveillance system(ESS). The study methods were as follows.
1. Development of the Environmental Health Surveillance System(EHSS) Using Biomarkers to Monitor Air Pollution
A total of 1,073 adults(482 men and 591 women) over 40 years of age who had lived in the cities of Seoul and Incheon, Korea were enrolled in the present study. We measured environmental biomarkers, including lead, cotinine, 1-hydrxypyrene(1-OHP), 2-naphthol, Mandelic acid, Hippuric acid, Methylhippuric acid, Bisphenol A(BPA), Phthalate , as well as oxidative stress markers, such as Malondialdehyde(MDA), 8-hydroxy-2`-deoxyguanosine(8-OHdG), and Nitrites/Nitrates(NOx). Dietary intake was calculated using a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Information on other individual characteristics, such as exercise, smoking, and alcohol consumption, were obtained by a questionnaire completed at the beginning of the study.
2. Development of an Environmental Health Surveillance System for Monitoring Asthma and Cancer
1) Asthma
We assessed the association between asthma admission and air pollution in 160 healthcare service districts across the entire nation in 2003. Asthma admission was analyzed from three different aspects: the number of episodes in the total population in 2003, number of episodes occurring during the summer time(June-August), and number of episodes in the population under 30 years of age.
Air pollution data for $PM_{10}$, CO, $SO_{2}$, $NO_{2}$, $O_{3}$, as well as data on weather conditions, including temperature and relative humidity, were obtained from outdoor monitoring stations in each healthcare service district.
We calculated the proportion of days on which the levels of each air pollutant exceeded the 90th percentile in each healthcare service district.
The relationship between air pollution and asthma-related emergency room visits was assessed using the National Emergency Database of the Ministry of Health and Welfare, which covered 12 districts in the Seoul area in the period from Jan 1 to June 30, 2007.
We used a Poisson regression model to adjust for the effects of temperature, humidity, rainfall, Asian dust, and pollen.
2) Cancer
We assessed the relationship between long-term exposure to air pollution and lung cancer. Using data from the Annual Report of Ambient Air Quality in Korea, Annual Report of National Cancer Registration, and Annual Report on the Cause of Death Statistics, we calculated the standardized mortality ratio (SMR) and standardized incidence ratio(SIR) of lung cancer for both sexes in 74 areas within 7 Korean metropolitan cities. Random intercept Poisson regression was performed using the empirical Bayes method.
Using the cohort of 3,874,056 individuals who underwent a health examination provided by the National Health Insurance Corporation from 2000 to 2002, we examined the relationship between air pollution and lung cancer incidence, with adjustment for age, body mass index, and socioeconomic status.
3. Development of an Environmental Health Surveillance System for Monitoring Low Birth Weight
We constructed a database of air pollution data obtained in 7 cities(Seoul, Pusan, Incheon, Daejeon, Daegu, Ulsan, Kwangju) from January 2003 to December 2004.
Exposure data was collected by an annual environmental report with monthly mean values of $SO_{2}$, $NO_{2}$, CO, $O_{3}$ and $PM_{10}$ for each city.
The observed count, maximum, minimum, interval, arithmetic mean, and standard error values calculated using data obtained by air pollution monitoring were compared with the values obtained using the flinging method.
Data on the average 24-hr temperature, dew point, and relative humidity were obtained from the Korean Meteorological Administration.
Using birth district codes, the gestational period, birth weight, number of newborns under 2500 g with a gestational period of 37-44 weeks were calculated by district. The incidence of low birth weight was calculated using population attributable risk estimates, and only the low birth weight rates affected by air pollution were reported by district.
We investigated the effects of air pollution on birth weight by district in 7 metropolitan cities using a linear regression model. We also determined the effects of air pollution on low birth weight by individual in 7 metropolitan cities using a logistic regression model. We also calculated the incidence of low birth weight using population attributable risk(PAR) under the influence of air pollution.
We constructed a GIS-based environmental surveillance system that will provide information on the risk of LBW and predicted the incidence of LBW by district in 7 metropolitan cities.

목차 Contents

• 표지...1
• 제출문...2
• 보고서 초록...3
• SUMMARY...5
• 목차...13
• 표 목차...14
• 그림 목차...15
• 1. 서론...19
• 1.1 폭로 평가에 도구로서의 지리정보체계(GIS)...19
• 1.2 내삽법(Interpolation methods)...21
• 1.3 소스에 근거한 모델링...22
• 1.4 GIS와 건강결과 감시...23
• 1.5 GIS와 환경위험 관리...26
• 1.6 본 연구의 목적과 개요...27
• 2. 배출량 분석...28
• 2.1. 2002년 CAPSS 배출량 개요...28
• 2.2. 점오염원...29
• 2.3. 이동오염원...32
• 2.4. 면오염원...35
• 3. 모델의 개요...38
• 3.1. CALMET 모델...48
• 3.2. CALPUFF 모델...50
• 4. 바람장 분석...54
• 5. 모델링 결과...64
• 5.1. 황산화물(SO2)...65
• 5.2. 이산화질소(NO2)...82
• 5.3. 일산화탄소(CO)...98
• 5.4. 미세먼지(PM10)...114
• 6. 결론...130
• 7. 참고문헌...132