[보고서]대류가 유도하는 중규모 흐름에 대한 이론적/수치적 해석;도시 순환과 대류

백종진

대류가 유도하는 중규모 흐름에 대한 이론적/수치적 해석;도시 순환과 대류
A Theoretical and Numerical Study of Convectively Forced Mesoscale Flow;Urban Circulation and Convection 원문보기

보고서 정보
주관연구기관	서울대학교 Seoul National University
연구책임자	백종진
참여연구자	유영희 , 구해정 , Ganbat, Gantuya , 우소라 , 이광연
보고서유형	2단계보고서
발행국가	대한민국
언어	한국어
발행년월	2012-02
과제시작연도	2011
주관부처	기상청
사업 관리 기관	기상청 Korea Meteorological Administration
등록번호	TRKO201200001066
과제고유번호	1365001208
DB 구축일자	2013-04-18
키워드	도시 모수화,도시 열섬,도시 대류,도시 순환,중규모 흐름urban parameterization,urban heat island,urban convection,urban circulation,mesoscale flow

초록 ▼

본 연구에서는 기존의 방안보다 많은 물리 과정을 포함하는 정교하고 성능이 우수한 도시 모수화 방안을 개발하였다. 개발한 도시 모수화 방안은 관측 자료를 이용한 검증을 통해 우수한 성능이 입증되었다. 도시 모수화 방안을 중규모 모형에 접목하고 이를 이용하여 도시 열섬, 도시 순환, 도시 대류와 강수 현상 등에 대해 체계적이고 깊이 있는 연구를 수행하였다. 도시 열섬의 형성 기작을 밝히기 위해 도시 열섬을 야기하는 여러 인자의 기여도를 정량적으로 밝히고 인자의 상대적 중요성을 규명하였다. 이상화된 2차원 수치 실험과 사례 수치 실험을

Abstract ▼

A well-performed urban parameterization scheme that includes more physics than previous schemes is developed. The developed urban parameterization scheme is evaluated against observation data and shows good performances. The urban parameterization scheme is implemented in a mesoscale model. The mesoscale model that is coupled with the urban parameterization scheme is used to examine urban heat island (UHI) and urban-induced circulation, convection and precipitation. The contributions of causative factors of UHI are quantified, and their relative importance is understood. By performing idealized two-dimensional simulations and real-data simulations, urban-induced circulation, convection and precipitation are thoroughly investigated.

목차 Contents

표지 ... 1
제출문 ... 2
보고서 요약서 ... 3
요약문 ... 4
SUMMARY ... 6
CONTENTS ... 9
목차 ... 12
제 1 장 연구개발과제의 개요 ... 15
제 2 장 국내외 기술개발 현황 ... 16
제 1 절 국내 기술개발 현황 ... 16
제 2 절 국외 기술개발 현황 ... 16
제 3 장 연구개발수행 내용 및 결과 ... 17
제 1 절 도시 모수화 개발 및 검증 ... 17
1. 도시 캐노피 모형의 개발 ... 17
가. 협곡 내 평균 풍속 ... 18
나. 단파 복사 에너지 ... 21
다. 장파 복사 에너지 ... 25
라. 난류 에너지와 수분 교환 ... 26
마. 표면 및 기층 온도 ... 27
바. 협곡 공기 온도 및 비습 ... 28
사. 도시 평균 에너지속 및 지표 에너지 수지 ... 28
2. 도시 캐노피 모형 검증 ... 30
가. 마르세유 (Marseille) ... 30
나. 바젤 (Basel) ... 35
3. 도시 캐노피 모형의 민감도 분석 ... 40
가. 기상학적 변수에 대한 민감도 ... 40
나. 도시 지표 파라미터에 대한 민감도 ... 42
제 2 절 도시 열섬 형성 기작 ... 45
1. 도시 캐노피 모형과 중규모 모형의 접목 ... 45
2. 도시 열섬 형성 기작 ... 45
가. 실험 설계 ... 45
나. 도시 열섬의 원인 인자 ... 46
다. 변수 분리 ... 48
라. 결과 및 토의 ... 54
제 3 절 도시 순환과 대류 ... 56
1. 실험 설계 ... 56
2. 결과 및 토의 ... 56
가. 지표 에너지 수지 및 대기 경계층 구조 ... 56
나. 도시 순환 ... 60
제 4 절 서울 지역의 도시 열섬과 도시 순환 ... 64
1. 실험 설계 ... 64
2. 모형 검증 ... 64
3. 결과 및 토의 ... 68
제 4 장 목표 달성도 및 관련분야에 대한 기여도 ... 75
제 5 장 연구개발결과의 활용계획 ... 76
제 6 장 연구개발과정에서 수집한 해외 과학기술정보 ... 83
제 7 장 연구개발결과의 보안등급 ... 84
제 8 장 국가과학기술종합정보 시스템에 등록한 연구시설ㆍ장비 현황 ... 85
제 9 장 참고문헌 ... 86

표/그림 (35)

표 An illustration of the single-layer urban canopy model.
표 Urban canyon configuration. H is the building height, W is the width between the two buildings, and L is the spanwise domain size. The thick arrow indicates the reference wind. γ is the reference wind direction relative to canyon orientation.
표 Normalized canyon wind speeds according to canyon aspect ratios for various relative reference wind directions. Markers and lines indicate CFD model simulation results and corresponding fitting functions, respectively. R2 is the coefficient of determination.
표 A schematic diagram of the partitioning of direct shortwave radiation. Canyon orientation angle (Φ) and solar azimuth angle ( φa) are measured from due north (denoted by N). φz is the solar zenith angle, H is the height of walls, W is the width between the walls, and hshaded is the length of the shaded road.
표 Diurnal variations of observed and simulated average canyon air temperatures for Marseille. The average is taken over 24 days from 18 June to 11 July 2001, and the observed canyon air temperatures are averages over five in-canyon stations.
표 Diurnal variations of observed and simulated average surface temperatures of (a) roof, (b) walls of 160° oriented canyon, (c) walls of 70° oriented canyon, and (d) roads for Marseille. The average is taken over 14 days from 28 June to 11 July 2001.
표 Diurnal variations of observed (denoted by markers) and simulated (denoted by lines) average downward shortwave/longwave radiation (S↓/L↓) and upward shortwave/longwave radiation (S↑/L↑) for Marseille. The average is taken over 24 days from 18 June to 11 July 2001.
표 Diurnal variations of observed and simulated average (a) net radiation, (b) sensible heat flux, (c) latent heat flux, and (d) storage heat flux for Marseille. The average is taken over 24 days from 18 June to 11 July 2001.
표 Performance statistics of net radiation (Q*), sensible heat flux (QH), latent heat flux (QL), and storage heat flux (ΔQS) for Marseille. See text for details. OBS and UCM refer to the mean values of observations and simulations for the period, respectively. MBE and RMSE refer to the mean bias error (MBE = UCM – OBS) and root mean square error, respectively. The unit is W m–2.
표 Diurnal variations of observed and simulated average canyon air temperatures for Basel. The average is taken over 10 clear days: 164, 165, 168, 169, 170, 174, 177, 181, 186, and 189 (Julian day).
표 Diurnal variations of observed (denoted by markers) and simulated (denoted by lines) average downward shortwave/longwave radiation (S↓/L↓) and upward shortwave/longwave radiation (S↑/L↑) for Basel. The average is taken over the10 clear days.
표 Diurnal variations of observed and simulated average (a) net radiation, (b) sensible heat flux, (c) latent heat flux, and (d) storage heat flux for Basel. The average is taken over the 10 clear days.
표 Performance statistics of net radiation (Q*),sensibleheatflux(QH), latent heat flux (QL), and storage heat flux (ΔQS) for 10 clear days for Basel. OBS and UCM refer to the mean values of observations and simulations for the period, respectively. MBE and RMSE refer to the mean bias error (MBE = UCM – OBS) and root mean square error, respectively. The unit is W m–2.
표 Urban surface parameters used in the control experiment and their ranges used in the sensitivity experiments
표 Diurnal variations of sensible heat flux (a, b), net longwave radiation (c, d), and storage heat flux (e, f) under the variations of reference air temperature (a, c, e) and reference wind speed (b, d, f).
$Daytime-averaged (unfilled markers) and nighttime-averaged (filled markers) net shortwave radiation (Snet), net longwave radiation (Lnet), and sensible heat flux (QH) under the variations of albedo (a, b, c), roof fraction (d, e, f), canyon aspect ratio (g, h, i), thermal conductivity (j, k, l), heat capacity (m, n, o), and ratio of roughness length for momentum to that for heat (p, q, r).$ 표 Daytime-averaged (unfilled markers) and nighttime-averaged (filled markers) net shortwave radiation (Snet), net longwave radiation (Lnet), and sensible heat flux (QH) under the variations of albedo (a, b, c), roof fraction (d, e, f), canyon aspect ratio (g, h, i), thermal conductivity (j, k, l), heat capacity (m, n, o), and ratio of roughness length for momentum to that for heat (p, q, r).
$A schematic diagram illustrating coupling of the urban canopy model to WRF model and the urban canopy model. Here, E stands for energy fluxes, for example, sensible heat flux and fnatural stands for a natural area fraction in an urban area.$ 표 A schematic diagram illustrating coupling of the urban canopy model to WRF model and the urban canopy model. Here, E stands for energy fluxes, for example, sensible heat flux and fnatural stands for a natural area fraction in an urban area.
표 Suggested causative factors of the UHI. The main factors are denoted by F1, F2, and F3, and the sub-factors by G1, G2, and G3.
표 Experiments designed for the factor separation analysis for the main factors. The “O” indicates that the factor is included, and the “X” indicates that the factor is excluded.
표 Contributions of the main factors and their interactions, calculation method, and the mechanisms leading to the contributions.
표 Contributions of the factors and their interactions to the daytime UHI intensity. The units of the numbers in the parentheses are °C.
표 Same as for Figure 3.1 but for the nighttime UHI intensity.
표 Diurnal variation of each component of the surface energy balance averaged over the urban and rural areas.
표 Vertical profiles of (a) potential temperature and (b) water vapor mixing ratio averaged over the urban area (thin black lines) and rural area (thick gray lines) at 0950 (dotted lines), 1300 (dashed lines), and 1600 LST (solid lines). The average is taken over the same urban and rural regions as in Figure 3.1.
표 Temporal and spatial change of vertical velocity at the 7th lowest model level (z = 400 m) is shown on the left. Only half of the urban area (the gray box) is illustrated. The white dots represent the locations of the front, and the black dots represent the locations of the two selected cell updrafts (c1 and c2). The zero contour is not plotted, and negative levels are represented by dotted lines. The maximum vertical velocities following the front (white dots in the left figure) and following the c1 and c2 (black dots in the left figure) are shown in the middle. The maximum water vapor mixing ratios following the front and following the c1 and c2 are shown on the right.
표 Fields of (a) horizontal velocity, (b) vertical velocity, (c) potential temperature, and (d) water vapor mixing ratio at 1600 LST. The gray box on the x-axis represents the urban area.
표 Same as in Figure 3.4 but for 1730 LST.
표 Temporal and spatial change of vertical velocity at the 7th lowest model level (z = 400 m) for the case of relative humidity of 50% is shown on the top. The column integrated cloud water mixing ration is shown on the middle, and accumulated precipitation is shown on the bottom.
표 (a) Nested domains in the WRF-SNUUCM simulation with terrain height (shaded), (b) the innermost domain. (c) Land-use/land-cover (LULC) of the innermost domain for the URBAN simulation, (d) LULC of the innermost domain for the NO-URBAN simulation. The Seoul boundary is represented by thick line in (b)―(c).
표 Diurnal variations of observed and simulated (a) air temperature and (b) wind speed near the surface by the SNUUCM and by the Noah LSM for 11 urban stations on 24 June 2010. Scatter plots of observed versus simulated (c and e) air temperature and (d and f) wind speed near the surface by the SNUUCM and by the Noah LSM, respectively.
표 Diurnal variations of (a) sensible heat flux, (b) latent heat flux, (c) air temperature at 2 m, and (d) boundary layer height averaged over all the urban grids in the D5 for the URBAN simulation (solid line) and over the corresponding grids in the D5 for the NO-URBAN simulation (dotted line) on 24 June 2010.
표 Fields of air temperature at 2 m and wind at 10 m at (a) 1000, (c) 1500, (e) 1800 LST for URBAN simulation and at (b) 1000, (d) 1500, (f) 1800 LST for NO-URBAN simulation.
표 Horizontal cross-sections of vertical velocity and wind fields at z = 600 m at (a) 1000, (b) 1200, (c) 1300, (d) 1500, (e) 1700, and (f) 1800 LST for the URBAN simulation.
표 Same as in Figure 4.5 but for the NO-URBAN simulation.
표 Horizontal cross-sections of wind fields at z = 400 m for URBAN and NO-URBAN simulations.

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연합인증

대류가 유도하는 중규모 흐름에 대한 이론적/수치적 해석;도시 순환과 대류
A Theoretical and Numerical Study of Convectively Forced Mesoscale Flow;Urban Circulation and Convection 원문보기