[보고서]에어로솔 예측 모델 시스템 개발;위성 자료를 이용한 황사 판별법 개발

박순웅

보고서 정보

주관연구기관

(사)대기환경모델링센터

연구책임자

박순웅

참여연구자

박문수 , 주승진 , 조정훈 , 최안나 , 이혜영

보고서유형

2단계보고서

발행국가

대한민국

언어

한국어

발행년월

2012-03

과제시작연도

2011

주관부처

기상청

사업 관리 기관

기상청
Korea Meteorological Administration

등록번호

TRKO201200001088

과제고유번호

1365001212

DB 구축일자

2013-04-18

키워드

기후 변화,황사감시기상탑,황사예측모델ADAM,Asian Dust,Climate change,NDVI,Spot/Vegetation

표 Fig. 1. The model domain and the locations of WMO synoptic stations (▲).
표 Fig. 2. The spatial distribution of the total number of dust-rise reporting days for 9 years (1998-2006) obtained from WMO 3 hourly reporting data.
표 Fig. 3. The spatial distribution of surface soil types (1: Gobi, 2: Sand, 3: Loess, 4: Mixed) in the Asian dust source region.
표 Fig. 4. Monthly variations of the total number of dust occurrence frequency per site for 9 years in each surface soil type region
표 Fig 5. Monthly mean upper limit NDVI value determined by the occurrence frequency of NDVI(solid curve) and that exceeding the threshold wind speed(dashed curve) at each soil type(Gobi, Sand, Loess and Mixed soil) including the sub-tropical source region.
표 Monthly variations of the threshold wind speed (m s ) for the
표 Fig. 6. The same as in Fig. 5 except for the dust occurrence frequency
표 The free NDVI value (FNV) in each soil-type region.
표 Fig. 7. Normalized percent occurrence frequencies of (a) the wind speed exceeding the threshold wind speed (b) dust rises, (c) percent ratio of (b) to (a) and (d) the cumulative dust occurrence probability function in the Gobi (G), Sand (S), Loess(L) and Mixed soil-type region.
표 Fig. 8. The cumulative probability density function for the dust rise (P0) affected by vegetations calculated by the NDVI data and the dust rise report data for 10 years from April 1998 to September 2007 in each soil-type region; (a) Gobi, (b) Sand, (c) Loess, and (d) Mixed soil-type region
표 Fig. 9. The cumulative probability density function for the dust rise (P0) in (a-1) April and (b-1) June, and the dust emission reduction factor due to vegetation (R) in (a-2) and (b-2) June in each soil type region (Gobi, thick solid line, Sand: thin solid line, Loess: thick dashed line, and Mixed: thin dashed line) in the dust source region.
표 Fig. 10. The horizontal distributions of 10-year (1998 to 2007) averaged NDVI in (a) April and (b) June and the dust emission reduction factor in (c) April and (d) June obtained from NDVI data in the extended model domain (70-150E, 5-55N).
표 Fig. 11. Time series of PM10 concentration (mg m-3) simulated by the ADAM1 (thin solid line), ADAM2 (thick solid line), and observed (dashed line) one at (a) Seoul, (b) Anmyundo, (c) Cheonan, and (d) Gwangju in Korea.
표 Fig. 12. The horizontal distributions of 10-year (1998 to 2007) averaged (a) NDVI and (b) the dust emission reduction factor in May.
표 Fig. 13. Time series of observed and modeled PM10 concentration (mg m-3) in China.
표 Fig. 14. Time series of observed and modeled PM10 concentration (mg m-3) in Korea.
표 Fig. 15. Time series of observed ( ) and modeled ( ) PM10 concentration (mg m-3), and the PM10 emission rate ( , 104 mg m-2 hr-1) at (a) Yushe, (b) Wulatezhongqi, (c) Dongsheng in China and (d) Erdene in Mongolia during March 2010.
표 Fig. 16. Time series of the observed ( ) and modeled ( ) (a) PM10 concentration (mg m-3), (b) wind speed (m s-1), (c) relative humidity (%), (d) surface soil temperature (℃) and (e) precipitation (mm) at Erdene in March 2010. The threshold wind speed, the upper limit value of relative humidity and the lower limit of the soil temperature for the dust-rise are indicated with a horizontal line in (b), (c) and (d) respectively.
표 Fig. 17. Time series of observed ( ) and modeled ( ) PM10 concentration (mg m-3) at (a) Gwanaksan, (b) Anmyeondo, (c) Chuncheon, (d) Yeongwol and (e) Gosan in Korea during March 2010.
표 Fig. 18. Time series of observed ( ) and modeled ( ) PM10 concentration (mg m-3), wet deposition rate ( , g m-2 hr-1), the observed ( ) and modeled ( ) precipitation (mm) at (a) Chuncheon, (b) Yoengwol, and (c) Gosan for the period from 19 to 22 March 2010.
표 Fig. 19. The horizontal distribution of annual mean surface dust (PM10) concentration (mg m-3) simulated by ADAM2.
표 Fig. 20. Horizontal distribution of annual total dust (PM10) dry deposition
표 Fig. 21. Horizontal distribution of annual total dust (PM10) wet deposition
표 Fig. 22. The regions that are estimated wet and dry dust deposition and surface dust (PM10) concentration
표 Fig. 23. Monthly variations of monthly total wet (■) and dry (□) deposition (t km-2) and monthly mean dust (PM10) concentration (▨) (mg m-3) in (a) the source region, (b) the Yellow Sea, (c) Korea and (d) the East Sea.
표 Fig. 24. Model simulated annual total dry (□) and wet (■) dust deposition and annual mean dust (PM10) concentration (▨) in the source region (D1), the Yellow Sea (D2), Korea (D3) and the East Sea (D4) in 2007.
표 Fig. 25. Horizontal distribution of annual mean surface dust (PM10) concentration (?g m-3) simulated by ADAM2.
표 Fig. 26. Horizontal distribution of the annual total dust emission
표 Fig. 27. The same as in Figure 26 except for (a) the annual total dry deposition (t km-2) and (b) wet deposition (t km-2).
표 Fig. 28. The regions that are estimated emission, wet and dry dust deposition and surface dust concentration.
표 Fig. 29. Monthly variation of monthly total dust emission (t km-2), dry and wet deposition (t km-2), and mean PM10 concentration (mg m-3) in (a) TAK, (b) NWC, (c) CNC and (d) NEC of the Asian dust source region.
표 Fig. 30. Monthly variations of the ratio of the monthly total dry deposition to the monthly total emission ( ) and that of the monthly total wet deposition to the monthly total emission ( ) in the domain of (a) TAK, (b) NWC, (c) CNC, and (d) NEC of the dust source region. Annual mean values are also indicated.
표 Fig. 31. Monthly variations of total dry and wet depositions (t km-2) of dust and monthly mean surface dust concentration (mg m-3) in domains of (a) YES, (b) KOR, (c) EAS, and (d) NWP.
표 Fig. 32. The same as in Fig. 31 except for (a) ECS, (b) SCS, and (c) SEA.
표 Fig. 33. Annual total dry and wet deposition (t km-2) of dust and annual mean dust concentration (mg m-3) in the (a) Asian dust source region and (b) downwind region of the Asian dust source region.
표 Fig. 34. Horizontal distribution of (a) monthly mean surface PM10 concentration (mg m-3) and (b) monthly mean column-integrated PM10 concentration (kg km-2).
표 Fig. 35. Horizontal distribution of monthly total (a) dust emission (kg km-2), (b) dust deposition (kg km-2), (c) dry deposition (kg km-2), and (d) wet deposition (kg km-2).
표 Fig. 36. The domains that are estimated dust emission, dust deposition (wet and dry), surface PM10 and column-integrated PM10 concentrations
표 Fig. 37. Temporal variations of daily total dust emission ( , kg km-2), daily total dust deposition ( , kg km-2), and daily mean surface PM10 concentration ( , ?g m-3) in the domain (a) TAK, (b) NWC, (c) CNC, and (d) NEC in the dust source region.
표 Fig. 38. Temporal variations of daily total dust deposition ( , kg km-2), and daily mean surface PM10 concentration ( , ?g m-3) in the domain (a) YES, (b) KOR, (c) EAS, and (d) NWP in the downwind region.
표 Fig. 39. (a) The geographical location of the Erdene tower site and (b) the landscape of the surrounding tower site
표 Fig. 40. Schematic view of instrumentation of the Dust Storm Monitoring tower at Erdene.
표 Fig. 41. Time series of the (a) 10-day averaged daily maximum concentration ( ) and hourly mean dust concentration ( ) and (b) maximum hourly mean dust concentration for a 10-day period.
표 Fig. 41. Time series of the (a) 10-day averaged daily maximum wind speed ( , m s-1), and hourly mean wind speed ( , m s-1) at 16 m high, (b) occurrence frequency of hourly mean wind speed at 16 m high exceeding 8 m s-1 for a 10-day period, (c) 10-day averaged daily maximum friction velocity ( , m s-1) and hourly mean friction velocity ( , m s-1), and (d) 10-day averaged friction velocity (m s-1) for the wind speed exceeding 8 m s-1.
표 Fig. 42. Time series of (a) 10-day total precipitation amount (mm), (b) 10-day averaged daily maximum soil moisture ( ) and hourly mean soil moisture ( ), (c) 10-day averaged daily maximum relative humidity ( ) and hourly mean relative humidity ( ) and (d) occurrence frequency (%) of hourly mean relative humidity less than 40 % for a 10-day period.
표 Fig. 43. Time series of 10-day averaged daily maximum ( ), minimum ( ) and hourly mean ( ) (a) temperature (℃) at 2 m high, (b) soil temperature (℃) at the 5 cm depth and (c) kinematic heat flux (K m s-1) at the 8 m height
표 Fig. 44. Temporal variation of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) in 2009.
표 Correlation coefficients between the 10-day averaged daily maximum dust
표 0) and stable (w*<0) stratifications in (a) February (cold period) and (b) June (warm period). The optimal regression equation ( ) with the +( ) and -( ) one standard deviation curves, R2 values and one standard deviation values are also indicated.
표 Fig. 46. Time series of hourly mean friction velocity (u*, m s-1) and the convective velocity (w*, m s-1) with observed ( , ?g m-3) and regressed ( , ?g m-3) dust concentrations for dust events occurred during the period of (a) 16, (b) 17 and (c) 31 March 2011.
표 Fig. 47. The regressed dust concentration with ( , ?g m-3) and without ( , ?g m-3) the convective velocity term in the optimal regression equations for dust events occurred during the period of (a) 16, (b) 17 and (c) 31 March 2011. Observed dust concentrations are denoted by (?g m-3).
표 Fig. 48. (a) The geographical location of the Naiman site, (b) the landscape photo, and (c) the satellite image near the Naiman site.
표 Fig. 49. 19-day averaged diurnal variations of (a) dust concentrations (mg m-3) at 3 m ( ) and 15 m ( ) high, (b) eddy diffusivity (m2 s-1), (c) vertical dust gradient (?g m-4), and (d) dust emission flux (?g m-2 s-1) during the non-dust event periods (8-17 Dec. 2007 and 1-9 Feb. 2008). One standard deviation ( ) is indicated in (b), (c), and (d).
표 Fig. 50. Time series of (a) dust concentration (mg m-3) at 3 m ( ) and 15 m ( ) high, (b) friction velocity ( , m s-1) and convective velocity ( , m s-1), (d) eddy diffusivity (m2 s-1), (d) vertical dust gradient ( , mg m-4) and wind direction ( , deg), and (e) dust emission flux (mg m-2 s-1) during the period 1000 LST 22 to 1700 LST 24 January 2008.
표 Fig. 51. The same as in Fig. 50 except for the dust event occurred from 0800 LST 14 to 0300 LST 16 March 2008.
표 Fig. 52. The same as in Fig. 50 except for the dust event occurred from 0800 LST 20 to 1400 LST 21 March 2008.
표 Fig. 53. The scatter plot of the dust emission flux (FC) versus the friction velocity (u*) in the log-log axes with a best-fit curve ( ) and R2 value.
표 Fig. 54. The scatter plots of the logarithm of dust emission flux versus the logarithm of friction velocity (u*) and convective velocity (w*) with the best-fit curves ( ) and R2 values for the (a) unstable and (b) stable stratification
표 Fig. 55. Schematic diagram of Aerosol forecat modeling system.
표 Fig. 56. Model domain with (a) topography and (b) land use type.
표 Fig. 57. Horizontal distributions of emission rate (t day-1 grid-1) of (a) PM10, (b) VOC, (c) NH3, (d) NOx, (e) SO2, and (f) CO (1 grid: 30km x 30km) on March 2006.
표 Fig. 58. Emission inventory of (a) SO2, (b) NOx, (c) CO, (d) PM10, (e) NH3, and (f) VOC obtained from CAPSS 2007
표 Fig. 59. Horizontal distributions of near surface PM10 concentration (mg m-3) simulated by aerosol prediction model at (a) 2100 LST 19, (b) 0300 LST 20, (c) 0900 LST 20, (d) 1500 LST 20, (e) 2100 LST 20 and (f) 0300 LST 21 March 2010.
표 Fig. 60. The same as in Fig. 59 except for SO2 (ppb) concentration
표 Fig. 61. The same as in Fig. 59 except for NO2 (ppb) concentration.
표 Fig. 62. The same as in Fig. 59 except for O3 (ppb) concentration.
표 Fig. 63. Time series of PM10 concentration (mg m-3) of (a) averaged over Korea, (b) Incheon, (c) Gwangju, (d) Daegu, (e) Busan, and (f) Jeju. Model results from Model 1, Model 3, and observation are indicated by a blue line, green dotted line and red dotted line, respectively for the period 17-23 March 2010.
표 Fig. 64. The same as in Fig. 63 except for SO2 concentration
표 Fig. 65. The same as in Fig. 63 except for NO2 concentration
표 Fig. 66. The same as in Fig. 63 except for O3 concentration

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에어로솔 예측 모델 시스템 개발;위성 자료를 이용한 황사 판별법 개발
Development of an Aerosol Prediction Modeling System;Identification of Asian Dust Aerosol using the Satellite Data 원문보기

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Development of an Aerosol Prediction Modeling System;Identification of Asian Dust Aerosol using the Satellite Data 원문보기

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