초록

○ 고품질 생식용 포도의 생산을 위한 적정 토양관리 기술
○ GAP 포도 생산을 위한 위해요소 관리방법
○ 포도주 생산을 위한 품질기준 설정 및 재배시스템
○ 포도 양분결핍 및 스트레스 관련 유용유전자 분석 및 선발

Abstract ▼

Guide to Grape production of Good Agricultural Practices

The table grape (Vitis vinifera hybrid) cultivar ‘Kyoho’ is grown on 2,730 ha, the second largest cultivar by area in Korea. This tetraploid cultivar is very susceptible to downy mildew (P lasmopara viticola). Many farmers are intereste

Guide to Grape production of Good Agricultural Practices

The table grape (Vitis vinifera hybrid) cultivar ‘Kyoho’ is grown on 2,730 ha, the second largest cultivar by area in Korea. This tetraploid cultivar is very susceptible to downy mildew (P lasmopara viticola). Many farmers are interested in growing this cultivar under organic management, but this is difficult due to high temperatures and humidity in the summer that lead to challenging disease problems. Thus farmers often make many applications of fungicides and other organic materials such as Bordeaux mixture. Bordeaux mixture has been effective in preventing downy mildew in Korean vineyards. Bordeaux mixture is composed of lime and copper, but copper is very toxic to many soil organisms. The European Union (EU) has limited the amount of copper used by organic growers to 6 kg/ha/yr, but the Korean Ministry of Environment just established an agricultural soil contamination standard of 50 mg Cu/kg soil. Some grape growers also enclose the grape bunch in a coated paper bag to help prevent waterborne disease and to keep dust and spray residues off the fruit. We investigated residual copper levels in soils of Korean vineyards with different Bordeaux mixture spray programs. In all 25 vineyards tested, copper levels were below the 50 mg/kg standard. However as the number of sprays increased, the residual copper level also increased. Grape quality was improved in many Bordeaux mixture treated blocks, because most leaves remained uninfected. Grape bunches without paper bags had poor appearance (which reduces the market price) and elevated copper levels in the grape juice. The residual copper in the soil did not reach the soil contamination standard, but copper concentration in the naked bunches sprayed with Bordeaux mixture was close to the permissible level of 20 mg/kg fruit for table grapes.
The Aspergillus sp. was known as the fungus which caused the black mold disease in the grape bunch and secreted the Ochratoxin A(OTA). Aspergillus sp, collected in the experimental field in Suwon at 2009, was shown more severe symptom development on a wounded berry than not wounded berry. OTA contents existed more in the grape berry peel than in the flesh. The secretion of OTA in infected grape bunch by Aspergillus sp. was maintained with three days for first time, but reduced gradually. The OTA content of wine, which was making from total 5 kg of grape must including one infected bunch, indicated the value lower than 2 ug/L set as 0.2～0.4 ug/L in Korea Food & Drug Administration.


Development of soil management techniques for fresh fruit production in vineyard

According to our recent research on soil management methods, the growth of shoot was better in the fertigation treatment supplying 1/2 level of additional fertilizer at the rate of 50 mg/L K2O after basal dressing of 30% K2O by soil testing result than in control. The K content of leaf was significantly lower in the K-free fertigation treatment. The yield was not different in 2008 but it was significantly higher at the treatment with 1/2 K2O than the surface application treatment in 2009. There was no certain trend in changes of soil chemical property and soil moisture when the onset points for irrigation scheduling based on soil matric potential were different according to the growth stage. Thus, there were no differences in vine growth and fruit quality of grape between the treatments. Root restriction induce by box culture led to a decrease in the fruit yield because of harsh fluctuation in soil moisture and soil temperature, although there was no difference in fruit properties.
Therefore, supplying 1/2 level of additional fertilizer at the rate of 50 mg/L K2O after basal dressing of 30% K2O by soil testing result is recommended for fertigation of grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.) cv. Campbell Early in aspects of optimum tree vigor and maximum yield as well as decrease in the use of potash fertilizer. Also different soil moisture management according to the growth stage has no effect because of the difficulty in regulation of soil moisture in nature. Finally, the box culture system is not recommended except for specific use because there were no benefits in yield or fruit quality.


Development of cultural practice for grape ‘Muscat Bailey A’ wine making

The berry thinning was a useful practice to reduce bunch size and to alter bunch shape for improving fruit quality. To find berry thinning effect on the bunch of grape cv. ‘Muscat Bailey A’, we cut off the apical end of the main stem about 4~6 laterals or conventional treatment and then compared a quality of fruit and wine between the two group of bunch weight. Bunch weights on the different berry thinning treatment were in the range of 300 to 650g and conventional treatment was 550 to 750g. As a result, according to decreased lateral number of bunch in the treatments, total soluble sugar was increased but total acid was decreased. Our results show that berry thinning greatly affected to wine color and taste components such as total anthocyanin, polyphenol and tannin. Berry thinning treatments of bunches were higher sensory score than conventional ones.


Development of nutrient diagnostic method in grapes using EST

This study induced excess and deficiency in inorganic nutrients in ‘Campbell‐ early’ grape using a nutrient solution system and then investigated changes in the growth and physiological characteristics of the plant and examined change in gene expression in order to develop a method for the early diagnosis of inorganic nutrients. Leaf chlorosis was observed with the naked eye from 10 days after treatment in the nitrogen and iron deficient group and from 40 days in the magnesium and iron deficient group. In the results of investigating plant growth, shoot growth was about 10% higher in the potassium excessive group than in the control group from 40 days after treatment with nutrient solution. In the nitrogen excessive group, however, visible differences such as change in leaf color between the excessive and deficient groups appeared within a relatively short period, so it was difficult to determine difference in shoot growth. Leaf area decreased in the nitrogen deficient group whose nutrient solution did not contain nitrogen and potassium, but in the calcium deficient group or the group whose nutrient solution contained 1/2 of the nitrogen content in normal nutrient solution, no significant difference was observed from the control group. The leaf chlorophyll content was generally low in the groups deficient in nitrogen, iron, magnesium, phosphoric acid, and calcium. In particular, the iron deficient group showed considerably lower leaf chlorophyll content in upper leaves, and the calcium deficient group showed lower leaf chlorophyll content than the control group from 40 days after treatment with nutrient solution. In the results of measuring the photosynthetic rate, all the treated groups showed a somewhat lower rate than the control group. Particularly in the potassium‐ deficient group, the rate began to decrease from 20 days after nutrient‐ solution supply and when the experiment was completed its photosynthetic rate was about 1/2 of that of other treated groups. In the results of identifying genes whose expression pattern was different from other treated groups including the control group using samples collected just before excess or deficiency in inorganic nutrients were observed with the naked eyes, the numbers of upregulation genes and down‐ regulation genes in the 1st‐ year experiment were, respectively, 319 and 134 in the nitrogen deficient group, 0 and 4 in the nitrogen excessive group, 215 and 330 in the iron deficient group, and 40 and 29 in the iron excessive group. In the 2nd‐ and 3rd‐ year experiments, the numbers of up‐ regulation and down‐ regulation genes were, respectively, 70 and 69 in the phosphoric acid deficient group, 374 and 288 in the magnesium deficient group, 116 and 20 in the potassium deficient group, 20 and 148 in the potassium excessive group, 73 and 97 in the calcium deficient group, and 31 and 19 in the calcium excessive group. DNA chips were prepared by selecting 10 probes having the largest fold change of expression level on excess and deficiency in nitrogen and iron in the 1st experiment.


EST analysis of grapevine stress related genes between water treatments and pathogen infection

To identify the genes associated with responses to defense response, drought stress, and flooding, cDNA library construction and microarray analysis was performed using Vitis sp. ‘Tamnara’, ' Campbell Early' , and Vitis flexuosa leaves. To identify the genes associated with responses to R hizobium vitis, the cDNA library was constructed from the Vitis sp. ‘Tamnara’ leaves collected at different time points upon R.vitis inoculation and salicylic acid (SA) treatment. Totally 6,776 unigenes containing 1,915 contigs and 4,860 singletons were obtained by sequencing 13,728 expressed sequence tag (EST) clones derived from cDNA library of ‘Tamnara’ grapevines. Of the annotated ESTs, 199 clones including defense, signal pathway, cell wall modification, secondary metabolism related genes, and transcription factors were mapped to the genome of V. vinifera. The transcriptional profiles of grapevines to R . vitis were determined using the 12,000-gene oligonucleotide microarray chips constructed with 6,776 unigenes based on the EST sequencing. Among the genes, 95 microarray clones were up-regulated more than 3 times and 90 ones down-regulated more than 5 times in R . vitis-inoculated grapevines, compared to untreated ones. By wound, SA treatment, and R. vitis inoculation, 5, 14, and 64 cDNAs were up-regulated, respectively, while 10, 12, and 61 cDNAs were down-regulated, respectively, in microarray, RT-PCR, and slot blot hybridization analyses.These results are useful to identify new genes that may play a role in development of disease resistance and defense response to crown gall disease, construction of database, and disease resistance grape breeding.
Two-year-old vines of V. flexuosa, ' Campbell Early' , and ' Tamnara' in 12-L pots containing commercial substrates (Baroker®) were grown in a greenhouse. The pots were irrigated every 2 days or not irrigated for 14 days. The non-irrigated ones were re-irrigated every 2 days following the drought treatment. To study how ' Campbell Early' , 'Tamnara' , and V. flexuosa responds to drought stress at the molecular level, transcriptional profiles were analysed using 12X of grape whole-genome microarray (Nimblegen). Of the 16 comparative group, 10650, 10577, and 10554 of up-regulated and 9674, 8871, and 8525 of down-regulated transcripts were detected between the group of drought-treated (D)3 and D4, R2 and D4, D4 and D2 of Vitis sp. cv. Campbell Early leaves, respectively. Of the 16 comparative group, 7381 and 7012, of up-regulated and 7933 and 7603 of down-regulated transcripts were detected between the group of D1 and Well watered(W), D2 and W of Vitis sp. cv. Tamnara leaves, respectively. Three were showed remarkable differences in V. flexuosa. Totally, 997, 804, and 779 of up-regulated and 1013, 1180, and 842 of down-regulated transcripts were detected between the group of later drought-treated(D4) and re-irrigated(R2), irrigated(W2) and later drought-treated(D4), and early(D1) and later drought-treated(D4) V. flexuosa leaves, respectively. To study how V. flexuosa responds to flooding stress at the molecular level, transcriptional profiles were analysed using 12X of grape whole-genome microarray (Nimblegen). Three were showed remarkable differences in V. flexuosa. Totally, 9378, 9353, and 9183 of up-regulated and 10837, 10470, and 10330 of down-regulated transcripts were detected between the group of flooding-treated(F)4 and recover(R)2, F3 and R2, and R2 and R1 V. flexuosa leaves, respectively. Both of the physiological and transcriptional results confirmed that V. flexuosa is drought tolerant and thus could be a potential resource in grape breeding for enhancing drought tolerance.

목차 Contents

• 표지 ... 1
• 제출문 ... 2
• 요약문 ... 3
• SUMMARY ... 4
• 제1장 서 론 ... 10
• 제1절 농산물우수관리제도(Good Agricultural Practice, GAP) ... 10
• 제2절 생식용 포도의 토양관리기준 ... 11
• 제3절 가공용포도 재배시스템 개발 ... 11
• 제4절 포도유용유전자를 활용한 영양진단법 개발 ... 12
• 제5절 포도 재배안정성을 위한 특이형질 활용기술 연구 ... 12
• 제2장 국내외 기술개발 현황 ... 14
• 제1절 국내의 GAP 관련 연구동향 ... 14
• 제2절 국내의 포도 관련 토양관리 연구동향 ... 15
• 제3절 국내외의 양조용 재배시스템 연구동향 ... 15
• 제4절 국내외 무기영양 연구동향 및 DNA chip 응용 현황 ... 16
• 제5절 포도 재배안정성을 위한 특이형질 활용기술 연구 ... 17
• 제3장 연구개발수행 내용 및 결과 ... 18
• 제1절 생식용 포도 GAP 재배매뉴얼 개발 ... 18
• 제2절 생식용 포도 토양관리기술 개발 ... 28
• 제3절 가공용 포도 재배시스템 개발 ... 42
• 제4절 포도 유용유전자를 활용한 영양진단법 개발 ... 55
• 제5절 포도 재배안정성을 위한 특이형질 활용기술 연구 ... 71
• 제4장 연구개발목표 달성도 및 대외기여도 ... 91
• 제1절 목표대비 달성도 ... 91
• 제2절 정량적 성과 ... 92
• 제5장 연구개발결과의 활용계획 ... 98
• 제6장 중요 변동사항 ... 99
• 제7장 참고문헌 ... 106
• 참고 1. 연차평가 지적사항 및 조치결과 ... 115
• 주요 결과 요약서 ... 121