초록 ▼

○ 연구결과
-주요 시설재배 작물의 수경재배용 신배지(phenolic foam)개발 및 최적배지 선발
·수경재배 과채류와 화훼류의 파종용, 육묘용, 재배용(펠릿형, 큐브형, 슬래브형)수입대체 인공배지 phenolic foam의 개발 및 작물별 최적 배지 선발 및 현장 실증실험을 완료하여 실용화 산업화 및 농가현장에 보급
-작물별 최적배지로의 개발을 위한 국산 신배지의 가공기술 개발
·수경재배 과채류와 화훼류의 파종용, 육묘용, 재배용(펠릿형, 큐브형, 슬래브형)수입대체 인공배지 phenolic foam의 가공기

○ 연구결과
-주요 시설재배 작물의 수경재배용 신배지(phenolic foam)개발 및 최적배지 선발
·수경재배 과채류와 화훼류의 파종용, 육묘용, 재배용(펠릿형, 큐브형, 슬래브형)수입대체 인공배지 phenolic foam의 개발 및 작물별 최적 배지 선발 및 현장 실증실험을 완료하여 실용화 산업화 및 농가현장에 보급
-작물별 최적배지로의 개발을 위한 국산 신배지의 가공기술 개발
·수경재배 과채류와 화훼류의 파종용, 육묘용, 재배용(펠릿형, 큐브형, 슬래브형)수입대체 인공배지 phenolic foam의 가공기술 개발 및 생산
-개발 배지의 작물별,생육단계별 재배실험을 통한 재배 매뉴얼 개발
·장미, 분국화의 생육단계별 전용배지의 효율적 사용을 위한 재배 매뉴얼 작성
·파프리카, 토마토작물의 파종용, 육묘용 펠릿, 큐브, Sheet형 배지의 사용을 위한 재배 매뉴얼 작성
·파프리카, 토마토 슬래브형 배지의 사용을 위한 재배 매뉴얼 작성
·차광제, 박리제 사용을 위한 작업 매뉴얼 작성
-온도 저감효과와 광파장별 선택적 차광효과가 우수한 차광제 개발
· 광파장별 선택적 차광효과가 우수한 광선택적 차광제 GreenShade와 전체광 차단제인 WhiteShade개발
-유리온실, 플라스틱 온실 등 피복자재별 차광효과와 적용 가능성 검토
·개발된 차광제의 수경재배 유리온실과 플라스틱온실 농가현장에 적용
·차광제 적용을 통한 성능검증(작물에의 영향성, 온실 내 미기상, 온도저감 효과 등)결과를 제품의 판매와 마케팅에 이용

Abstract ▼

This research was conducted in an effort to meet the need for the development of a phenolic foam medium and a white wash agent to replace import for hydroponic culture of major greenhouse crops. The research had the following two objectives: 1) Development of a novel inert phenolic foam medium compr

This research was conducted in an effort to meet the need for the development of a phenolic foam medium and a white wash agent to replace import for hydroponic culture of major greenhouse crops. The research had the following two objectives: 1) Development of a novel inert phenolic foam medium comprising the pellet, cube, sheet, and slab types for production of vegetable (paprika and tomato) and ornamental crops (rose and chrysanthemum), and 2) development of a photo-selective white wash shading agent and also a cleaning agent for reducing excess heat radiation and optimizing the amount of natural growth light in plastic and glass house type greenhouses for the adaptation and growth of both vegetable and ornamental crops, and also comparison of the developed greenhouse shading products with the presently imported products used commercially.
1. Use of phenolic foam as a growing medium for commercial cultivation of tomato 'Superdoetaerang'.
This study was conducted in a glasshouse to examine the possibility of producing tomato plug seedlings using various inorganic growing media. Plug seedlings of ‘Superdotaerang’ tomato were grown in four media namely, granular rockwool, rockwool, phenolic foam #1, and phenolic foam #2 as a pellet type. A commercial plug medium, rockwool pellet was used as the control. All seeds were sown in 240-cell plug trays (60 cm x 41 cm x 5 cm) on January 22, 2010. Seeds were germinated in a growth chamber for three days and then seedlings were grown in a greenhouse in a completely randomized design with a nutrient solution supplied by a subirrigational method. Seedling growth was measured at 32 days after sowing. Seedlings in all treatments showed similar growth as those in the control. Plant height, and fresh and dry weights were significantly greater in the granular rockwool medium than those in the other media. However, seedlings grown in phenolic foam #1 or phenolic foam #2 had similar growth characteristics as compared to the control (rockwool pellet). The medium pH was the highest in the granular rockwool, and medium EC was the highest in phenolic foam #1, although no nutrient toxicity symptoms were observed. The results obtained suggest that phenolic foam #1 and phenolic foam #2 may be used as
a new material in the commercial scale production of plug seedlings of ‘Superdotaerang’ tomato.
2. Use of pellet and cube type phenolic foam as the medium for production of plug seedlings of ‘Fascinato’ paprika.
This study was conducted to examine the possibility of producing paprika plug seedlings in a newly developed inert phenolic foam medium. The pellet type was developed as the germination medium and the cube type as the growing medium for transplanted seedlings in the greenhouse. Seeds of ‘Fascinato’ paprika, sown in 240-cell plug trays (60 cm × 41 cm × 5 cm) on August 12, 2010, were germinated in a growth chamber (25℃, 80% RH, dark) for 4-5 days and then seedlings were grown in a glasshouse with a nutrient solution supplied by an overhead irrigation system. After 2 weeks, uniform plug seedlings fully grown in the pellet type were selected and transplanted into the cube type media for further growth in a completely randomized design. Growth of transplanted seedlings in two types, each of phenolic foam LC and RC was compared after 30 days against that in the corresponding rockwool medium manufactured by two companies, Grodan Co. Ltd., Denmark and UR Co. Ltd., Korea as the control. Growth parameters measured were plant height, leaf width, leaf length, leaf area, stem diameter, number of leaves, length of the longest root, number of roots, root grade, fresh and dry weights of shoot, and chlorophyll concentration. The medium pH and EC were the highest in the Grodan rockwool. Overall, phenolic foam LC and RC produced seedlings with a similar growth as the rockwool control. The greatest root grade was found in seedlings germinated in the Grodan pellet and transplanted into UR cube. Dry weight of shoot was the greatest in seedlings germinated in the Grodan pellet and transplanted into the RC cube. Plant height, leaf area, and fresh weight of shoot were greater in seedlings germinated in the RC pellet and transplanted into RC cube than those in a LC pellet and LC cube combination. The results suggested that both LC and RC foam have a great potential to be used in the production of plug seedlings of ‘Fascinato’ paprika.
3. Use of shading paint cleaner to remove shading paint applied to a glasshouse.
Due to high solar radiation during summer in Korea, some glasshouse crops need to be cultivated in glasshouses applied with a white paint in order to avoid negative consequences of intense sun radiation, high leaf temperatures or plant burning. In Europe, some shading paint products are already widely used. A Korean company has recently developed a shading paint cleaner to be used for removing shading paint applied on glasshouses. This experiment was performed in a Venlo-type glasshouse at Gyeongsang National University. A shade paint (Greenshade Co. Ltd., Korea) was sprayed using a power sprayer on June 22, 2010, and a shade paint cleaner at different dilution ratios of shade cleaner and water (1:5, 1:7, or 1:9) was applied on November 20, 2010 using a paint roller. Different exposure time (30 seconds, 10 minutes, or 24 hours) and water with different levels of hardness (50, 150, or 300 ppm CaCl₂) were evaluated. For the measurement of the degree of shade paint removal, light transmittance of the glass was measured. Shade paint cleaner at all dilution ratios showed a similar light transmittance, although the 24 hours exposure time gave better cleaning effect than the others. Among all the treatment combinations, the best cleaning was achieved with a 1:7 dilution ratio and the 24 hours exposure time.
4. Analysis of the shading effectiveness of photo-selective white wash agents on glass.
Photo-selective white wash agents have been the latest development to block solar radiation on the greenhouse roof in the summer season. They block near infrared radiation (NIR) and transmit more photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) than their traditional counterparts. During the summer season, excessive temperature increase caused by NIR negatively affects growth and development of greenhouse crops. A high PAR and a low NIR transmission of the greenhouse covering materials may improve environment for the crops. These products are already commonly used in European countries, but not in Korea, Japan, Kenya, Colombia, and Ecuador. A study was conducted to evaluate three different shading materials, Redusol, Reduheat (Mardenkro Co. Ltd., the Netherlands), and Greenshade (Daesung C&S Co. Ltd., Korea) for their photo-selectivity on the glass. The experiment was conducted on the roof of a concrete building in Gyeongsang National University at midday (13:00-14:00). Each shading agent was first coated on the rectangle glass (600 mm x 650 mm x 5 mm). Light transmittance of each coated-glass was measured to get the absolute irradiance spectrum analysis in the range of 300-2,600 nm: 300-400 nm, ultraviolet radiation; 400-760 nm, PAR; and 760-2,600 nm, NIR. When the full sunlight was assumed to be 100%, transmittance in the PAR was 88% for uncoated glass (the control), 60% Greenshade, 50% Redusol, and 34% Reduheat. The shading percentage in the NIR was the greatest in the Greenshade, followed by Reduheat, Redusol, and uncoated glass. These results looked promising for the use of photo-selective white wash agents in a commercial scale production for glasshouse crops.
5. Growth and flower yield of cut roses as affected by the growing medium.
This study was conducted to investigate effect of the growing medium on the growth and flower yield of two cut rose cultivars (Rosa × hybrida Hort. ‘Rock Fire’ and ‘Bubble Pink’), and to examine the potential use of newly developed phenolic foam as a medium for rose cultivation. The single nodal cuttings, each with a five-leaflet leaf, were stuck in rockwool cubes (5 cm × 5 cm × 5 cm, Myung Sung Placon Ltd., Korea) on April 19, 2010. After 31 days, rooted uniform samplings were transplanted to two different media, either phenolic foam (foam 3813-4, 10 cm × 15 cm × 100 cm, Smithers Oasis Co., Korea) or rockwool slabs (10 cm × 15 cm × 100 cm, Grodan, Denmark) in a completely randomized design on bench in the glasshouse. A nutrient solution was supplied uniformly through a drip irrigation system. Flower yield and quality were investigated for three successive harvests during a period of 10 months. Growth parameters measured were stem length, flower width, stem diameter, number of five-leaflet leaves per stem, number of flowers per stem, stem fresh weight, number of harvested cut flowers per plant by grade, and total yield. Overall, the phenolic foam produced cut roses with a similar growth and quality as the rockwool slabs. In a standard type ‘Rock Fire’, stem length and number of harvested cut flowers per plant by grade were greater in rockwool slabs than phenolic foam. However, stem diameter, number of five-leaflet leaves per stem, stem fresh weight, and total yield were not significantly affected by the growing medium in ‘Rock Fire’. Effect of growing medium on growth and flower yield was not significant in ‘Bubble Pink’. The results suggested that phenolic foam as a medium has potential to be used in rose cultivation.
6. Use of pellet type phenolic foam as a medium for production of plug seedlings of ‘Fascinato’ paprika.
This study was conducted to examine the possibility of producing paprika plug seedlings in a newly-developed inert phenolic foam medium. Plug seedlings of ‘Fascinato’ paprika were grown in four pellet type media, Grodan rockwool (Grodan Co. Ltd., Denmark), UR rockwool (UR Co. Ltd., Korea), and phenolic foam LC and phenolic foam LC-lite (Smithers Oasis Co. Ltd., Korea). Seeds, sown in 240-cell plug trays (60 cm × 41 cm × 5 cm) on May 30, 2011, were germinated in a growth chamber (25℃, 80% RH, dark) for 4-5 days and then seedlings were grown in a glasshouse with a nutrient solution supplied by an overhead irrigation system. After 3 weeks, uniform plug seedlings, fully grown, were selected and transplanted into the cube type media for further growth in a completely randomized design. Seedling emergence was checked for 7 days. The medium pH and EC were the highest in the Grodan rockwool. Seedling growth was measured at 47 days after sowing. Growth parameters measured were seedling emergence, plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, length of the longest root, fresh and dry weights of shoot, and chlorophyll concentration. The emergence was significantly affected by medium. The greatest emergence was obtained in the Grodan rockwool medium. Also, plant height, leaf area, and fresh weights were significantly greater in the rockwool medium than those in the other media. In phenolic foam LC, seedlings had the lowest plant height, leaf area, and fresh weight. The results suggested that both LC and LC-lite foam have potential to be used in production of plug seedlings of ‘Fascinato’ paprika. Further study is needed to improve through the balancing in container capacity, air porosity, or bulk density that meet the physical property as a commercial medium for production of plug seedlings of paprika.
7. Use of cube type phenolic foam as a medium for production of plug seedlings of ‘Fascinato’ paprika.
This study was conducted to examine the possibility of producing paprika plug seedlings in a newly-developed inert phenolic foam medium. Plug seedlings of ‘Fascinato’ paprika were grown in four pellet type media, Grodan rockwool (Grodan Co. Ltd., Denmark), UR rockwool (UR Co. Ltd., Korea), phenolic foam LC, and phenolic foam LC-lite (Smithers Oasis Co. Ltd., Korea). Seeds of ‘Fascinato’ paprika, sown in 240-cell plug trays (60 cm × 41 cm × 5 cm) on May 30, 2011, were germinated in a growth chamber (25℃, 80% RH, dark) for 4-5 days and then seedlings were grown in a glasshouse with a nutrient solution supplied by an overhead irrigation system. After 3 weeks, uniform plug seedlings, fully grown, were selected and transplanted into cube type media for further growth in a completely randomized design. Growth of transplanted seedlings in two types, each of phenolic foam LC and LC-lite were compared after 30 days against that in the corresponding rockwool medium manufactured by two companies as the control. Growth parameters measured were plant height, leaf width, leaf length, leaf area, stem diameter, number of leaves, length of the longest root, number of roots, root grade, fresh and dry weights of shoot, and chlorophyll concentration. Medium pH and EC were the highest in the Grodan rockwool. Dry weight of shoot was the greatest in seedlings germinated in the UR pellet and transplanted into the Grodan cube. Plant height, leaf area, and fresh weight of shoot were greater in seedlings germinated in the UR pellet and transplanted into Grodan cube than those in a UR pellet and UR cube combination. From the results, although growth was the greatest in the control (rockwool pellet and cube), both phenolic foam LC and phenolic foam LC-lite were proven to have potential to be used as a medium for production of plug seedlings of ‘Fascinato’ paprika. It is necessary to improve physical properties for commercial use of this new cube type media.
8. Effect of medium on rooting and subsequent growth of three Rosa Hybrida cultivars.
The aim of this study was to find out if phenolic foam medium can be used as a rooting medium for cutting propagation of three rose cultivars bred in Korea. The single nodal cutting of Rosa hybrid a ‘New Carpet’, ‘Yellow King, and ‘Pink Aurora’ were stuck in cubes of rockwool, phenolic foam LC or phenolic foam RC, or a commercial propagation medium (Tosilee medium) in a glasshouse propagation bed with fogging (200 s/5 min). After 40 days, rooting and shooting percentages, number of roots, and root length were measured. Of the four media tested, rockwool cube was found to be the best for root induction in ‘New Carpet’, while phenolic foam LC was suitable for ‘Yellow King’ and ‘Pink Aurora’, and the corresponding rooting percentages were 93, 90, and 97%, respectively. Interestingly, the longest root of all cultivars was achieved in the Tosilee medium. Rockwool cubes had more number of roots in ‘New Carpet’ whereas the Tosilee medium had more number of roots in both ‘Yellow King’ and ‘Pink Aurora’. There was no shoot growth in ‘Pink Aurora’ in the phenolic foam LC and RC media. Among the cultivars, shooting percentage of ‘Yellow King’ was the greatest in all types of media used. From the overall results, we can conclude that the Tosilee medium is the best medium for rooting of these rose cultivars.
9. Comparison of the environment changes in the plastic film house as affected by application concentrations of photo-selective white wash agents.
This study was conducted to compare environmental changes in the plastic film house as affected by application concentration of a newly-developed photo-selective white shade agent. Photo-selective white shade agents block near infrared radiation (NIR) which causes less temperature rise in greenhouse and more transmittance of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) by decreased light blocking than their traditional counterparts. This experiment was performed in arch-type plastic film houses (each with 3 m width x 4 m length x 2.7 m height) at Gyeongsang National University. A shade paint (GreenShade, Daesung C&S Co. Ltd., Korea) was sprayed using a power sprayer on May 17, 2011, and shading ratios of applied shade paint by one time, two times, or three times at 1:9 dilution ratios (shade paint : water, v/v) were 10%, 20%, or 30%, respectively. Non shade paint in the greenhouse roof was used as the control. Changes in air temperature, RH, ground surface temperature, light intensity, and the absolute irradiance spectrum were measured during the experimental period. The air temperature and ground surface temperature in the internal greenhouse by all shade paint treatments was decreased by about 2-5℃, 1-3℃ than in the control, respectively. Also, relative humidity in the internal greenhouse had increased by about 4-10%. The shading percentage in the light intensity by the application concentration of shade paint had positive correlations with increasing application concentration of shade agent. Although this experiment was performed without crop cultivation in internal greenhouses, a difference in trend can be expected in the results when applied outside based on the environmental conditions. The results obtained by evaluating the effectiveness of the tested photo-selective white shade agent looked promising for the use of these photo-selective white wash agents in a commercial scale production for plastic film greenhouse crops.
10. Effect of medium on the rooting and growth of chrysanthemum ‘Gaya Wine’ and ‘Gaya Yellow.
Two experiments were carried to find out the effect of medium on the rooting and subsequent growth of two chrysanthemum cultivars. Terminal cuttings of ‘Gaya Wine’ and ‘Gaya Yellow’, stuck in cubes of rockwool, phenolic foam LC or phenolic foam RC, or a commercial medium (Tosilee medium), were rooted under shade with fogging (200 sec/5 min) on a greenhouse bench. After 20 days, shade was removed and half of the plants were measured for rooting, plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, root length, number of roots, stem diameter, chlorophyll content, and fresh and dry weights. The other half of the rooted cuttings were transplanted for further cultivation in a bed filled with a commercial medium on April 5 and harvested on June 25. A randomized complete block design was adopted with three replications, each consisting of five plants. Irrespective of medium, 100% rooting was observed in both cultivars, and the longest root of ‘Gaya Wine’ (6.0 cm) and ‘Gaya Yellow’ (6.3 cm) were observed in the Tosilee and foam RC media, respectively. Both cultivars showed more numbers of roots in the Tosilee (average 9.7 for ‘Gaya Wine’ and 14.3 for ‘Gaya Yellow’) medium. For rooting, the Tosilee medium was found to be the best for ‘Gaya Wine’, and there were no significant differences for ‘Gaya Yellow’. In the cultivation experiment, both cultivars had the greatest number of flowers i.e., 154 and 115, respectively, in the Tosilee medium. Results suggest that the Tosilee medium was the best for cutting propagation of these chrysanthemums.
11. Use of pellet type phenolic foam as a medium for production of plug seedlings of ‘Madison’ tomato.
This study was conducted in a glasshouse to examine the possibility of producing tomato plug seedlings in a newly–developed inert phenolic foam medium. Plug seedlings of ‘Madison’ tomato (Syngenta Seed Co. Ltd., Korea) were grown in four pellet type media, Grodan rockwool (Grodan Co. Ltd., Denmark), UR rockwool (UR Co. Ltd., Korea), phenolic foam LC, and phenolic foam LC-lite (Smithers Oasis Co. Ltd., Korea). Seeds were sown in 240-cell plug trays (60 cm × 41 cm × 5 cm) on August 29, 2011. That were germinated in a growth chamber (25℃, 80% RH, dark) for 4 days and then seedlings were grown in a glasshouse with a nutrient solution supplied by sub-irrigation system. Seedling emergence was checked for 7 days. Seedling growth was measured at 19 days after sowing. The greatest emergence was obtained in the phenolic foam LC and LC-lite media and the highest medium pH and EC were observed in the Grodan rockwool. Plant height, hypocotyl length, leaf area, dry weights, and fresh weights were significantly greater in the rockwool medium than those in the other media, however the T/R ratio was greatest and thickness of stem diameter was thicker in the phenolic foam LC than those in the other media. The bulk density of the LC-lite medium was obtained about 0.02 g/m³. It was four times lower than rockwool (Grodan and UR) media. The results suggested that both LC and LC-lite foam have potential to be used in production of plug seedlings of ‘Madison’ tomato. Further study is needed to improve the media quality and potential through the balancing of container capacity, air porosity, or bulk density that meet the physical property as a commercial medium for production of plug seedlings of tomato.
12. Use of slab-type phenolic foam as a medium for cultivation of ‘Volcano’ paprika.
This study was conducted in a greenhouse to examine the possibility of cultivating paprika using a newly-developed slab-type, inert phenolic foam as the medium. Seeds of Capsicum annuum L. ‘Volcano’ (De Ruiter Seed Co. Ltd.) were sown on July 8, 2011. Seedlings were transplanted into a cube-type rockwool (UR Co. Ltd., Korea) on July 28, 2011. Plants were transplanted to four slab-type (100 cm ⅹ 15 cm ⅹ6.5 cm) media, Grodan rockwool (Grodan Co. Ltd., Korea), coir (Daeyoung GS, Korea), phenolic foam RC (Smithers Oasis Co. Ltd., Korea), and phenolic foam LC (Smithers Oasis Co. Ltd., Korea) on August 16, 2011. Plants were fertigated with a nutrient solution through drippers controlled by an automatic water control system. Water potential of all media were set at 80~85% during the taking rooting stage, 63~65% during the fruit setting stage, and 65~67% during the fruit growth stage. Plant height, stem diameter, leaf width, leaf length, main stem length, number of branches, and internode length were measured once every week during cultivation. Fruits were harvested and growth parameters were measured on November 4, 2011. After cultivation, medium EC was the highest in the coir and medium pH was in the range 5.40 to 6.07. Water potential of the LC medium was the lowest during cultivation, requiring more frequent irrigation. Stem length and chlorophyll content were not significantly different. Plant height, stem diameter, number of branches, internode length, and fresh and dry weights of the shoot in the coir medium were the greatest. However, plant height, internode length, fresh and dry weights of the shoot, stem diameter, and leaf length were significantly greater in the phenolic foam media than in the rockwool medium. Pericarp thickness, firmness, and soluble solids contents of fruits in rockwool slab were significantly greater than in other media. Fruit weight, fruit width, fruit length, length of fruit stalk, and fruit stalk diameter were greater in the coir than in other media. The results suggested that both LC and RC foam have potential to be used in cultivation of ‘Volcano’ paprika.
13. Use of cube-type phenolic foam as a medium for production of young plants of ‘Madison’ tomato.
This study was conducted to examine the possibility for cultivating plug seedlings and young plants afterward using a newly–developed inert phenolic foam medium. Seeds of ‘Madison’ tomato (Syngenta Seed Co. Ltd., Korea), sown in 240-cell plug trays (60 cm × 41 cm × 5 cm) on August 29, 2011, were germinated in a growth chamber (25℃, 80% RH, dark) for 4-5 days. Uniform plug seedlings, grown for 15 days in a glasshouse in four pellet-type media, Grodan rockwool (G, Grodan Co. Ltd., Denmark), UR rockwool (U, UR Co. Ltd., Korea), phenolic foam LC (Smithers Oasis Co. Ltd., Korea), and phenolic foam LC-lite (Smithers Oasis Co. Ltd., Korea), were selected and transplanted into each of four cube-type media for further growth in a randomized block design, and grown for another 21 days. All media had stable EC of lower than 1.50 dS·m^-1and pH ranging from 7.20 to 7.41 after cultivation. Growth of the young plants in all four cube-type media were similar, regardless of the medium used for raising seedlings in plug trays with pellet-type media, suggesting both cube-type foam LC and RC having the potential to be used as the growing medium in cultivation of young tomato plants.
14. Use of phenolic foam cubes as the medium for cutting propagation of roses.
This experiment was conducted to investigate the feasibility of using different phenolic foam media for cutting propagation of roses on a fogged propagation bed set in a glasshouse. One standard cultivar ‘Pink Aurora’, and two spray cultivars ‘Yellow King’ and ‘Bubble King’ were used as test plants. Rooting and early growth were compared in cube-type propagation media phenolic foam (Smithers-Oasis, Korea) LC^®, LC-lite^® and RC^®, against those in rockwool (Grodan, Denmark), each with the same volume of 5 cm × 5 cm × 5 cm. Single node cuttings each with a five leaflet leaf and an axillary bud were directly stuck into the pre-wet medium to a depth of about 2 cm. There were no significant differences in budbreaking percentage as affected by the medium in ‘Yellow King’. The highest rooting percentage 96.7% was found in rockwool. The greatest number of roots was observed in foam LC and rockwool, and the lowest in foam RC. In ‘Pink Aurora’, the best shoot growth, such as budbreaking percentage and shoot length, was observed in rockwool, whereas the best root growth was found in foam RC. In ‘Bubble Pink’, the highest values in budbreaking percentage, shoot length, rooting percentage, root length, and number of roots were observed in rockwool. In ‘Yellow King’ and ‘Bubble Pink’, rockwool showed the greatest fresh and dry weights of newly-grown shoot and root. In ‘Pink Aurora’, the greatest fresh and dry weights of cuttings and roots were observed in foam RC. Because there were no big differences between the foam media in supporting the rooting and subsequent early growth as compared to the widely used rockwool cube in propagation of rose cuttings, it is believed that foam media tested can also be used as the media for cutting propagation.
15. Use of phenolic foam as a medium for production of rose ‘Rock Fire’ and ‘Feel Lip’.
Rose (Rosa hybrida) cultivars were tested in a newly developed inert phenolic foam growing medium under greenhouse conditions. Two cultivars, ‘Rock Fire’ and ‘Feel Lip’, were grown in four media, rockwool (100 cm × 20 cm × 7.5 cm, Grodan, Denmark), perlite (Green Biotech Co., Korea), phenolic foam RC (100 cm × 20 cm × 7.5 cm, Smithers Oasis Co., Korea), and phenolic foam LC (100 cm × 20 cm × 7.5 cm, Smithers Oasis Co., Korea). Stem cuttings of both cultivars were rooted in rockwool cubes for 17 days before being transplanted into the test media. Measured growth parameters, such as stem length, number and quality of harvested stems, number of main roots, and contents of inorganic ions, were similar in all media tested, except perlite. These values were the lowest in the perlite. The results obtained suggest that widely used rockwool can be replaced with a new phenolic medium such as phenolic foam RC for commercial scale productions of roses.
16. Analysis of the shading effectiveness of photo-selective white wash agents applied on even-span glasshouse on summer season.
Due to high solar radiation in summer in Korea, some glasshouse crops need to be cultivated in glasshouses applied with a white paint in order to avoid negative consequences of intense sun radiation, high leaf temperatures, or plant burning. In Europe, some shading paint products are already widely used. This experiment was conducted in an even span glasshouse at Gyeongsang National University. A shade paint, GreenShade No. 2, 3, or 4 (Daesung C&S Co. Ltd., Korea) at 1:4 ratio (shade paint : water, v/v) were sprayed using a power sprayer on May 22, 2012. Light transmittance of each coated-glasshouse part was measured to get the absolute irradiance spectrum analysis in the range of 300-2,600 nm: 300-400 nm, ultraviolet radiation (UV); 400-760 nm, photosynthetically active radiation (PAR); and 760-2,600 nm, near infrared radiation (NIR). Full sunlight was used as the control. PAR was significantly higher in the No. 2 and 3. UV was the lowest in the control. When the full sunlight was assumed to be 100%, transmittance in the NIR was 60% in No. 4, 3, and 2. The shading percentage in the NIR was the greatest in No. 4, followed by No. 3, No. 2, and the control. These results obtained are promising for the use of these tested photo-selective white wash agents in a commercial scale production for glasshouse crops during the summer season.
17. Use of seed tray-type phenolic foam as medium for production of seedlings of 'Rafito' tomato.
A study was conducted in a glasshouse to examine the possibility of producing tomato seedlings in a newly–developed inert phenolic foam medium. Seedlings of ‘Rafito’ tomato were grown in three seed tray-type media, Grodan rockwool (Grodan Co. Ltd., Denmark), phenolic foam LC and phenolic foam LC-lite (Smithers Oasis Co. Ltd., Korea). A commercial seed tray-type rockwool was used as the control. Seeds sown in seed trays (250 mm × 500 mm × 38 mm) on July 9, 2012, were germinated in a growth chamber (25 ± 2℃, 90 ± 5% RH, dark) for 4 days and then seedlings were grown in a glasshouse with a nutrient solution supplied by sub-irrigation system. Seed germination was checked at 16 days and growth was measured at 22 days after sowing. The greatest emergence was obtained in the phenolic foam LC-lite. Plant height, epicotyl length, hypocotyl length, stem diameter, number of leaves, leaf width, leaf length, leaf area, shoot fresh and dry weights were significantly greater in the rockwool. Chlorophyll was the greatest in the phenolic foam LC-lite. However, incidence of damping off was about 40-50% in rockwool. The total porosity and container capacity of phenolic foam LC was higher than in the other media. The results suggested that both phenolic foam LC and phenolic foam LC-lite seed tray-type have potential to be used in the production of seedlings of ‘Rafito’ tomato.
18. Changes in environment in plastic film houses as affected by application concentration of white wash agents.
A study was conducted to examine changes in environment in the plastic film house with peppers growing as affected by shading percentage (0, 20, 40 or 60%) during the summer season. Seeds of Capsicum annuum L. ‘Morning Putgochu’ and ‘Sinhong’ were sown on April 21, 2012. Scion and rootstock (Capsicum annuum L. ‘Tantan’) were grafted on May 23, 2012. Grafted seedlings were transplanted to the slab-type rockwool medium on July 18, 2012. Plants were supplied with a nutrient solution through drippers which were controlled by an automatic fertigation system. Temperatures of the leaf, stem, medium and air, relative humidity, light intensity, and light quality were measured once a month during the three month (Aug., Sept. and Oct.) cultivation period. In August, leaf and medium temperatures were not significantly different in all shading treatments in the ‘Morning Putgochu’, while leaf and stem temperatures were the highest in the control (0% shading) in the ‘Sinhong’. In September, leaf, stem, and medium temperatures were lower in the 40 and 60% shading treatments than in the 0 and 20% shading treatments in ‘Morning Putgochu’. The highest leaf, stem, and medium temperatures were recorded in the 0% shading treatment in ‘Sinhong’. In October, stem temperature was the highest in the control in both cultivars. Plant, medium, and air temperatures were affected by shading percentage, especially the air temperature between 20 and 60% shading treatments was up to 7℃. The difference of relative humidity was up to 13%. Light intensity and temperature were the lowest in the high shading percentages. There were differences observed between months to the measurement and positions to the greenhouse, but not between the cultivars. In light quality analysis, shading blocked UV (ultraviolet) and NIR (near infrared), and therefore, plant, air, and medium temperatures decreased in the plastic film houses, suggesting potential use of these white wash agents to decrease air and plant temperatures in plastic film houses.
19. Distribution of nutrient solution and chemical properties of slab-type media.
This study was conducted to evaluate the distribution of the nutrient solution and chemical properties of several slab-type growing media used in a glasshouse. To evaluate flow patterns of four slabs (Grodan rockwool, UR rockwool, phenolic foam LC, and phenolic foam LC-lite) that were fertigated with a pigmented (bromophenol blue) standard solution with pH 5.5, EC of 2.7 ± 0.5 dS·m^-1. Fives pots in each slab were fertigated three times a day (9:00, 13:00, 17:00) with 30 mL for 5 minutes each. After three days, all slabs were horizontally cut into halves to evaluate the flow patterns. In the rockwool slab, flow pattern was spread more horizontally than in the phenolic foams labs. To investigate EC and pH gradients, slabs were fertigated three times a day (9:00, 13:00, 17:00) with a nutrient solution (pH 6.5 and EC of 2.5 ± 5 dS·m^-1) in five spots, each with 50 mL for 1 minute. After one week, EC and pH were measured in the upper and the lower half of the slabs by extracting the nutrient solution with a syringe in 40 different spots of the slab. The horizontal EC and pH gradients were small in the rockwool slab, while those of phenolic foam LC and LC-lite slabs were not uniform. The results of this study indicate the need for different irrigation time settings for more uniform root zone environmental conditions in the slab type medium.
20. Use of sheet-type phenolic foam medium with irrigation set point for production of seedlings of ‘Rafito’ tomato.
This study was conducted to examine the possibility of producing tomato seedlings in a newly–developed sheet-type phenolic foam medium in a glasshouse. Seedlings of ‘Rafito’ tomato were grown in three sheet-type media, rockwool (Grodan Co. Ltd., Denmark), phenolic foam LC, and phenolic foam LC-lite (Smithers Oasis Co. Ltd., Korea). A commercial sheet-type rockwool was used as the control. Seeds, sown in the sheet type medium (250 mm × 500 mm × 38 mm) on Oct. 5, 2012, were germinated in a growth chamber (25 ± 2℃, 90 ± 5% RH, dark) for 4 days and then seedlings were grown in a glasshouse with a nutrient solution supplied by sub-irrigation system. In order to ensure the same irrigation level, each treatment was maintained on an electronic balance. All medium were irrigated with a solution formulated by Sonneveld when the amount of water was decreased by 1.5 g from the irrigation set point of each medium. Seed germination rate was checked for 18 days. Seedling growth was measured at 25 days after sowing. The greatest seedling emergence was obtained in the phenolic foam LC-lite. Plant height, epicotyl length, hypocotyl length, stem diameter, number of leaves, leaf width, leaf length, leaf area, length of the longest root, and fresh weight were significantly greater in the rockwool than those in the other media. The highest chlorophyll and ion leakage were obtained in the phenolic foam LC-lite. Plant dry weight was the greatest in the phenolic foam LC. The weight changes in phenolic foam LC-lite was similarly maintained as compared to that in rockwool. These results suggested that sheet-type phenolic foam LC-lite has potential as the germination medium to be used in the production of seedlings of ‘Rafito’ tomato.
21. Effect of shading methods on growth and fruit quality of paprika in summer season.
This study was carried out to investigate the effect of two shading methods, shading agent spray on the glasshouse and internal shading screen treatment, on the growth and fruit quality of paprika (Capsicum annuum L. ‘Cupra’ and ‘Coletti’) during summer season cultivation. In the shading agent treatment, a commercial shading agent diluted with water at a ratio of 1:4 was sprayed on the roof of a glasshouse. In the internal shading screen treatment, a 10~20% shaded screen was used during the day time when the sun radiation was greater than 700 W·m⁻². Compared to the unshaded control, photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) decreased in the greenhouse in the shading agent (SA) and shading screen (SS) treatments by 20% and 30%, respectively. Lower air temperatures and higher relative humidities were observed in the SA than in both the control and the SS treatment. Time to reach the break point of humidity deficit 8 g·m⁻³ was 2 hours late in the SA than in both the control and the SS treatment. Compared to control, both the SA and the SS treatments showed lower instantaneous temperatures of leaf, fruit, and flower by 2℃, 5℃ and 3℃, respectively. There were no differences in number of branches, stem diameter, and leaf size among treatments although both shading treatments promoted plant height in both cultivars. Botrytis infection ratio declined with the SA treatment by 14.7% in ‘Cupra’ and 22.1% in ‘Coletti’ as compared to that in the control. Shading increased fruit size in both cultivars, whereas no differences were observed in the number of locules and thickness of fruit tissue among treatments. Shading treatment increased mean fruit weight by a range of 10 to 15 g per fruit, while it decreased soluble solids contents as compared to that in the control. Similar Hunter values were observed among treatments, while fruit firmness increased slightly in shading treatments. Compared to the control, shading treatments improved marketable fruits by 11.7~22.6% and increased the number of fruits per plant by 4~9.2% in both ‘Cupra’ and ‘Coletti’. The results of this study indicate that shading agent application on the roof of glasshouse would be one of the most effective options to reduce heat stress imposed on the paprika crop in summer cultivation, resulting in improved crop growth and fruit yield.
22. Irrigation method of nutrient solution affect growth and yield of paprika 'Veyron' grown in rockwool and phenolic foam slabs.
This study was carried out to find a reasonable irrigation method of a nutrient solution for the phenolic foam slab (foam LC) used in a trial experiment to substitute the rockwool slab in the production of paprika (Capsicum annuum ‘Veyron’). 100, 90, and 80 mL of a nutrient solution was supplied per plant each time when the accumulated radiation reached to 100, 90, 80 J·㎝⁻², and they were named as the 100-100, 90-90, and 90-80 treatment, respectively. The drain percentage per plant of the 100-100 treatment was high by 33.8% in rockwool and 36.7% in foam LC (Lettuce Cube), and that of 90-80 treatment was low by 30.4% and 33.7%. The water content and EC of the rockwool slab were maintained in the range of 63.6-68.9% and 4.4-5.1 mS·㎝⁻¹, while those of the foam LC slab were in the range of 52.9-58.8% and 5.5-6.5 mS·㎝⁻¹. The plant height and leaf size of the 100-100 and 90-90 treatments increased in a similar manner, while those of the 90-80 treatment decreased and those of the rockwool were greater than that of the foam LC. Similarly the fruit size and weight of the 100-100 and 90-90 treatments were bigger and heavier than those of the 90-80 treatment. The number of fruits harvested per plant was the greatest in the 90-80 treatment with 8 and 8.3 fruits in the rockwool and foam LC. The number of marketable fruits in the 90-90 treatment in the rockwool and foam LC were the greatest with 18.1 and 18.2, respectively, while those in the 90-80 treatment were 17.2 and 16.8, respectively. The number of unmarketable fruits of the 90-80 treatment was the greatest (1.7-1.8 fruits per plant) in both the rockwool and foam LC, and most of them were small sized or blossom end rot fruits. The yield of the 90-90 treatment was the greatest among the irrigation.

목차 Contents

• 표지 ... 1
• 제출문 ... 2
• 요약문 ... 3
• SUMMARY ... 22
• CONTENTS ... 36
• 목 차 ... 38
• 표 차 례 ... 39
• 그 림 차 례 ... 49
• 사 진 차 례 ... 53
• 제 1장 연구개발과제의 개요 ... 58
• 제 1 절 연구개발의 목적 ... 58
• 제 2 절 연구개발의 필요성 ... 58
• 제 2장 국내외 기술개발 현황 ... 65
• 제 1 절 배지 개발 현황 ... 65
• 제 2 절 차광제 개발 현황 ... 67
• 제 3장 연구개발 수행내용 및 결과 ... 69
• 제 1 절 시설재배 과채류와 화훼류의 파종용,육묘용,수경재배전용 수입대체 배지 개발 및 차광제 온도저감효과 구명 및 효용성 시험(1세부 연구팀:경상대,경상남도농업기술원) ... 71
• 제 2 절 시설재배 과채류와 화훼류의 수입대체 배지 개발 및 상품화 (1협동 연구팀:한국스미더스오아시스(주)) ... 297
• 제 3 절 온도 저감효과가 우수한 온실용 선택적 차광제 개발 및 상품화(2협동 연구팀:대성C&S(주)) ... 324
• 제 4 장 목표달성도 및 관련분야에의 기여도 ... 343
• 제 1 절 목표달성도 ... 343
• 제 2 절 관련분야의 기술발전 기여도 ... 346
• 제 5 장 연구개발 성과 및 성과활용 계획 ... 347
• 제 1 절 실용화·산업화 계획(기술실시 등) ... 347
• 제 2 절 교육·지도·홍보 등 기술확산 계획 등 ... 349
• 제 3 절 특허, 품종, 논문 등 지식재산권 확보 계획 ... 357
• 제 4 절 추가연구, 타연구에 활용 계획 등 ... 366
• 제 6 장 연구개발과정에서 수집한 해외과학기술정보 ... 368
• 제 1 절 미국 서부지역의 원예작물 수경재배용 배지 및 차광제 관련 기술활용 현황 ... 368
• 제 2 절 네덜란드 현지의 인공배지 재배현황과 시장동향 조사, 차광제 제품 가격 및 시장동향 조사 ... 370
• 제 3 절 미국 동남부지역의 원예작물 공정묘 생산을 위한 환경조절기술, 시설활용과 장치 이용기술 현황 ... 371
• 제 7 장 참고문헌 ... 373
• 연구개발보고서 초록 ... 379
• 끝페이지 ... 382