화학수소화물 수소저장 시스템의 수소저장용량 향상 및 실증 Improvement of storage capacity and demonstration of chemical hydrogen storage system원문보기
보고서 정보
주관연구기관
한국과학기술연구원 Korea Institute Of Science and Technology
보고서유형
최종보고서
발행국가
대한민국
언어
한국어
발행년월
2013-05
과제시작연도
2011
주관부처
미래창조과학부 Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning
등록번호
TRKO201400001416
과제고유번호
1345162654
사업명
21세기프론티어연구개발
DB 구축일자
2014-05-10
키워드
화학적 수소저장.붕소수소화물.암모니아보란.연료전지 전원.무인항공기.chemical hydrogen storage.borohydride.ammonia borane.fuel cell power pack.unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV).
초록▼
본 연구에서는 고용량 수소저장물질인 암모니아보란(ammonia borane, NH3BH3, AB)에 대해 기초연구부터 실증연구까지 집중적으로 연구를 수행하였다. 또한 수소저장 화합물로서 잘 알려진 붕소수소화나트륨 (sodium borohydride, NaBH4, SBH)에 대해서도 시스템 개발을 추진하였다. 연구개발 결과를 요약하면 아래와 같다. - AB를 연료로 활용하여 연료전지용 수소를 연속적으로 생산하는 수소 저장/방출 시스템 기술을 개발하였으며, 200W급 고분자전해질 연료전지와 연계운전을 실시하였고, 최종적으로는
본 연구에서는 고용량 수소저장물질인 암모니아보란(ammonia borane, NH3BH3, AB)에 대해 기초연구부터 실증연구까지 집중적으로 연구를 수행하였다. 또한 수소저장 화합물로서 잘 알려진 붕소수소화나트륨 (sodium borohydride, NaBH4, SBH)에 대해서도 시스템 개발을 추진하였다. 연구개발 결과를 요약하면 아래와 같다. - AB를 연료로 활용하여 연료전지용 수소를 연속적으로 생산하는 수소 저장/방출 시스템 기술을 개발하였으며, 200W급 고분자전해질 연료전지와 연계운전을 실시하였고, 최종적으로는 상용 무인항공기용 수소저장 시스템을 완성하여 1시간 비행 실증을 완료하였다. - 본 연구를 통하여 AB를 연료로 활용함으로써 이전 SBH를 사용하는 경우 5 wt% 정도 머물던 재료기준 수소저장용량을 6.5 wt% 이상으로 향상시켰다. - AB를 활용하는 수소 저장/방출 시스템의 수소저장용량은 현재 기술 수준에서 4 kW-h 기준으로 4.0 wt% 정도로 나타났으며, 향후 연료에 포함되는 유기용매의 사용량 저감 및 필터의 성능 개선을 통하여 수소저장용량 향상이 가능함을 알 수 있었다. - AB 수소 방출 기초 연구를 수행한 결과 고체 AB로부터 2당량의 수소를 빠르게 방출시키는 유기용매 적용 기술 및 나노 촉매 기술을 개발하였다. - SBH를 활용하는 수소 저장/방출 시스템은 100W 및 200W급 연료전지와 연계하여 기술 개발이 진행되었으며, 100W급 시스템은 연료전지와 연계하여 9시간 이상 연속 실증 실험을 수행하였다. SBH 시스템도 연료전지 전원을 구성하여 무인항공기에 탑재하고 실증 실험을 완료하였다. - 고농도 SBH 수용액의 안정성 연구와 수소방출 촉매 연구 및 물 회수/이용 시스템 연구를 추진하였으며, SBH를 활용하는 수소 저장/방출 시스템의 수소저장용량은 23.5 wt% SBH 수용액을 사용하는 경우 7 kW-h 기준으로 4.5 wt% 에 도달하였다.
Abstract▼
Ⅳ. Results of the study During this project aiming at development of compact hydrogen storage systems for polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEMFCs) using chemical hydrides, main efforts were made to improve the system-based hydrogen storage density utilizing ammonia borane as a hydrogen storage mat
Ⅳ. Results of the study During this project aiming at development of compact hydrogen storage systems for polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEMFCs) using chemical hydrides, main efforts were made to improve the system-based hydrogen storage density utilizing ammonia borane as a hydrogen storage material. In addition, a fuel cell power pack combined with the chemical hydrogen storage system has been developed and applied to operate an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) powered by a fuel cell. Overall results of this study can be summarized as follows. - A hydrogen storage/generation system using solid ammonia borane as a fuel and organic solvent as a promotor has been developed to continuously operate a 200W PEMFC. The AB-powered fuel cell system was integrated into a commercial UAV platform, demonstrating 1-hour test flight successfully. - The material-based hydrogen storage density was improved from ca. 5 wt% to 6.5 wt% by employing AB decomposition instead of SBH hydrolysis for hydrogen generation reaction. - At this stage of development, the system-based hydrogen storage density of the AB system was ca. 4.0 wt% when energy was produced over 4 kW-h, but it can be improved by reducing the weight of the chemical promotor as well as improving the filter performance. - SBH systems combined with 100W and 200W PEMFCs were developed and continuously operated to produce electric energy up to 900 W-h. The systems were successfully applied to experimental UAVs for flight tests of ca. 1 hour. - The SBH system utilizing 23.5 wt% SBH solution as a fuel was developed in combination with water recovery and recycling system, demonstrating a system-based hydrogen storage density of 4.5 wt% at energy production over 7 kW-h. More detailed results of this study can be summarized as follows. - Thermally-induced dehydrogenation of AB using a polyetheral solvent as a chemical promoter has been demonstrated as an efficient method for hydrogen production, releasing ca. 2 equivalent of hydrogen at 85∼145℃. - A hydrogen generator fueled by solid AB beads was developed to continuously produce hydrogen for a fuel cell. An autothermal operation of the generator was possible by utilizing excess heat produced from AB dehydrogenation without any external heater. - A number of filter materials were screened to remove gaseous byproducts other than hydrogen from the AB dehydrogenation reactor. The AB hydrogen generation system equipped with the filter was integrated with a PEMFC stack, forming a fuel cell system for an UAV. - The fuel cell system fed with AB proved its capability as a primary power source to drive a commercial UAV platform for a flight time of 1 hour. - Both homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts were developed for AB dehydrogenation. The catalyst precursor, [Pd(MeCN)][BF4]2 exhibited the highest catalytic activity upon AB dehydrogenation under homogeneous conditions, releasing 2 equiv. H2 in 20 sec at room temperature. In addition, heterogenous Pd nanocatalyst was developed to show high activity towards AB dehydrogenation. - Detailed theoretical calculations were performed via DFT and molecular mechanics to elucidate the mechanism of AB dehydrogenation. In addition, solid state NMR techniques were employed to analyze the nature of spent fuels produced from AB dehydrogenation. - Application of concentrated SBH solution as a fuel was studied to enhance hydrogen storage density. At reaction temperatures less than 60℃, the hydrogen yield decreased as SBH concentration increased due to the formation of gel-type by-products which resulted in loss of catalysts. - To increase endurance of a UAV system, a study on the application of a fuel cell system fueled by chemical hydrides was carried out. Through feasibility study of fuel cell application to a electrical driven UAV system, the limitations of the application were recognized and some trials to overcome those problems were conducted. Finally, technical achievement was demonstrated through manufacturing and flight test of the UAV system mounted with the fuel cell power pack combined with the AB dehydrogenation system. - A 100W PEMFC integrated with a SBH dehydrogenation reactor has been applied for a propulsion system of the small UAV. The fuel cell system satisfied the required weight and power consumption rate for the UAV propulsion system, demonstrating successful test flight. - Lightweight fuel cell stack was developed to improve the power density of the fuel cell stack for UAV applications, and control technique of the fuel cell was studied in consideration of operating conditions of the fuel cell during the flight. The fabrication and performance evaluation of the fuel cell stack with the power density > 400 W/kg were carried out, and a controller was developed to control the temperature and humidity of the fuel cell. The interface of the fuel cell with controller was designed for integration to the UAV. The results obtained in this study can be applied in the future to realize a small fuel cell power pack for UAVs, robots and remote sensors which need continuous long-term supply of electrical power.
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