[보고서]현생 이질퇴적층의 저류층 지질특성화 및 천부가스 현장분석 기술개발

현생 이질퇴적층의 저류층 지질특성화 및 천부가스 현장분석 기술개발
Geological characterization of recent muddy sediment for reservoir potential, and in-situ analysis of shallow gas 원문보기

보고서 정보
주관연구기관	한국지질자원연구원 Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources
보고서유형	연차보고서
발행국가	대한민국
언어	한국어
발행년월	2013-12
과제시작연도	2013
주관부처	미래창조과학부 Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning
등록번호	TRKO201400003950
과제고유번호	1711009428
사업명	한국지질자원연구원연구운영비지원
DB 구축일자	2014-05-07
키워드	흑산머드벨트.근원암 저류층.지질특성화.메탄방출.음향공백대.폭마크.Heuksan mud belt.shale reservoir.geologic characterization.methane seepage.acoustic blanking.pockmark.
DOI	https://doi.org/10.23000/TRKO201400003950

초록 ▼

개발결과 요약
최종(연차) 목표
◦9서해 남부 대륙붕 이질퇴적층에 대한 현생 유사 연구를 통해 근원암 이질저류층 지질특성화 기법을 개발
◦9대륙붕 니질퇴적층과 사질퇴적층에서의 천부가스 부존 특성 파악 및 해저면관측장비 개선을 통한 실시간 자료 전송 기술 개발
개발내용 및 결과
◦흑산이질퇴적층은 흑산도에서 제주 북서부까지 길게 연장되어 있으며, 제주 북서부에서 최대 50m의 두께를 나타냄
◦탄성파상 특성에 의해 이질퇴적층은 3개의 퇴적단위로 구분됨
◦이질퇴적층의 총유기탄소(TOC)는 평균 0.5~0.9%로서 비교적 낮음. C/N 비는 4.1~10.8 범위로 현재는 해양에서 생성된 유기물이 주로 퇴적됨
◦대륙붕 사질퇴적층에서는 극성 역전이, 니질퇴적층에서는 음향공백대가 천부가스 부존을 지시함
◦대륙붕 사질퇴적층의 가스방출 기둥에서 약 400 nM의 아주 높은 용존메탄 함량이 관찰되었음
◦대륙붕 니질퇴적층의 천부가스 부존지역에서는 황산염메탄경계가 약 4mbsf에 위치하며, 천부가스가 없는 지역에서는 약 8 mbsf에서 황산염메탄경계가 확인됨
◦해저면 관측장비(KISOS)에 실시간 자료 전송 시스템을 부착하여, 탐해 2호에서 해저면의 가스방출을 확인 가능하도록 개선하였음
기대효과
◦대륙붕 이질퇴적층의 대상(belt) 분포와 최대층후 지역을 파악하였으며 비전통 셰일저류층의 탐사 및 개발생산의 효율성을 높이는데 기여하게 됨
◦서해 남부 대륙붕 이질퇴적층에 대한 현생 유사 연구를 통해 근원암 이질저류층 지질특성화 기법을 개발
◦탐해 2호에서 가스방출에 대한 실시간 자료 전송이 가능하여 가스하이드레이트 생산시험에 따른 가스 방출 탐지 및 분석 기술을 확보
적용분야
◦이질근원암 저류층 내 유기물 최적집적지(core region)을 추적하는 지질특성화에 적용됨
◦서해 남부 대륙붕 이질퇴적층에 대한 현생 유사 연구를 통해 근원암 이질저류층 지질특성화 기법을 개발
◦천부가스 탐지 및 분석 기술은 가스하이드레이트 생산시험, 전통 석유, 가스 개발, 자연상태에서의 메탄가스 방출 연구에 적용될 것임

Abstract ▼

Ⅳ. R&D results
◦:The Mud Belt can be divided into three major sedimentary units, each bounded by an erosional bounding surface and internal seismic reflectors
◦:Unit I is characterized by horizontally subparallel reflection configuration, these being interpreted as nearshore and offshore depression fill deposits influenced by strong tide. Unit II is characterized by parallel and prograding internal seismic reflectors and being interpreted as deposits by reworking of Unit I during the late transgressive stage. Unit III have horizontally subparallel internal seismic refelctors and being interpreted as deltaic shelf deposit during the highstand stage
◦9The Mud Belt can be classified into 9 facies types. Massive gravel, massive sand, shelly sand, and shelly mud facies are interpreted as transgressive deposits, and the facies, laminated mud and sand-mud couplet are characteristics of tidal deposits. Graded mud, homogeneous mud, and bioturbated mud are interpreted to have formed during storms.
◦9The predominance of laminated mud facies in piston and deep borehole cores reveals that the tide plays an important role in sedimentation in the Mud Belt.
◦9The downcore variation of geophysical properties is consistent with lithology in core logs and seismic reflectors
◦9On the basis of geochemical analysis, the sediments of the Mud Belt seem to have originated from a mixture of the Korean and Chinese river-derived sediments. Further study is required.
◦9The polarity reversal is interpreted as evidence of shallow gas distribution in the shelf sand deposits. And the acoustic blanking is indicated to develop shallow gas in the shelf mud deposits.
◦9The gas flares were recorded on the shelf sand deposit by SIMRAD EK60 echograms. The methane sensor was measured a high anomalies about 400 nM within the gas flares.
◦9For quantitative analysis of the dissolved methane in the gas seepage area, we were performed the comparative analysis using methane sensor, gas chromatograph, and membrain inlet mass spectrometer.
◦9The KISOS was revised to apply real-time data communication between the R/V Tamhae-2, sensing the gas seepages during the operation of the KISOS.
◦9Sulfate-Methane Interface is located at about 4 meter below seafloor (mbsf) in the shallow gas from the shelf mud deposits. But SMI is located at about 8 mbsf in the free-gas zone from the shelf mud deposits.

목차 Contents

표지 ... 1
제 출 문 ... 2
연차보고서 요약서 ... 4
요 약 문 ... 6
SUMMARY ... 8
CONTENTS ... 10
목 차 ... 12
표 목 차 ... 14
그 림 목 차 ... 15
제 1장 연구개발과제의 개요 ... 22
제 2장 국내외 기술개발 현황 ... 24
제1절 천부이질퇴적층 지질특성 연구 ... 24
제2절 천부가스 현장분석 기술개발 ... 26
제 3장 천부이질퇴적층 지질특성 연구 ... 29
제1절 연구지역 ... 29
제2절 연구방법 ... 31
1. 심부시추지점정밀물리탐사 ... 31
2. 심부시추 및 코어분석 ... 41
제3절 연구결과 ... 51
1. 이질퇴적층 분포 ... 51
2. 이질퇴적층 탄성파 층서 ... 66
3. 이질퇴적층 지질·지화학 및 물성 특성 ... 77
제 4장 천부가스 현장분석 기술개발 ... 91
제1절 연구지역 ... 91
제2절 연구방법 ... 92
1. Chirp SBP 탐사 ... 92
2. KISOS (KIGAM Seafloor Observation System) 현장 조사 ... 93
3. 시추퇴적물 퇴적상 분석 ... 95
4. 공극수 분석 ... 96
5. 공기층 가스 분석 ... 96
6. 멤브레인-질량분석기와 가스 크로마토그래피를 이용한 용존 메탄 분석 ... 97
7. 시추퇴적물의 물성 분석 ... 100
제3절 천부가스 부존지역의 음향공백대 특성 ... 101
1. 포항만 외해지역의 음향공백대 ... 101
2. 울산만 외해지역의 음향공백대 ... 103
제4절 천부가스 부존지역의 시추퇴적물 특성 ... 105
1. 포항만 외해지역의 시추퇴적물 ... 105
2. 울산만 외해지역의 시추퇴적물 ... 107
3. 대한해협 부근의 시추퇴적물 ... 112
제5절 천부가스 부존지역의 공극수 및 공기층 가스 특성 ... 113
1. 시추퇴적물의 공극수 지화학 ... 113
2. 시추퇴적물의 가스 성분 ... 115
제6절 용존메탄의 정량 분석 ... 122
1. 실험실용 멤브레인-질량분석기 (MIMS; Membrane Inlet Mass Spectrometry)를 이용한 용존 메탄 정량화 ... 122
2. 가스 크로마토그래피 (GC; Gas Chromatography)를 이용한 용존 메탄 정량화 ... 128
3. MIMS & GC standard sample calibration ... 130
제7절 시추퇴적물의 물성 ... 135
제5장 토의 및 결론 ... 139
제1절 제4기 후기 흑산머드벨트 층서적 진화 ... 139
1. 탄성파 층서 및 진화 ... 139
2. 흑산머드벨트 지질·지화학 특성 ... 143
3. 심부시추코어-탄성파 층서 대비 ... 148
제2절 가스 충진 퇴적물과 가스 방출 특성 ... 149
참고문헌 ... 153
부 록 ... 163
- 13HMB-101 물성특성 및 속도자료 ... 163
끝페이지 ... 172

표/그림 (135)

표 Fig. 1.2 Thick shelf mud deposits in Heuksan(left) and Ulsan shelf seas(right)
표 Fig. 1.1 United States unconventional gas production and outlook
표 Fig. 2.1 Distribution map of shale basins in the United States
표 Fig. 2.2 General isopach map of the Barnett and Forestburg Shale in the Fort Worth Basin
표 Fig. 2.3 Methane sensor mounted on the SeaBED AUV
표 Fig. 2.4 Mehtane sensor mounted on the ROV during th UBGH2 expedition
표 Fig. 2.5 Underwater Mass Spectrometer and methane sensors in Mecklengurg Bay, W-Baltic Sea
표 Fig. 3.1 Seasonal variations of monsoonal wind pattern
표 Fig. 3.2 The regional circulation pattern in western coast of Korea
표 Fig. 3.3 Direction and strength of tidal currents in the Yellow Sea
표 Fig. 3.4 Track chart of 2013 and 2012 surveys on the Heuksan Mud Belt using Tamhae 2 of KIGAN. The reference positions of the plotted lines and sampling points are based on the 8-channel seismic survey and core samples acquired
표 Fig. 3.6 A schematic diagram showing the layout of shallow marine seismic surveys
표 Fig. 3.5 Spectra system, Air-gun source and single-beam echosounder
표 Fig. 3.7 Acquisition and post-processing of the data
표 Fig. 3.8 Acquision and post-processing of the data
표 Fig. 3.9 Reflection attributes used in seismic facies analysis
표 Fig. 3.10 Example of seismic facies parameters
표 Fig. 3.11 KONGSBERG EM2040 Multibeam operating systems in Tamhae 2
표 Fig. 3.12 Main systems configulation of EM2040 multibeam echosounder
표 Fig. 3.13 Essential peripheral devices supporting EM2040 multibeam system.
표 Fig. 3.14 Sound velocity profiles in study area
표 Fig. 3.15 Postprocessing flowchart of Caris HIPS& SIPS 8.0
표 Fig. 3.16 Kan407 drillship (right) and drilling rig (left)
표 Fig. 3.17 Computed Tomography machine of KIGAM CT No. 1
표 Fig. 3.18 A schematic diagram showing the CT scan technique of KIGAM CT No.1
표 Fig. 3.19 Flash EA-1112 elemental analyzer
표 Fig. 3.20 Pycnometer measuring density (left) and vane apparatus measuring shear strength (right)
표 Fig. 3.21 Velocity measurement system at KIGAM
표 Fig. 3.22 ITRAX core scanner system for non-destructuve elemental analysis
$Fig. 3.23 X-ray diffraction pattern of <2 ㎛ fraction samples from surface sample; Top; the highest chlorite content (B01), Bottom; the lowest chlorite content (B21). AD=Air-dry, EG=Ethylene Glycolated.$ 표 Fig. 3.23 X-ray diffraction pattern of <2 ㎛ fraction samples from surface sample; Top; the highest chlorite content (B01), Bottom; the lowest chlorite content (B21). AD=Air-dry, EG=Ethylene Glycolated.
$Fig. 3.24 X-ray diffraction pattern of <2 ㎛ fraction samples from surface sample; Top; the highest smectite content (B09), Bottom; the lowest smectite content (B01). AD=Air-dry, EG=Ethylene Glycolated$ 표 Fig. 3.24 X-ray diffraction pattern of <2 ㎛ fraction samples from surface sample; Top; the highest smectite content (B09), Bottom; the lowest smectite content (B01). AD=Air-dry, EG=Ethylene Glycolated
표 Fig. 3.25 Distribution and isopach map of Huksan Mud Belt
표 Fig. 3.26 Spatial distribution pattern of mean grain sizes (phi)
표 Fig. 3.28 Spatial variations of Mean grain size of surfacesediments
표 Fig. 3.27 Spatial variations of Total Nitrogen and Total Organic Carbon of surface sediments
표 Fig. 3.29 Pair diagrams between Mean Grain Size and Total Nitrogen (left) Mean Grain Size and Total Organic Carbon (right) of surface sediments
표 Fig. 3.30 Spatial variations of C/N ratios of surface sediments
표 Fig. 3.31 Pair diagrams between Mean Grain Size and Total Nitrogen (left) Mean Grain Size and Total Organic Carbon (right) of core samples
표 Fig. 3.32 Vertical profiles of Mean Grain Size (Mz), Total Nitrogen (Ntot), Total Organic Carbon (Corg), and Corg/Ntot ratio in 12HMB-P01.
표 Fig. 3.34 Vertical profiles of Mean Grain Size (Mz), Total Nitrogen (Ntot), Total Organic Carbon (Corg), and Corg/Ntot ratio in 12HMB-P06.
표 Fig. 3.33 Vertical profiles of Mean Grain Size (Mz), Total Nitrogen (Ntot), Total Organic Carbon (Corg), and Corg/Ntot ratio in 12HMB-P04.
표 Fig. 3.35 Vertical profiles of Mean Grain Size (Mz), Total Nitrogen (Ntot), Total Organic Carbon (Corg), and Corg/Ntot ratio in 12HMB-P08.
표 Fig. 3.36 Vertical profiles of Mean Grain Size (Mz), Total Nitrogen (Ntot), Total Organic Carbon (Corg), and Corg/Ntot ratio in 12HMB-P10.
표 Fig. 3.37 Vertical profiles of Mean Grain Size (Mz), Total Nitrogen (Ntot), Total Organic Carbon (Corg), and Corg/Ntot ratio in 12HMB-P13.
표 Fig. 3.38 Vertical profiles of Mean Grain Size (Mz), Total Nitrogen (Ntot), Total Organic Carbon (Corg), and Corg/Ntot ratio in 12HMB-P14.
표 Fig. 3.39 Vertical profiles of Mean Grain Size (Mz), Total Nitrogen (Ntot), Total Organic Carbon (Corg), and Corg/Ntot ratio in 12HMB-P15.
표 Fig. 3.40 Distribution map of four major clay minerals in study area
표 Fig. 3.41 Distributin map of illite mineralogical characteristics in study area
표 Fig. 3.43 Examples of reflection configurations in this area
표 Fig. 3.42 Reflection attributed used in seismic facies analysis
표 Fig. 3.44 High-resolution chirp profiles showing several seismic facies including semi-transparent and inclined prograding reflections
표 Fig. 3.45 Longitudinal Air-gun and high-resolution Chirp profiles of the Heuksna Mud Belt showing the Unit I, Unit II-a, Unit II-b, Unit III-a, and Unit III-b. Note the sand ridges under the Unit II and the pre-Holocene deposits in the offshore area
표 Fig. 3.46 Isopach maps of entire Heuksna Mud Belt (A), Unit I (B), Unit II-a (C), Unit II-b (D), Unit III-a (E), and Unit III-b (F). Contours are meter
표 Fig. 3.47 Air-gun profile of line 12HMB-15 showing the location of HMB-101 station. Track line is indicated in Fig. 3.41.
표 Fig. 3.48 High-resolution Chirp profile of line 12HMB-15 showing the location of HMB-101 station. Track line is indicated in Fig. 3.4.
표 Fig. 3.49 High-resolution Chirp profile of line 13HMB-B08 showing the location of HMB-102 station. Track line is indicated in Fig. 3.4.
표 Fig. 3.50 High-resolution Chirp profile of line 13HMB-B03 showing the location of HMB-102 station. Track line is indicated in Fig. 3.4.
표 Fig. 3.51 High-resolution Chirp profiles adjacent to HMB-102 station. (A) Line 13HMB-B07. (B) Line 13HMB-B08. (C) Line 13HMB-B09. (D) Line 13HMB-B10. Track lines are indicated in Fig. 3.4.
표 Fig. 3.52 High-resolution Chirp profile of line 13HMB-C02 showing the location of HMB-103 station. Track line is indicated in Fig. 3.4.
표 Fig. 3.53 Bathymetry map in site of 13HMB-101 for deep drilling
표 Fig. 3.54 Morphological features of dune in study area
표 Fig. 3.55 Backscatter intensity map in 13HMB-site101.
표 Fig. 3.56 Some notable sonar images detected survey lines
표 Fig. 3.57 Gradient map of site101.
표 Fig. 3.58 Representative sedimentary facies observed in HMB-101 and piston cores
표 Fig. 3.59 Lithological logs of selected piston cores in the Huksan mud belt
표 Fig. 3.60 Lithological logs of HMB-101 in the Huksan mud belt
표 Fig. 3.61 Profiles of physical properties and velocity at HMB-101. Note the similar variation of shear strength and velocity with depth
표 Fig. 3.62 Vertical variation of magnetic susceptibility for HMB-101
표 Fig. 3.63 Vertical variation of geochemical elements for HMB-101
표 Fig. 3.64 Depth profiles of clay mineralogy and smectite/illite ratios in core P02 sediments. (S, smectite; I, illite; K, kaolinite; C, chlorite)
표 Fig. 3.65 Depth profiles of clay mineralogy and smectite/illite ratios in core P07 sediments. (S, smectite; I, illite; K, kaolinite; C, chlorite)
표 Fig. 3.66 Depth profiles of clay mineralogy and smectite/illite ratios in core P10 sediments. (S, smectite; I, illite; K, kaolinite; C, chlorite)
표 Fig. 3.67 Depth profiles of clay mineralogy and smectite/illite ratios in core P14 sediments. (S, smectite; I, illite; K, kaolinite; C, chlorite)
표 Fig. 4.1 A map of study area showing A site (gas-charged mud deposits), B site (gas-charged sand deposits, C site (gas-charged mud deposits), D site (gas hydrate production test area), and E site (stratigraphy of mud deposit)
표 Fig. 4.2 Track lines of Chirp SBP and EK60 echo sounder in the continental shelf off Ulsan area in 2013. Solid red circles represent the locations of KISOS operation and piston coring
표 Fig. 4.4 Track lines of Chirp SBP and EK60 echo sounder in the continental shelf near the Korea Strait in 2013. Solid red circles represent the locations of KISOS operation and piston coring
표 Fig. 4.3 Track lines of Chirp SBP and EK60 echo sounder in the continental shelf off Pohang area in 2013. Solid red circles represent the locations of KISOS operation and piston coring
표 Fig. 4.5 Underwater data communication system on KISOS, (A) Transmitter, (B) Receiver
표 Fig. 4.6 The field test of In-situ Deep Ocean Mass Spectrometer on KISOS
표 Fig. 4.7 A schematic diagram showing the principle of in-lab MIMS
표 Fig. 4.8 A schematic diagram of gas chromatography
표 Fig. 4.9 Chirp seismic profile showing acoustic blanking on line P101 in the continental shelf off Pohang
표 Fig. 4.11 Chirp seismic profile showing acoustic blanking on line P205 in the continental shelf off Pohang
표 Fig. 4.12 Chirp seismic profile showing acoustic blanking on line P207 in the continental shelf off Pohang
표 Fig. 4.10 Chirp seismic profile showing acoustic blanking on line P103 in the continental shelf off Pohang
표 Fig. 4.14 Chirp seismic profile showing acoustic blanking on line U102 in the continental shelf off Ulsan
표 Fig. 4.13 Chirp seismic profile showing acoustic blanking on line U101 in the continental shelf off Ulsan
표 Fig. 4.15 Chirp seismic profile showing acoustic blanking on line U103 in the continental shelf off Ulsan
표 Fig. 4.16 Chirp seismic profile showing acoustic blanking on line U105 in the continental shelf off Ulsan
표 Fig. 4.17 Photographs and X-radiographs of core 13SGP-P2
표 Fig. 4.18 Photographs and X-radiographs of core 13SGP-P3
표 Fig. 4.19 Photographs and X-radiographs of core 13SGP-P4
표 Fig. 4.20 Photographs and X-radiographs of core 13SGU-P5
표 Fig. 4.21 Photographs and X-radiographs of core 13SGU-P6
표 Fig. 4.22 Photographs and X-radiographs of core 13SGU-P7
표 Fig. 4.23 Photographs and X-radiographs of core 13SGU-P8
표 Fig. 4.24 Photographs and X-radiographs of core 13SGB-P3
표 Fig. 4.25 Sulfate profile in pore water from this study area
표 Fig. 4.26 Downcore profiles of methane concentration in sites 13SGB-P3, 13SGP-P4, 13SGU-P5, 13SGU-P6, 13SGU-P7, and 13SGU-P8
표 Fig. 4.27 Downcore profiles of methane concentration with time
표 Fig. 4.28 Excess calculation for measuring the concentration of standard sample
표 Fig. 4.29 Variations of temperature, salinity, dissolved methane, and dissolved oxygen with water depth from the off Pohang (sites 13SGP-K1, K2, K3, and K4)
표 Fig. 4.30 Variations of temperature, salinity, dissolved methane, and dissolved oxygen with water depth from the off Ulsan (sites 13SGU-P5, P6, P7 and P8)
표 Fig. 4.32 Variations of temperature, salinity, dissolved methane, and dissolved oxygen with water depth in Ulleung Basin (sites 13R1-K1 and 13R2-K1)
표 Fig. 4.31 Variations of temperature, salinity, dissolved methane, and dissolved oxygen with water depth in Korea Straits (sites 13SGB-K1, K2, and K3)
표 Fig. 4.33 Vertical variations of dissolved methane contents from 13 sites
표 Fig. 4.34 Regional variations of dissolved methane contents with depth from 13 sites
표 Fig. 4.35 Optimal valve time of gas sample
표 Fig. 4.36 Optimal valve time of liquid sample (distilled water saturated 47 ppm CH4 gas)
표 Fig. 4.37 Correlations between CH4 concentration measured by MIMS and CH4 standard concentration (top), and CH4 concentration measured by GC and CH4 standard concentration (bottom)
표 Fig. 4.38 The results of a comparison between dissolved methane contents measured by MIMS and dissolved methane contents by GC from the off Pohang
표 Fig. 4.39 The results of a comparison between dissolved methane contents measured by MIMS and dissolved methane contents by GC from the off Ulsan
표 Fig. 4.40 The results of a comparison between dissolved methane contents measured by MIMS and dissolved methane contents by in Korea Strait
표 Fig. 4.41 The results of a comparison between dissolved methane contents measured by MIMS and dissolved methane contents by in the Ulleung Basin
표 Fig. 4.42 Profiles of physical and acoustic properties for 13SGU-P6
표 Fig. 4.43 Profiles of physical and acoustic properties for 13SGU-P7
표 Fig. 4.44 Velocity variation with depth for two cores
표 Fig. 4.45 The relationship between wet bulk density and velocity for two cores
표 Fig. 4.46 The relationship between wet bulk density and porosity for two cores
표 Fig. 5.1 Sedimentary sequence of Huksan mud belt interpreted by Jin and Chough (1996)
표 Fig. 5.2 Sedimentary sequence of Huksan mud belt interpreted by Park et al., (2000)
표 Fig. 5.3 Simplified conceptual model of different stages in the evolution of Huksan mud belt
표 Fig. 5.4 The relationships between velocity and shear strength/porosity
표 Fig. 5.5 Section of seismic line (13HMB-A02) crossing HMB-101. Shown is the velocity data
표 Fig. 5.6 Discrimination plot between Mg/Al and Fe/Al of surface sediments from Huksan Mud Belt (from Ha et al., 2013)
표 Fig. 5.7 UCC-normalized patterns of REEs in sediments from each core
표 Fig. 5.8 Vertical variations of several indices for depositional environment
표 Fig. 5.9 Correlation between HMB-101 drilling core lithology and high-resolution
표 Fig. 5.10 Correlation between HMB-101 drilling core lithology and air-gun profile
표 Fig. 5.11 Spatial distribution of acoustic blanking zone
표 Fig. 5.12 Vertical variation of CaCO3 and C/N. 14C age dating
표 Fig. 5.13 SEM images of core sediments from the Top unit and Middle unit
표 Fig. 5.14 Polarity reversal showing the stratified sand deposits
표 Fig. 5.15 Gas flare showing the water column

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현생 이질퇴적층의 저류층 지질특성화 및 천부가스 현장분석 기술개발
Geological characterization of recent muddy sediment for reservoir potential, and in-situ analysis of shallow gas 원문보기