초록 ▼

○ 연구개발 목표 및 내용
목표:젖소 사양관리에 필요한 생산성 평가지표 개발 및 암송아지 사양 프로그램 개발을 통한 모범적인 운영 모델 제시
내용:
1) 주관 연구기관(제1세부과제) 고능력 젖소 육성우사양 관리 방법
-육성우 사육 단계별 영양소 공급 방법 결정 연구-자급조사료이용
-육성우 임신율 향상을 위한 영양공급 방법에 관한 연구
-초산 분만전 후 정밀 영양공급을 통한 생산성 증진 연구
-일본 미국 등 외국의 전문목장 사례 조사
2) 협동연구기관(제1협동과제) 생산성 평가 지표개발 및

○ 연구개발 목표 및 내용
목표:젖소 사양관리에 필요한 생산성 평가지표 개발 및 암송아지 사양 프로그램 개발을 통한 모범적인 운영 모델 제시
내용:
1) 주관 연구기관(제1세부과제) 고능력 젖소 육성우사양 관리 방법
-육성우 사육 단계별 영양소 공급 방법 결정 연구-자급조사료이용
-육성우 임신율 향상을 위한 영양공급 방법에 관한 연구
-초산 분만전 후 정밀 영양공급을 통한 생산성 증진 연구
-일본 미국 등 외국의 전문목장 사례 조사
2) 협동연구기관(제1협동과제) 생산성 평가 지표개발 및 육성우 전문 목장의 성공적인 운영 모델
-생산성과 젖소 산차, 자급사료비율, 산차별 육성우 비율, 육성우 생산비, 유사비율 등 요인을 고려한 지표 개발 및 상관관계 규명
-우리나라 육성우 사육 실태 조사 및 구내외 전문목장 사례 조사
-지리산낙협 육성우 생축사업 수행 결과 분석
-육성우 전문 목장의 관리 매뉴얼 결정
-육성우 전문목장 운영 형태별 효과 분석 및 모델 제시
3) 협동연구기관(제2협동과제)
-농가분석(50농가), 육성우 단계별 사양실험, 실태조사
-운용모델별 경제성 분석
-주관연구기관에서의 사양실험
○ 연구결과
사육단계별 영양소 요구량 결정의 대한 연구로 생산비절감과 자급 조사료 활용을 통한 사육 단계별 영양소 요구량을 개발하였으며, 국내외 육성우 사육 실태 조사 및 젖소 생산성 지표 개발의 연구를 통하여 대규모 육성우 전용 목장 운용에 따른 관리방법 및 운용지침을 수립하였다. 또한 자급 조사료 기반의 가능성을 나타내어으며, 고능력 육성우 사양을 위한 사양관리 방법 결정 연구를 통하여 사양 관리 방법별 고능력 육성우 사양 기술을 개발하였다. 육성우 전문목장 운영 형태별 효과 분석 및 모델 제시, 젖소 생산성 지표 개발 연구를 수행함으로서 전용목장 운용방법에 따른 타당성을 밝혔으며, 육성우 사양모델의 경제성 분석 및 운용의 연구를 통해 전염병 등 질병에 따른 조치 및 점검 매뉴얼을 작성하였으며, 육성우 전용목장의 기능적 적용이 가능하도록 하였다.
○ 연구성과 활용실적 및 계획
국내 및 국외시장 분석결과 육성우 전문목장 운영모델에 대한 결과물은 현재 낙농 생산성향상과 생산비 절감을 위한 합리적인 낙농의 구조조정, 특히 우유생산 시스템의 개선을 통한 국제 경쟁력 강화에 도움을 줄 수 있을 것으로 기대하고 있다. 따라서 본 연구를 통하여 국내적용 가능한 합리적 육성 전문 목장 설립 시의 낙농 정책방향 설정하고, 적정 사육 모델 개발과 자급 조사료 생산과 같은 사육환경 및 유전능력 등 기능적 분류에 따른 최적 운영모델을 제시하여 낙농가의 경쟁력 강화를 위한 제반사항을 제시하고자 한다.

Abstract ▼

Ⅳ. Results
1. Evaluation of farm status for goal determination on the step of heifer growth
In the first half year of 2012, 125 farms responsed in first survey. In the second half year of 2013, 83 farms answered in second survey. The results of survey are from total of 208 farms and analyzed b

Ⅳ. Results
1. Evaluation of farm status for goal determination on the step of heifer growth
In the first half year of 2012, 125 farms responsed in first survey. In the second half year of 2013, 83 farms answered in second survey. The results of survey are from total of 208 farms and analyzed by SPSS statistical program. In this research, 85.9% of dairy farms answered that they need professional farm for rearing replacement heifer, 76.6% of them preferred rearing replacement heifer as operating system of professional farm. The expectation of using professional farm for heifer is ranked dairy cow improvement(43.4%), disease problem, cost of product reduction, and profit. In 5 regional research, there are ranked about needs of professional farm for heifer Gyeonggi(86.5%), Incheon(80.0%), Chungnam(80.0%), Gyeongbuk(100.0%), Gangwon(77.8%). In the survey for regional operating host of professional farm for heifer, Gyeonggi, Chungnam, and Gyeongbuk showed that cooperatives should be the regional operating host of professional farm for heifer.
In the research about breeding scale, the numbers of lactating cow are 20∼40 heads that occupied the highest ratio as 41.5%. Dry cow breeding scale is 5∼10 heads as 37.2%. The results of heifer breeding scale of farmers are 20∼40 heads as 56.8%. The total ratio of rearing heifer is 39.6%. In the results of lactation performance form, the calving average of lactating cow is 3rd calving(58.4%), the milk yield average of lactating cow is 30～35 kg(47.2%). In the results of milk fat average of lactating cow, 4.0% is occupied the highest ratio as 23.8% but ratio of milk fat of 3.8%, 3.9%, and 4.1% are similar percentage. 32.8% of farmers answered that age at 1st conception is 15 months since born, 70.1% of farmers responsed that the number of fertilization is twice.
2. Survey on the current status of dairy cattle in Korea
A survey conducted the present conditions of dairy farms by region, year, herd size, productivity, 1st calving age, culling, and percentage of replacement heifer. The number of dairy farms was 602 during 4 years including 23,364 cows, 1,571 dry cows, 40,991 heifers(Total 62,288 heads).
The average number of lactating cow and total dairy cow, and percentage of heifer were 38.9 heads, 51.9 heads, and 33.6%, respectively. It showed the increased days open(209.01 days) and 1st calving age(29.49 months) compared with doemestic average. The culling age and percentage of replacement heifer were 2.66 lactation number and 33.6%, respectively.
According to results of survey, there was relationship between percentage of replacement heifer and 1st calving age. In case of replacement heifer ratio of 30～40%, there were tendencies to decreased 1st calving age and days open but increased milk productivity.
3. Survey on replacement heifer
A survey conducted the present conditions of heifer by region, productivity, 1st calving age, culling, percentage of replacement heifer, types of forage used for heifer, feeding method, and space for milking cow or heifer. The number of dairy farms was 132, including 5,959 milking cows, 366 dry cows, 6,325 cows and 4,474 heifers(Total 10,799 heads). The average percentage of heifer, days in open and culling age were 34.5%, 191.3 days and 2.8 number of lactation, respectively. Rice straw feeding for heifer was 33.6%, a higher percentage of Kyounggi region was compared to the other region in TMR feeding for heifer. The average space for lactating dairy cow and heifer were 14.9 m² and 6.8 m2 per head, respectively. If farms contract replacement heifer farm, 47% of farmers responsed for a plan to increase milking cow and 53% of farmers to improve the breeding environment of heifer.
4. Development of milk production index
Milk production index was developed by using factors related with heifer such as milk production, calving interval, number of calves, culling, cost for replacement heifer for 604 farms. Milk production index and actual economical milk yield(EMC) increased in case of above 12,000 kg milk yield, above 3 lactation number, and below 15 months of calving interval.
5. Feeding experiments on heifer
1) Effect of TDN/CP ratio in the diets for growing heifer
This trial was conducted to investigate the effect of energy and protein level of diet on heifer growth, nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation and blood metabolites. 24 heifers(Avg. BW. 328 kg, 13.7 months) were blocked into 2 groups based on age and body weight. Heifers were assigned within group 1 of 2 diet treatments: 4.6:1and 4.3:1 of TDN to CP ratio.
As a resuslt, dry matter and fiber intake were not significantly different between treatments. ADF and NDF digestibility of 4.3:1 treatment was lower compared to 4.6:1 treatment. There were no significant differences in pH, ammonia-N, VFA, blood metabolites, LT, and GGT.
2) Effect of forage feeding in the diets for growing heifer
○ 12 months age
This trial was conducted to investigate the effect of energy to protein ratio of diet on heifer growth, nutrient intakes and blood metabolites. 18 heifers(Avg. BW. 305.9 kg, 12 months) were blocked into 3 groups based on age and body weight. Heifers were assigned with 3 diet treatments: 5:1. 4.5:1 and 4:1 of TDN to CP ratio.
As a result, dry matter intake was higher in 4:1 treatment compared to those of other treatments. Fiber intake was not significantly different among treatments. Growth showed higher in 4:1 treatment compared to other treatments. There were no significant differences in blood metabolites, AST, and GGT concentrate but tend to be higher in BUN concentrate by increasing protein content.
○ 15 months age
This trial was conducted to investigate the effect of energy to protein ratio of diet on heifer growth, nutrient intakes and blood metabolites. 18 heifers(Avg. BW. 381.33kg, 15 months) were blocked into 3 groups based on age and body weight. Heifers were assigned with 3 diet treatments 5:1. 4.5:1 and 4:1 of TDN to CP ratio. Dry matter intake was higher in 4:1 treatment compared to those of other treatments. Dry matter, ADF and NDF intake were not significantly different among treatments. Growth showed higher in 4:1 treatment compared to the other treatments. There were no significant differences in blood metabolites such as glucose, NEFA, cholesterol, total protein, AST, GGT concentrate.
3) Effect of forage sources in the diets for pregnant heifer on intake and growth
This trial was conducted to investigate the effect of forage of diet on growth and feed intakes of pregnant heifer. 18 pregnant heifers(Avg. BW. 435.6 kg, 17 months) were blocked into 2 groups based on age and body weight. Pregnant heifers were assigned to group 1 and of 2 diet treatments: silage(domestic) and hay(imported).
As results, dry matter intake was higher in hay treatment compared to that of silage treatment. Dry matter, protein, ADF and NDF intake were not significantly different among treatments. Pregnant heifer growth rate showed higher tendency in hay treatment compared to silage treatment. Average daily gain of treatments were 0.43 kg/day for silage and 0.52 kg/day for hay.
4) Effects on blood hormone levels, blood metabolites and lymphocyte in road transportation of heifer
This study was to investigate of stress response by road transportation. Blood hormone levels, blood metabolites and lymphocyte were analyzed.
NEFA and creatinine concentration was significantly increased whereas TG, LDL, C4 concentration was decreased after 90 minutes transportation (100 km) compared to control. In 200 km transportation, blood cortisol and NEFA concentration were increased whereas insulin, TG, phospholipid, HDL, LDL, cholesterol, and C4 concentration were decreased. At 24 hr later after transportation, albumin and NEFA concentration were increased but LDL was decreased. Blood cortisol increased in 100 km transportation but decreased in 200 km transportation(p<0.05). Creatinine concentration of 100 km transportation significantly increased compared to control(p<0.05). Transportation induced significant alterations in blood cortisol level and in the concentrations of lymphocytes. These patterns account for endocrine modifications induced by stress conditions and may reflect a possible targets of transportation stress.
5) Influence of 1st calving age on milk production, peak milk yield and reproduction
This study was aimed to evaluate the effects of the first calving age (FCA) on body weight change, feed intake, lactation performance, and reproduction after calving in primiparous Holstein dairy cows. Depending on the increasing of first calving age, body weight loss increased until lactation peak and above 27 months showed the highest weight loss. In evaluation of days to reach the lactation peak, relationship of first calving age and days of reaching peak showed negative. In below 22 months, lactation peak was the latest, 73.25 days. There was no difference in milk composition. When evaluating adjustment milk yield in 305 days, the highest milk production was 8,004 kg in first calving age below 22 months.
6. Approach manner for replacement heifer farm
In establishing a professional farm for rearing replacement heifer, it is needed for the relationship to be linked between heifer farm and regional individual farm. This may be operated through cooperatives or farming corporation with management advantages such as reduction of rearing and labor costs, health promotion of animal, and so on. According to the demand of individual farmer, professional heifer farms make an effort on the improving of farming technic and establishing of business management system. Deposition of animal from other various regions should be considered. Hanwoo heifer may be also contracted in replacement dairy heifer farm.
7. Application model of replacement heifer farm
For the type of professional farm for heifer to develop operating model, it is suggested by SWOT analysis as follows: the domestic forage operating model, the genetic ability/disease management operating model, and the rearing operating model with functional diversities.
8. Program of forage supply for replacement heifer farm
As a plan of roughage supply and demand, feeding experiments were conducted on breeding step and feeding types for the determination of roughage amount required. Establishment of professional farm for heifer in the Dangjin supports extensive roughage in 370 hectares of reclaimed land. Dangjin dairy corporative has its own TMR factory and large scale facility of manure processing. Dangjin dairy corporation produces roughage: oat 12.7 ton/ha, Italian glass 22.2 ton/ha, corn 26.7 ton/ha, and whole crop rice 15 ton/ha.
9. Model development of replacement heifer farm using reclaimed land in Korea
Through the establishment of professional farm for heifer, a model was suggested that self-supporting roughage-based professional farm for heifer can provide high production of milk. DangJin dairy corporation has a plan based on 15,000 beef cattles and 15,000 heifers. Using specialized heifer raising management, a business that develop a model of professional farm for heifer is being proceeded. For establishment of professional farm for heifer, heifer, a breeding program of heifer with strategy of heifer rearing was completed.
10. Manure usage management in replacement heifer farm
Manure management in the professional farm for heifer is suggested through an example of the manure disposal of the DangJin dairy corporation. Production of high quality manure can provide a resource recycling and management profits in the operation of professional farm for heifer.

목차 Contents

• 표 지 ... 1
• 제 출 문 ... 2
• 요 약 문 ... 4
• SUMMARY ... 11
• CONTENTS ... 17
• 목 차 ... 19
• 제 1장. 연구개발과제의 개요 ... 21
• 1절. 연구개발의 목적, 필요성 및 범위 ... 21
• 제 2장. 국내외 기술개발 현황 ... 25
• 1절. 국내 기술개발 현황 ... 25
• 1. 지리산 낙농협동조합 ... 25
• 가. 지리산 낙농협동조합의 사업 개요 ... 25
• 나. 지리산 낙농협동조합의 규모 및 현황 ... 25
• 다. 지리산 낙농협동조합의 문제점 ... 27
• 2. 금오산 낙농협동조합 ... 28
• 가. 금오산 낙농협동조합의 사업 개요 ... 28
• 나. 금오산 낙농협동조합의 규모 및 현황 ... 28
• 다. 금오산 낙농협동조합의 문제점 ... 30
• 3. 당진 낙농협동조합 ... 31
• 가. 당진 낙농협동조합의 사업 개요 ... 31
• 나. 당진 낙농협동조합의 규모 및 현황 ... 31
• 다. 당진 낙농협동조합의 문제점 ... 32
• 2절. 국외 기술개발 현황 ... 33
• 1. 일본의 육성우 전문목장 현황 ... 33
• 가. 일반 현황 ... 33
• 나. 일본 육성우 전문목장의 위탁 관리 및 니즈 현황 ... 33
• 다. 일본 공공목장의 질병 및 방역대책 ... 34
• 라. 일본 공공육성목장의 문제점 및 조치 현황 ... 34
• 2. 미국의 젖소 육성우 목장 현황 ... 35
• 가. 미국 육성우 전문목장 현황 ... 35
• 나. 질병 및 방역대책 ... 35
• 다. 문제점 및 조치현황 ... 36
• 제 3장. 연구개발수행 내용 및 결과 ... 37
• 1절. 세부과제별 연구개발수행 내용 및 결과 ... 37
• 1. 육성우 단계별 성장 목표 결정을 위한 사육 실태 기초 조사 ... 37
• 가. 수행내용 ... 37
• 나. 수행 결과 ... 39
• 2. 국내 젖소 사육 실태 조사 ... 55
• 가. 서론 ... 55
• 나. 재료 및 방법 ... 55
• 다. 연구 결과 ... 56
• 3. 육성우 사육 실태 현황조사 ... 72
• 가. 서론 ... 72
• 나. 재료 및 방법 ... 72
• 다. 연구 결과 ... 73
• 4. 우유 생산에 미치는 요인 및 생산 지표 개발 ... 93
• 가. 서론 ... 93
• 나. 재료 및 방법 ... 93
• 다. 결과 및 고찰 ... 94
• 5. 적정 사양 단계별 사양실험 ... 116
• 가. 에너지 단백질 비율에 따른 영양소 공급방법 결정 ... 116
• 나. 사육단계별 조사료 적용 방법 결정 ... 124
• 다. 자급 조사료 이용 육성기 영양소 공급 결정 ... 135
• 라. 육성우 수송에 따른 혈액 성상 및 스트레스 반응 평가 ... 139
• 마. 초산 분만월령 결정을 위한 초산 분만 월령이 젖소의 비유 특성 및 영양소 섭취, 번식에 미치는 영향 평가 ... 151
• 6. 육성우 전문 목장 접근 방안 ... 157
• 가. 선행 연구 검토 ... 157
• 나. 전문목장의 선결 과제 ... 159
• 다. 체내수정란 생산을 위한 채란 및 이식 모식도 ... 164
• 라. 고능력 공란우 100두 선발 예상 시 고능력 체내수정란 500개 생산 및 수란우에 이식 ... 165
• 마. 공란우 채란 및 수란우 이식 소요경비 산출 ... 165
• 바. 기대효과 ... 165
• 7. 육성우 전문목장의 유형별 운영 모델 ... 179
• 가. 모델별 운영 방안 및 효과 분석 ... 179
• 8. 육성우 전문목장의 조사료 수급 및 자급 계획안 ... 198
• 9. 간척지를 이용한 한국형 육성우 전문목장 운영 모델 ... 201
• 10. 육성우 전문목장의 분뇨 활용 대책 ... 218
• 11. 요약 및 제언 ... 221
• 제 4 장 목표달성도 및 관련분야에의 기여도 ... 222
• 제 5 장 연구개발 성과 및 성과활용 계획 ... 223
• 제 6 장 연구개발과정에서 수집한 해외과학기술정보 ... 227
• 제 7 장 연구시설 장비 현황 ... 228
• 제 8 장 참고문헌 ... 229
• <부록 1> - 일본 및 미국의 육성우 전문 목장 사례 및 운용효과 분석 ... 231
• 가. 국외(일본, 미국) 전문목장 사례 조사 ... 231
• 육성우 목장 운영사례 –국외(일본) ... 231
• 육성우 목장 운영사례 –국외(미국) ... 254
• 나. 육성우 관리 지침: 24개월령 출산을 목표로 한 육성우 사양 전략 ... 296
• <부록 2> - 육성우 전문 목장에서의 위생 관리 방법 ... 302
• 1. 우군 및 우사 시설환경 위생관리 ... 303
• 가. 우사 시설환경관리 ... 303
• 나. 우군 위생관리 ... 309
• 다. 동물용 의약품, 사료 및 물 관리 ... 319
• <부록 3> 육성우 전문목장 운영 모델에 대한 Q/A ... 326
• 연구개발보고서 초록 ... 330
• 끝페이지 ... 331