초록 ▼

Ⅳ. 연구개발결과
<제1세부과제 : 인삼 유용 유전자원 탐색 및 고품질 우량계통 육성>
인삼 유전자원 다양성 확보를 위해 국내․외 17개 지역에서 지상부 및 지하부 특성에 따라 617점을 수집하였고, 보존중인 계통에 대해 품종조사기준 27항목에 준하여 특성평가를 실시하였다. 이들 유전자원 중 고온, 염류, 병해 및 생리장해 저항성과 감수성 유망계통을 41계통을 육성하였다. 또한 인삼 유전자원 변이 확대를 위해 양성자빔을 처리하여 생육상황을 보았으나 생육이 무처리구보다 불량하였고, 진세노사이드 함량도 떨어지는 경향을 나타냈

Ⅳ. 연구개발결과
<제1세부과제 : 인삼 유용 유전자원 탐색 및 고품질 우량계통 육성>
인삼 유전자원 다양성 확보를 위해 국내․외 17개 지역에서 지상부 및 지하부 특성에 따라 617점을 수집하였고, 보존중인 계통에 대해 품종조사기준 27항목에 준하여 특성평가를 실시하였다. 이들 유전자원 중 고온, 염류, 병해 및 생리장해 저항성과 감수성 유망계통을 41계통을 육성하였다. 또한 인삼 유전자원 변이 확대를 위해 양성자빔을 처리하여 생육상황을 보았으나 생육이 무처리구보다 불량하였고, 진세노사이드 함량도 떨어지는 경향을 나타냈다. 우량 형질도입을 위해 품종간, 종간, 계통간에 교배를 실시하여 47조합을 양성하여 일부 조합은 F₃까지 전개중이다. 이들 조합 중 고려인삼과 북미삼 조합에서 F1의 지상부 및 지하부 생육은 모․부본 보다 생육이 왕성하여 잡종강세 현상이 뚜렷이 나타났다.
인삼의 품종별 종자 특성 연구를 위해 시기별 배와 배유의 생장추이를 조사한 결과 배는 개갑 시작 후 50일 이후부터 커지기 시작해서 60일 이후부터 급격히 생장하는 것을 알 수 있었다. 품종별 개갑률은 K-1이 85.3%로 가장 낮았으며, 평균 개갑률은 88.3%를 나타냈다. 품종별종자 크기는 5.0~5.5mm가 45.0%로 가장 많이 분포하였고, 100립중은 고풍이 7.4g으로 가장 무거웠으며, 종자 경도는 천풍이 강하였다. 종자 조기 휴면타파를 위하여 GA₃를 처리한 결과 350ppm이상 처리시에는 저온 휴면없이도 발아가 되었다.
한편, 인삼 화뢰 제거작업 생력화를 위한 화합물 효과 검정에서는 화합물 2가 18.9% 결실률을 보여 효과가 우수한 것으로 나타났다.
<제2세부과제 : 고온․N염류 저항성 중간모본 육성>
인삼 고온 저항성 계통을 선발하기 위해 46℃, 1시간 처리 후 상온에 35일간 방치한 후 저항성 정도를 검정하였다. 고온 저항성과 관련된 단백질 HSP68-Dnak like heat-stress protein을 동정하였고, 고온 저항성 계통 G03012등 20계통, 감수성 계통 G03049등 6계통을 선발하였다.
염류 저항성과 관련된 유전자 Ribonuclease-like storage protein, β-1,3-glucanase를 동정하였고, 염류저항성 계통 G03041등 21계통, 감수성 계통 G03056등 7계통을 선발하였다. 이들 계통중 G03124, G09065계통은 고온과 염류 저항성 모두 나타냈다.
<제3세부과제 : DNA 표지자를 활용한 인삼 우량계통의 유전특성 연구>
DNA 마커를 이용하여 총 104계통을 대상으로 이들의 유전적 구별성 및 균일성 여부를 검정한 결과, 총 44계통이 기존의 인삼 품종과 구별되는 유전양상을 보였으며 이들 계통들은 유전적인 균일성도 높은 것으로 조사되었다. 유전적 구별성과 균일성이 높은 44계통의 유전자형을 분석한 결과, 18개의 유전자형(ADBBAAA, BBABABA, ADBAAAA, AAABAAA, BBBBBBB, CFAABCB, BBABBBA, CEAABCC, BDBABBB, AABABAB, AAABBAA, AABABAA, BBAABBA, ADBABAB, ADAABAA, BDBABAA, ABAAAAA, ABBABAA)은 기존 품종에서 관찰되지 않은 새로운 유전자형으로 확인되어서, 품종 육성 시 DNA 분석으로 유전적 구별성과 균일성 확보가 가능할 것으로 판단되었다. 한편 9개의 유전자형(BBAAABA, BBBBABA, AABAAAA, BBAABBA, ADABBAA, BBBABBB, ABBBBAA, BDBABBA, AABBBAA)도 기존 품종에서 관찰되지 않은 새로운 유전자형으로 나타났으나, 계통 간에 동일한 유전자형을 나타내는 것도 관찰되어 지상부 생육특성과의 비교 분석이 필요할 것으로 판단된다.
<제4세부과제 : 인삼 논재배 적응품종 선발>
인삼 논재배시 품종별 생육특성과 생리장해 발생 정도를 조사한 결과 지상부 생육은 선풍, 금풍, 선원이 양호하였으며, 지하부 수량은 연풍, 고풍, 선풍, 금풍, 선원, 청선, 선향이 높게 나타났다. 반면, 지하부 생리장해 중 적변 발생은 천풍, 금풍, 선향이 적게 나타났으며, 은피 발생은 고풍, 천풍, 금풍, 선향이 적게 발생하였다. 따라서, 지상부 황증, 지하부 적변, 은피 등 생리장해가 적게 발생하는 논재배에 적합한 품종은 천풍, 금풍으로 나타났다.
<제5세부과제 : 고려인삼 효능의 우수성 확보 및 국제 경쟁력 제고기술 개발>
고려인삼과 서양삼 복용 후 화열(火熱)이 왕성해서 생기는 실화열(實火熱) 평점(EFS, excessive fire-heat score)과 음(陰)이 부족하여 생기는 허화열(虛火熱) 평점(DFS, deficient fire-heat score) 모두 처리구 간에 유의적인 차이가 없는 것으로 나타나 그 동안 논란이 되어 왔던 고려인삼의 승열(昇熱)작용과 서양삼의 청열(靑熱)효과의 차이는 나타나지 않았다. 또한 불면증, 졸림, 변비, 체중 증가 등의 응급증상(TESS)도 발생하지 않았다. 혈액검사, 소변검사, 신장 기능, 혈당, 혈액지질 및 심전도 검사 결과 건강한 지원자들이 연속해서 35일 동안 복용(3g/일)해도 안전하며, 좋지 않은 반응이나 부작용이 없었다.

Abstract ▼

617 pieces were collected from 17 areas in Korea and other countries according to characteristics of above ground and below ground parts in order to ensure diversity of ginseng germplasm. Characteristics of preserved lines were evaluated according to 27 items of variety investigation standards. Amon

617 pieces were collected from 17 areas in Korea and other countries according to characteristics of above ground and below ground parts in order to ensure diversity of ginseng germplasm. Characteristics of preserved lines were evaluated according to 27 items of variety investigation standards. Among these germplasms, 41 lines which were resistant and susceptible to high temperature, salts, diseases and physiological injury were cultured.
In addition, in order to expand mutations of ginseng germplasm, growth conditions were examined after they were treated with a proton beam. However, growth was poorer than that in the untreated group. In order to introduce excellent character, crosses between strains, species and lines were performed. 47 combinations were made and some combinations are being made down to F3. Among these combinations, combination between Korean ginseng and American ginseng clearly showed heterosis phenomenon, since growth in above ground and below ground parts of F1 was more vigorous than that in the parents.
According to results of the investigation of growth on embryo and endosperm in each period for characterization of seeds in each variety of ginseng, it was found that embryo began to increase after 50 days from the start of stratification and it rapidly grew after 60 days. For stratification rate of each variety, K-1 had 85.3%, which was the lowest. The average stratification rate was 88.3%. For seed size of each variety, 5.0～5.5mm accounted for 45.0%, which was the highest. The weight of 100 seeds of Gopoong was 7.4g which was the heaviest. For seed hardness, Chunpoong was the strongest. According to results of treatment with GA3 for early seed dormancy breaking, it germinated without dormancy at low temperature in a group treated with more than 350ppm.
On the other hand, according to verification of compound effects on labor saving to remove ginseng flower buds, compound 2 showed 18.9% of seed setting rate, which showed excellent effect.
In order to select a line resistant to high temperature, degree of resistance was verified after it was treated at 46 ℃ for 1 hour and then left at room temperature for 35 days.
HSP68-Dnak like heat-stress protein which was related to resistance to high temperature was identified. 20 lines resistant to high temperature such as G03012 and 6 lines susceptible to high temperature such as G03049 were selected. Ribonuclease-like storage protein and β-1,3-glucanase which were related to resistance to salts were identified. 21 lines resistant to salts such as G03041 and 7 lines susceptible to salts such as G03056 were selected. Among them, G03124 and G09065 lines showed resistance to high temperature and salts.
According to results of investigation of the growth characteristics and degree of physiological injury of each variety upon paddy cultivation of ginseng, growth of above ground part was good in Sunpoong, Gumpoong and Sunwon. Quantity of below ground part was high in Yunpoong, Gopoong, Sunpoong, Gumpoong, Sunwon, Chungsun and Sunhyang. On the other hand, rusty root of physiological injury in below ground part occurred less in Chunpoong, Gumpoong and Sunhyang. Ginseng root with rough skin occurred less in Gopoong, Chunpoong, Gumpoong and Sunhyang. Thus, it was found that variety appropriate for paddy cultivation with less physiological injury such as leaf discoloration in above ground part and rusty root and ginseng root with rough skin in below ground part was Chungpoong and Gumpoong.
Korean ginseng (P. ginseng C. A. Meyer) is one of the most important medicinal plant in the world. Understanding genetic variability among the assortment of Korean ginseng is important for breeding. The aim of this study was to molecularly characterize Korean ginseng cultivar and breeding lines through the use of developed STS markers (KGp130, KGp183, KGp110, KGp163, KGp108, KGp81, KGp156). All STS markers produced interpretable electropherograms from 115 accessions consisting of 11 Korean ginseng cultivars and 104 breeding lines. When seven STS markers were combined, we identified to total 27 genetic patterns; in particular, nine cultivars (Chunpoong, Yunpoong, Gopoong, Gumpoong, Sunpoong, Sunone, Cheongseon, Sunhyang, Cheonryang) and 18 breeding lines (G03063, G03136, G03181, G04021, G03148, G04116, G04026, G04074, G07013, G08021, G04079, G08012, G05025, G05039, M05009, M05020, G08076, G08091) in ginseng samples can be discriminated from the others. Together with other available markers, these STS markers will contribute to the management of ginseng genetic resources and the protection of breeder’s rights.
Korean ginseng(Panax ginseng) has been widely used as medicinal crop for thousands of years because of its quality and efficacy superiority. It has the most brand power of all Korean agricultural products. Ginseng market is expanding by interest increase for health and improvement of living standard. In recently days, Korean ginseng attracted a lot of attention of the world as it is known to the its new flu prevention and radiation defense with existing boosting of immune system and fatigue recovery. For this reason, the consumption and export of Korean ginseng are increasing considerably. Despite this, it has some difficulties. They are the scientifical research insufficiency and the false sense about the efficacy of Korean ginseng.
Ginseng roots are used to be taken orally for diverse supposed benefits in traditional chinese medicine(TCM). Since it increases mental and physical efficiency, fire-heat symptoms and other adverse reactions may be produced in certain populations. This study conducted to determine the prevalence of fire-heat sydrome and adverse reaction in oral Ginseng crowd and compare the different Ginseng species in short-term. This study was a pilot randomised, double blinded, placebo controlled trial with three parallel arms (N=45, healthy young adults; group A, Korean Ginseng; group B, American Ginseng; C, placebo made with starch). We selected the same doses and appearance of the capsules(3g, 6×0.5g) for each group. All the groups received 10 sessions over 2 weeks. The outcome measurements contained body temperature, blood pressure, Constitution in Chinese Medicine Questionnaire(CCMQ), Fire-heat Symptoms Scale(FSS), and Treatment Emergent Symptoms Scale(TESS). The statistical analysis of the results showed no significant difference in the FSS score between the three groups at day 10 after taking (P＞0.05), as well as TESS. In addition, Excess Fire-heat score(EFS) showed higher than that at baseline for group A and B, while Deficient Fire-heat score(DFS) was lower. Some no serious adverse reactions were found in the trial, including insomnia, somnolence, thirst, constipation, diarrhoea, lower blood pressure, weight gain and so on. However, this difference was not statistically significant between the group A and B(P＞0.05). Compare with placebo, Ginseng powder in oral dose commonly used in healthy young adults was safe, and did not lead to fire-heat symptoms significantly. Even if there are some small adverse reactions, the difference between Korean Ginseng and American Ginseng was not obvious. However, in view of some limitations of this study further research is necessary before this can be stated conclusively.
If disaster resistant variety with high quality is developed and distributed to farmers, ginseng with excellent and consistent quality are stably produced as the substitution effect of landrace and both quantity and distribution rate are expected to increase by 10%. Thus, income of farmers seems to increase by 20%. The current trading price of ginseng seed is 100,000 won/kg. With cultivation of intermediate parents containing disaster resistance to climate change and establishment of validation of disease resistance, we can select a superior variety early and we will preoccupy technological advantage over ginseng competitor countries such as China by acquiring DNA analysis core technology which can be utilized in ginseng breeding. In addition, we can contribute to establish the distribution order by obtaining domestic and international intellectual property of variety developed in Korea and developing the screening technology to distinguish native species from foreign disguised ginseng. In the future, if DNA markers are more actively utilized upon variety breeding, genetic distinction and uniformity can be examined in the laboratory. Thus, it is thought to further improve efficiency of ginseng breeding.

목차 Contents

• 표지 ... 1
• 제 출 문 ... 2
• 요 약 문 ... 4
• SUMMARY ... 9
• 목 차 ... 12
• 제 1 장 서 론 ... 13
• 제 2 장 국내외 기술개발 현황 ... 15
• 1절. 국내 연구 현황 ... 15
• 2절. 국외 연구 현황 ... 15
• 3절. 국내외 연구현황 비교 및 필요 연구분야 ... 15
• 제 3 장 연구개발 수행 내용 및 결과 ... 17
• <제1세부과제 : 인삼 유용 유전자원 탐색 및 고품질 우량계통 육성> ... 17
• <제2세부과제 : 고온․염류 저항성 중간모본 육성> ... 32
• <제3세부과제 : DNA 표지자를 활용한 인삼 우량계통의 유전특성 연구> ... 38
• <제4세부과제 : 인삼 논재배 적응품종 선발> ... 69
• <제5세부과제: 고려인삼효능의우수성확보및국제경쟁력제고기술개발(국제공동)> ... 74
• 제 4 장 연구개발 목표 달성도 및 대외 기여도 ... 85
• 1절. 목표대비 달성도 ... 85
• 2절. 정량적 성과(논문게재, 특허출원, 기타) ... 86
• 제 5 장 연구개발결과의 활용계획 ... 87
• 제 6 장 연구개발과정에서 수집한 해외과학기술정보 ... 88
• 제 7 장 기타 중요 변동사항 ... 89
• 제 8 장 국가과학기술종합정보시스템에 등록한 연구장비 현황 ... 90
• 제 9 장 참고문헌 ... 91
• 끝페이지 ... 94