초록 ▼

본 연구는 우리나라의 산림생태계에서 생물다양성 및 유용자원의 보전을 위한 산림 관리 기법을 개발을 목표로 하며 다음과 같은 연구를 수행하였음
• 벌채 유형에 따른 환경, 구조, 종다양성 및 유용자원식물의 변화를 분석하여 산림생산기법 개발
• 벌채 유형에 따른 산림곤충의 비교분석
• 조림지의 임령에 따른 임분 환경, 구조, 그리고 종 및 유용자원 다양성을 분석하여 유효 인자 및 모델 개발 및 유지전략 수립
연구결과는 다양한 벌채 방법 및 임령에 따른 종다양성 측면에서 산림의 생태적 건강성을 유지하고 지속가능한 산

본 연구는 우리나라의 산림생태계에서 생물다양성 및 유용자원의 보전을 위한 산림 관리 기법을 개발을 목표로 하며 다음과 같은 연구를 수행하였음
• 벌채 유형에 따른 환경, 구조, 종다양성 및 유용자원식물의 변화를 분석하여 산림생산기법 개발
• 벌채 유형에 따른 산림곤충의 비교분석
• 조림지의 임령에 따른 임분 환경, 구조, 그리고 종 및 유용자원 다양성을 분석하여 유효 인자 및 모델 개발 및 유지전략 수립
연구결과는 다양한 벌채 방법 및 임령에 따른 종다양성 측면에서 산림의 생태적 건강성을 유지하고 지속가능한 산림경영이 가능하도록 하기 위한 기초자료로 활용 될 수 있다.

Abstract ▼

Ⅳ. Results of research development
1. Development of ecological forest management options for conservation of species diversity
Research site selected to develop forest production techniques for species diversity conservation is mongolian oak forests located in the region of Seokpo-myeon Seung

Ⅳ. Results of research development
1. Development of ecological forest management options for conservation of species diversity
Research site selected to develop forest production techniques for species diversity conservation is mongolian oak forests located in the region of Seokpo-myeon Seungbu-ri, Bonghwa-gun.
In research site, research plot 1㏊ (100m × 100m) in size was installed, and the plot was subdivided into 5 high tree (tree) quadrats 20m × 20m in size. A toltal of 5 high tree (tree) quadrats were comprised of aggregated retention quadrats (retention rate: 50% and 15%), dispersal retention quadrats (retention rate: 50% and 15%) and control quadrat.
Environmental factors of forestry stand measured in research site are meteorological factors including temperature (℃), relative humidity (%), soil temperature (℃), soil moisture (%) and transmitted light (μmol/㎡/sec), and soil factors including bared soil, woody debris and rock. Research quadrats didn't show any significant difference in monthly mean temperature, but showed a significant difference in daily temperature range.
In spring and autumn, research quadrats showed the greatest difference in daily temperature range. Among lumbered research quadrats, research quadrats having suffered higher lumbering intensity showed much greater difference in daily temperature range. The results of analysis showed that monthly mean soil temperature was the highest in July, decreased steadily after that, was the lowest in January and increased from February. It was also found that soil temperature decreased drastically between October and November, which is resting period to plants. According to the results of monthly mean soil temperature range analysis, non-lumbered research quadrats having suffered less disturbance showed less change in temperature range compared to lumbered research quadrats. We expected that quadrats having suffered higher lumbering intensity would show lower soil humidity, but a significant difference was not found. Environmental factor showing remarkable response to lumbering method and intensity was transmitted ligh. In general, lumbered quadrats and non-lumbered quadrats showed a significant difference in transmitted light. And it was found that the higher lumbering intensity was, the larger transmitted light was.
Change in bared soil of research site showed a similar tendency according to lumbering methods. Bared soil in AR15C Quadrat and AR50C Quadrat decreased a little during the first year after lumbering, but increased during the second year after lumbering. Bared soil in AR15NC Quadrat and AR50NC Quadrat, non-lumbered quadrats of Aggregated Retention Plot (Site), decreased greatly during the first year after lumbering, but didn't show any significant difference during the second year after lumbering. Dispersal Retention Plot (Site) also showed a tendency similar to DR15 Quadrat and DR50 Quadrat: Bared soil in this quadrat increased steadily after lumbering. Woody debris during the first and second year after lumbering in Aggregated Retention Plot (Site) and Control Plot didn't show any significant change, whereas that in Dispersal Retention Plot (Site) alone showed a change: increased drastically after lumbering and decreased back during the second year after lumbering.
The results of comparing importance value changes in research quadrats were as follows: Fraxinus sieboldiana and Acer pseudo-sieboldianum increased, Quercus mongolica and Magnolia sieboldii decreased in AR15C Quadrat; F. sieboldiana increased, and Q.
mongolica and Pinus densiflora decreased in AR50C Quadrat; P. densiflora, Kalopanax pictus and Ulmus davidiana var. japonica increased, and Q. mongolica and Betula schmidtii decreased in DR15C Quadrat; and finally B. schmidtii and Cornus controversa increased, and Q. mongolica and ash tree decreased in DR50 Quadrat.
After forestry stand treatment, cover degree of lower vegetation increased in all research quadrats, whereas AR15C Quadrat showed the greatest increase. An increase in cover degree of lower vegetation was found to be influenced significantly by shrub species. Species diversity increased in all research quadrats except control plot, and species richness also showed a similar tendency.
To investigate change in vegetation composition according to forestry stand treatment, rank or grade was given to each research quadrat based on NMS ranking method. The results of comparing different lumbering methods and the same retention rate (AR15C and DR15; AR50C and DR50) are as follows: in 15% retention rate, AR15C Quadrat showed a smaller change than DR15 Plot; and in 50% retention rate, DR15 Quadrat was found to show more stable species composition. According to the research results so far, a treatment quadrat showing species composition most similar to that before lumbering is DR50 Quadrat. DR50 Quadrat was found to show the most stable change at an early stage, but there is a need for continued observation since species rotation (immigration and emigration) is actively taking place in this site.
2. Changing effect of insect communities after green-tree retention at Quercus mongolica forest, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea This study was carried out to monitor the changing pattern of forest insect communities after harvesting of forest at Mt. Biryongsan, Gyeongsangbuk-do. Five types of cutting method in Quercus mongolica forest were applied to compare the insect communities. In this study, we investigated the effects of timber harvest with green-tree retention on soil surface, bark dwelling and nocturnal insect respectively. Soil surface dwelling insect were collected with pit-fall trap at three sites in June and five sites in August, 2012. Bark dwelling insect were sampled with funnel traps for three experimental sites during June to August, 2012. Also nocturnal insect were surveyed with light trap for three sites in June and five sites in August, 2012. The results of this research are as follows;
First, totally 42 individuals of 9 coleopteran insect species were collected by pit-fall trap. All harvest treatments had positive effect on species diversity and abundance. The species diversity was most high at the type of dispersal retention 15%(DR15) unit.
Second, 917 individuals of 58 species belonging to 5 families were investigated by funnel-trap. Abundance and diversity were most high at dispersal retention 15%(DR15) unit. Among them, two species, Platypus koryoensis (Murayama) and Xyleborus mutilatus Blandford, are most dominant during the course of the present study.
Third, a total of 1,683 individuals of 282 species of Lepidoptera were collected by bucket-type light trap. The number of individuals and species is rather high in summer season, showing 1,493 individuals of 250 species, whereas 190 individuals of 70 species were collected in spring season.
According to the present study, it seems that forest insects are better maintained after harvesting. The thinning treatment of DR15 unit maintained the soil surface and bark dwelling insects well. More studies are needed on the long-term scale of various green-tree retention for the forest insects. We hope the results of this study will be used to understand the effect of harvesting and to plan the appropriate retention type for insect population.
3. Development of species diversity model in accordance with forest ecosystem development
We selected stands with different ages in Taebaek-si and Samcheok-si on our study sites. study sites were divided into three ages of juvenile stand(below 10 years in stand age), middle aged stand(10~20 years in stand age) and mature forest(above 40 years in stand age). Air temperature, relative humidity, canopy openness, light availability, bare ground coverage, moss coverage and woody debris coverage were investigated on the environmental factors in each stand. As the results of analysis on the relationship between the differences of canopy openness depending on stand age influenced on air temperature, relative humidity and light availability significantly in both plantations. In the Japanese larch plantation, bare ground coverage and moss coverage did not change with stand age.
In the Korean pine plantation bare ground coverage was reduced dramatically with the increase of stand age. Moss coverage was reduced a little in the middle aged stand and then increased greatly in the mature stand. Woody debris coverage did not show any clear trend in both plantations.
Compared the importance values of major plants, the value was higher in the order of Quercus mongolica, Pinus densiflora, L. kaempferi and Prunus sargentii in the juvenile Japanese larch stand. P.densiflora showed the highest basal area.
In the middle aged stand, the importance value was higher in the order of Fraxinus rhynchophylla ,Q. mongolica and Quercus serrata. L. kaempferi showed the highest basal area. In the mature forest, the importance value was higher in the order of L. kaempferi, Lindera obtusiloba and Corylus heterophylla. L. kaempferi showed the highest basal area.
The importance value was higher in the order of P. koraiensis, F. rhynchophylla, Acer palmatum and Acer ginnala in the juvenile korean pine plantation. P. koraiensis showed the highest basal area. In the middle aged stand, the importance value was higher
in the order of P. koraiensis ,Q. mongolica and Fraxinus sieboldiana. L. kaempferi showed the highest basal area. In the mature forest, the importance value was higher in the order of L. kaempferi, Weigela florida and Acer pseudosieboldianum. L. kaempferi showed the highest basal area.
Change of floristic composition with stand age and clarification of environmental factors change of floristic composition were analyzed by applying NMS ordination method.
Based on the result of stand ordination, floristic composition did not show any trend with stand age. But the composition was not different from that of the reference stand, the mongolian oak stand established nearby area. Canopy openness and light availability appeared in the environment factors that influence on the floristic composition.
Species diversity indices (H') were 2.52 and 3.33 in woody and herbaceous plants, respectively in juvenile stand of the Japanese larch plantation. In middle aged stand, species diversity indices (H') were 1.96 and 3.84 in woody and herbaceous plants, respectively. In mature forest, species diversity indices (H') were 2.13 and 3.63 in woody and herbaceous plants, respectively.
Species diversity indices (H') were 2.13 and 3.63 in woody and herbaceous plants, respectively in juvenile stand of the Korean pine plantation. In middle aged stand, species diversity indices (H') were 2.24 and 4.46 in woody and herbaceous plants, respectively. In mature forest, species diversity indices (H') were 2.67 and 3.41 in woody and herbaceous plants, respectively.
Compared the coverage change by growth form, mean coverage of tree species increased in the shrub layer with stand age in the Japanese larch plantation. In case of the juvenile stand, mean coverage of grass showed the highest value but coverage of tree species tended to increase with stand age.
Mature Korean pine showed higher coverage of tree and shrub species in the herbaceous layer compared with the juvenile and middle aged stands. In the shrub layer of both plantations, coverage of the useful resource plant decreased on moves from the juvenile stand at in the middle aged stand and then showed the highest value in the mature stand. Coverage of the useful plants in the herbaceous layer increased on moves from the juvenile stand to middle aged stand and thereby showed the highest value and the lowest value in the mature stand.
In order to create species diversity model, we carried out multiple regression analysis based on the environmental factors that affect the Japanese larch and the Korean pine.
Species diversity in the juvenile stand of the Japanese larch plantation showed significant correlation with species richness and undergrowth diversity. Species diversity in the middle aged stand showed correlation with undergrowth diversity and slope. In the mature forest, species diversity showed correlation with undergrowth diversity, canopy openness and slope.
Species diversity in the juvenile stand of the Korean pine plantation showed correlation with undergrowth diversity, slope, moss coverage and exposure rate of soil.
Species diversity in the middle aged stand showed correlation with exposure rate of soil. In the mature forest, species diversity showed correlation with undergrowth diversity, moss coverage and exposure rate of soil.
In order to create species diversity model of the useful resource plant, we carried out multiple regression analysis based on the environmental factors that affect the Japanese larch and the Korean pine.
Species diversity in the juvenile stand of the Japanese larch plantation showed significant correlation with species richness, slope and moss coverage. Species diversity in the middle aged stand showed correlation with undergrowth diversity and moss coverage. In the mature forest, species diversity showed correlation with woody debris.
Species diversity in the juvenile stand of the Korean pine plantation showed correlation with species richness and exposure rate of soil. Species diversity in the middle aged stand showed correlation with species richness, aspect and exposure rate of soil. In the mature forest, species diversity showed correlation with aspect.

목차 Contents

• 표 지 ... 1
• 제출문 ... 2
• 보고서 요약서 ... 4
• 요 약 문 ... 5
• SUMMARY ... 14
• CONTENTS ... 26
• 목차 ... 28
• 제 1 장 연구개발과제의 개요 ... 30
• 제 1 절 연구개발의 목적 ... 30
• 제 2 절 연구개발의 필요성 ... 34
• 1. 기술적 측면 ... 34
• 2. 경제ㆍ산업적 측면 ... 35
• 3. 사회ㆍ문화적 측면 ... 35
• 제 2 장 국내외 기술개발 현황 ... 37
• 제 1 절 국외 기술 현황 ... 37
• 제 2 절 국내 기술 현황 ... 39
• 제 3 장 연구개발수행 내용 및 결과 ... 40
• 제 1 절 종 다양성 보전을 위한 산림생산 기법 개발 ... 40
• 1. 조사구별 임분 처리 ... 40
• 2. 임분 처리 후 환경요인 조사 및 분석 ... 46
• 3. 임분 처리 후 임분구조 조사 및 변화 분석 ... 76
• 4. 임분 처리 후 하층식생 변화 ... 84
• 5. 생태적 임분 관리기법 개발 ... 112
• 6. 임분 처리 후 유용자원식물(약용 및 식용)의 피도 변화 ... 114
• 제 2 절 벌채 유형에 따른 산림곤충 군집의 비교 분석 ... 133
• 1. 곤충상 조사 및 표본채집 ... 133
• 2. 벌채 유형별 산림곤충 군집의 비교 분석 결과 ... 138
• 3. 결과 및 고찰 ... 153
• 제 3 절 산림생태계 발달에 따른 종 다양성 모델 개발 ... 166
• 1. 조사지 개황 ... 168
• 2. 조사 방법 ... 170
• 3. 결과 및 논의 ... 173
• 제 4 장 목표달성도 및 관련분야에의 기여도 ... 228
• 1. 종 다양성 보존을 위한 산림생산기법 개발 ... 228
• 2. 벌채 유형에 따른 산림곤충 군집의 비교 분석 ... 229
• 3. 산림생태계 발달에 따른 종 다양성 모델 개발 ... 230
• 제 5 장 연구개발결과의 활용계획 ... 232
• 제 6 장 연구개발과정에서 수집한 해외과학기술정보 ... 233
• 1. 종 다양성 보존을 위한 산림생산기법 개발 ... 233
• 2. 산림생태계 발달에 따른 종 다양성 모델 개발 ... 237
• 제 7 장 참고문헌 ... 238
• 끝페이지 ... 250