[보고서]극미세 재료손상진단을 위한 비선형초음파기술 개발

극미세 재료손상진단을 위한 비선형초음파기술 개발
Development of Nonlinear Ultrasonic Technology for Diagnosis of Micro-Damage in Material 원문보기

보고서 정보
주관연구기관	한양대학교 산학협력단 HanYang University
보고서유형	2단계보고서
발행국가	대한민국
언어	한국어
발행년월	2013-08
과제시작연도	2012
주관부처	미래창조과학부 Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning
등록번호	TRKO201400021730
과제고유번호	1345174710
사업명	첨단 비파괴검사기술개발
DB 구축일자	2014-11-10
키워드	비선형 초음파.개구합성법.미세접촉계면.균열.비파괴검사.Nonlinear Ultrasonics.Synthetic Aperture Method.Micro Contact Interfaces.Crack.Nondestructive Testing.
DOI	https://doi.org/10.23000/TRKO201400021730

초록

• 내부균열에 의한 반사모드 초음파의 비선형 특성 해석 및 측정기법 연구
• 내부균열 시편을 이용한 반사초음파의 비선형 거동 정밀 분석
• 초음파 비선형 특성 정밀계측을 위한 신호처리 기법 연구
• 반사모드 초음파의 비선형 파라미터 영상화 핵심기술 개발
• 내 ․ 외부 닫힘균열 시편 제작 및 실험을 통한 결함크기 정량화 및 검증
• CT 시편을 이용한 닫힘균열에 대한 반사 초음파의 비선형특성 영상화
• 실증시편 제작 및 실험을 통한 개발 기법의 성능 검증

Abstract ▼

Ⅳ. Research development results
1) Analysis of the contact acoustic nonlinearity of reflection-mode ultrasonic waves from the solid-solid contact interface and the development of its measurement technology
• Analysis model development of the contact acoustic nonlinearity of ultrasonic waves reflected from the solid-solid contact interface by introducing of nonlinear interfacial stiffness
• Verification of the contact acoustic nonlinearity of ultrasonic waves reflected from the solid-solid contact interface by introducing of nonlinear interfacial stiffness
• Research on precise nonlinear characteristic measurement technique of reflection-mode ultrasonic waves and its development
2) Core technology development of the contact acoustic nonlinearity imaging
• Development of the algorithm for imaging the contact acoustic nonlinearity of ultrasonic waves, based on the synthetic aperture technique
• Reflection-mode characteristic verification of oblique incidence ultrasonic waves on the solid-solid contact interface
3) Technology verification of imaging nonlinear ultrasonic waves
• Imaging experiment setup based on the synthetic aperture technique
• Technology development for imaging the contact acoustic nonlinearity of ultrasonic waves reflected from the solid-solid contact interface by introducing of nonlinear interfacial stiffness and its verification
4) Establishment and improvement in the measurement technology about the contact acoustic nonlinearity of ultrasonic waves reflected from external closed cracks
• Measurement of the contact acoustic nonlinearity of ultrasonic waves reflected from external closed-cracks
• Signal processing technique improvement of the second harmonic frequency components by considering the frequency shift phenomenon
• Making up imaging algorithm based on short-time Fourier transform
5) Measurement technology establishment of the contact acoustic nonlinearity of reflection-mode ultrasonic waves for internal closed-cracks and its performance evaluation for micro-damage diagnosis
• Making internal-crack simulated specimen and performance evaluation of the quantitative measurement of the defect size
• Making interfacial-crack-proof specimen and performance evaluation of diagnosis of closed-cracks by using the contact acoustic nonlinearity of ultrasonic waves
• Verification of measurement technology of the contact acoustic nonlinearity of ultrasonic wave by using interfacial-crack-proof specimen and welding part of dissimilar materials and its imaging

목차 Contents

표지 ... 1
제출문 ... 2
보고서 요약서 ... 3
요약문 ... 4
SUMMARY ... 7
CONTENTS ... 11
목차 ... 13
제 1 장 연구개발과제의 개요 ... 15
제 2 장 국내외 기술개발 현황 ... 17
제 1 절 선진국 연구개발 동향 및 기술수준 ... 17
제 2 절 국내 연구개발 동향 및 기술수준 ... 20
제 3 절 현기술상태의 취약성 ... 22
제 4 절 앞으로의 전망 ... 23
제 3 장 연구개발수행 내용 및 결과 ... 24
제 1 절 고체-고체 접촉계면에서의 반사 초음파에 대한 음향 비선형성 해석모델 개발 ... 24
제 2 절 고체-고체 접촉계면에서의 반사 초음파에 대한 음향 비선형 특성검증 ... 59
제 3 절 접촉계면에서 경사입사된 초음파의 반사모드 특성검증 ... 67
제 4 절 개구합성법에 기반한 초음파의 영상화 알고리즘 개발 ... 77
제 5 절 SAFT 영상화 시험장치 구성 ... 85
제 6 절 비선형초음파 영상화기법 개발 및 검증 ... 89
제 7 절 A/D 변환에 따른 비선형 파라미터의 오차 ... 98
제 8 절 유한요소법에 의한 고조파 발생 해석 ... 104
제 9 절 이종재료 접합부 닫힘 균열에 대한 비선형 초음파 해석 ... 108
제 10 절 펄스 반사법과 비선형 초음파를 이용한 CT 시험편 피로균열의 평가 ... 112
제 11 절 CT 시험편 균열계면에서 압축 하중 변화에 따른 초음파 비선형 특성 분석 ... 117
제 12 절 초음파 비선형특성 정밀 계측을 위한 신호처리 기법 향상 및 영상화 진단 기술의 향상 ... 121
제 13 절 CT 시험편에서 경사입사 반사법과 비선형 초음파를 이용한 미세균열 영상화 ... 125
제 14 절 미세접촉계면 모사시편 제작과 개발기술의 적용 및 검증 ... 129
제 15 절 접촉 계면에 대한 반사 초음파의 비선형 거동 정밀분석 ... 138
제 16 절 표면에 평행한 계면결함 실증시편(브레이징 결함 시편)제작 및 성능평가 ... 152
제 17 절 이종금속용접 시편의 피로균열에 대한 개발기술의 적용 ... 165
제 4 장 목표달성도 및 관련분야에의 기여도 ... 172
제 1 절 연구개발 목표 및 내용 ... 172
제 2 절 연구개발 수행내용 및 목표 달성도 ... 173
제 3 절 기술발전에의 기여도 ... 174
제 5 장 연구개발결과의 활용계획 ... 175
제 6 장 연구개발과정에서 수집한 해외과학기술정보 ... 178
제 7 장 연구시설‧장비 현황 ... 180
제 8 장 참고문헌 ... 181
끝페이지 ... 185

표/그림 (178)

표 Research and development characteristics of nonlinear ultrasonics historical flow chart
표 Japan patents about nonlinear ultrasonics
표 U.S. Patents about nonlinear ultrasonics
표 Comparison of main technologies related to nonlinear ultrasonics at domestic and foreign
표 Comparison of main technologies related to nonlinear ultrasonics at domestic and foreign (Self-analysis)
표 The characteristics nonlinear behavior of at the contact interface
표 The idealized in-dimensional planar model and interfacial stiffness at micro closed crack
표 The change nonlinear coefficient reflection mode by linear interfacial stiffness
표 The change nonlinear coefficient reflection mode by frequency
표 Linear and nonlinear stiffness against the contact pressure
표 Transmitted fundamental and second harmonic waves against the contact pressure
표 Reflected fundamental and second harmonic wave against the contact pressure
표 Nonlinear parameter of (a) the reflected wave and (b) the transmitted wave against the contact pressure
표 Nonlinear parameter against the contact pressure (m=0.4, 0.6)
표 Frequency dependence of the transmitted fundamental and second harmonic waves
표 Frequency dependence of the reflected fundamental and second harmonic waves
표 Frequency dependence of nonlinear parameter of the transmitted wave
표 The characteristics of reflection and transmission for an obliquely incident longitudinal ultrasonic wave at the crack
표 Variation of the fundamental and second harmonic component (  ,  ) in transmitted longitudinal wave when high interfacial stiffness
표 Variation of the fundamental and second harmonic component (  ,  ) in reflected longitudinal wave when high interfacial stiffness
표 The model of nonlinear response at the closed crack
표 The FEM model about crack and medium (The angle of the crack is 15°)
표 The tone burst from of incident wave (the value of the vertical axis is the arb. unit)
표 The monitoring position of the crack perimeter
표 The distribution of Von Mises stress at 50 μs
표 The result of time-displacement (Solid line: 45° crack, Dotted line: no crack)
표 The results at the crack angle 0°
표 The results at the crack angle 15°
표 The results at the crack angle 30°
표 The results at the crack angle 45°
표 The nonlinear ultrasonic mesurment model by using array sensor
표 The nonlinear behavior model at the closed crack
표 크랙과 매질에 대한 유한요소 모델
표 톤버스트 형태의 가진 입사파(a)와 크랙 반사파의 고조파 성분(b)
표 반사파의 모니터링 위치
표 크랙에서의 반사파의 발생 패턴(전단 변형율 분포)
표 Y0(a), Y1(b)에서 측정된 반사 초음파(Y1은 Y0에서 +Y방향으로 1cm 떨어진 지점)
표 Y2(a), Y3(b)에서 측정된 반사 초음파 (Y2, Y3는 Y0에서 +Y방향으로 2cm, 3cm 떨어진 지점)
표 Y2(a), Y3(b)에서 측정된 반사 초음파 (Y2, Y3는 Y0에서 +Y방향으로 2cm, 3cm 떨어진 지점)
표 Y4(a), Y5(b)에서 측정된 반사 초음파 (Y4, Y5는 Y0에서 +Y방향으로 4cm, 5cm 떨어진 지점)
표 Y6(a), Y7(b)에서 측정된 반사 초음파(Y6, Y7은 Y0에서 +Y방향으로 6cm, 7cm 떨어진 지점)
표 Y10에서 측정된 반사 초음파( +Y방향으로 10cm 떨어진 표면)
표 측정위치에 따른 반사 초음파의 기본주파수성분과 2차 고조파 성분의 변화
표 측정위치에 따른 반사 초음파의 비선형 계수 변화
표 집속 초음파 가진 파형
표 The reflected ultrasonic waveform (a)Y0 and (b) Y1
표 The reflected ultrasonic waveform (a)Y2 and (b) Y3
표 The reflected ultrasonic waveform (a)Y4 and (b) Y5
표 The reflected ultrasonic waveform (a)Y4 and (b) Y5
표 The reflected ultrasonic waveform (a)Y4 and (b) Y5
표 The reflected ultrasonic waveform (a)Y4 and (b) Y5
표 Geometrical sketch of contacting rough interfaces
표 Theoretical simulation results of (a) fundamental component, (b) second harmonic component and (c) nonlinear parameter
표 Schematic diagram of measurement system for contact acoustic nonlinearity
표 Dimensions of upper test specimen for the measurement of interfacial stiffness
표 Theoretical simulation results of (a) linear stiffness, (b) fundamental component and (c) second harmonic component
표 two-dimensional model for analyzing the characteristics of ultrasonic reflection and transmission
표 Schematic diagram of the experimental setup for the measurement of ultrasonic reflection wave
표 Measured reflection coefficient R
표 Linear interfacial stiffness  ,  as a function of norminal contact pressure
표 Comparison between theoretical and experimental result of ultrasonic reflection coefficient as a function of nominal linear interfacial stiffness
표 Normalized amplitude of seconde harmonic wave as a function of nominal contact pressure at each incidence angle
표 Principle of SPA data acquisition and the information matrix of an array with four elements
표 Basic Principle of the sampling phased array (SPA)
표 Basic Principle of the Synthetic Aperture Focusing Technique (SAFT)
표 Phased array geometry and SPA sector scan-image reconstruction
표 Data Acquisitions of A-scan in SAFT
표 Possible reflector placement seen from different probe positions. Shrinking 'image' of a point reflectoir with incresing aperture
표 Dimensions of Aluminum block with three circular defects for the numerical simulation
표 Simulation result of SAFT with wave2000
표 The principle of STFT
표 Geometry of specimen (dimensions in mm)
표 Picture of closed-crack specimen
표 Experimental scheme for the external loading test
표 Schematic diagram of test-block for measuring the wave velocity and time-delay
표 received signal of normal incidence wave for measuring the wave velocity and time-delay
표 SAFT result of fundamental frequency amplitude
표 Schematic Diagram of the SAFT model
표 (a) Ptx and (b) Prx function of the correct function Htx,rx(w)
표 Simulation result of SAFT applying the correct function Htx,rx(w)
표 Experimental result of SAFT applying the correct function Htx,rx(w)
표 Picture of specimen composed of open-crack and closed-crack
표 SAFT result of (a) A1 and (b) A2 at contact pressure 0MPa
표 SAFT result of (a) A1 and (b) A2 at contact pressure 10MPa
표 SAFT result of (a) A1 and (b) A2 at contact pressure 15MPa
표 SAFT result of (a) A1 and (b) A2 at contact pressure 20MPa
표 Amplitude of Second harmonic as magnitude of quantum
표 Estimated nonlinear parameter in two cases
표 Amplitude of second harmonic component and quantum
표 Flow stress on the contact interface
표 A normal incident plane wave to the interface; (a) beam pattern and (b) time signal
표 Displacements at the ① left-side of interface, ② right-side of interface and ③ excited surface
표 Amplitude spectrum at (a) 10 MPa and (b) 100 MPa of the initial residual stress in 200 GPa of elastic constant on the interface
표 Amplitude spectrum at (a) 10 MPa and (b) 100 MPa of the initial residual stress in 2 GPa of elastic constant on the interface
표 Mathematical model for interface of dissimilar metal weld
표 Spring model for interface of dissimilar metal weld
표 Nonlinear parameter at interface of dissimilar metal weld
표 Principle of 6 dB drop technique
표 Geometry of specimen (dimension in mm)
표 Condition of compact tension test
표 Picture of crack on CT specimen
표 Picture of experimental system
표 Result of crack length using pulse reflection method
표 Result of crack length using pulse reflection method and nonlinear ultrasound
표 Condition of compact tension test
표 Schematic of load applied to the specimen
표 Picture of experimental system
표 Experimental results when pressure was controlled
표 Comparison of old method and new method
표 Result of frequency convention method and new method
표 Image of fundamental frequency using convention method
표 Image of fundamental frequency using new method
표 Image of fundamental frequency considering dispersion
표 Picture of specimen (a) orignal, (b) for experiment
표 Experimental scheme for the external loading test
표 SAFT result of (a) A (b) A at contact pressure 0 MPa
표 SAFT result of (a) A1 (b) A2 at contact pressure 3 MPa
표 SAFT result of (a) A1 (b) A2 at contact pressure 6 MPa
표 The picture of the surface of the upper specimens contacting with lower specimens (a) specimen No. 1 and (b) specimen No. 2
표 The measurement setup with the dial indicator for measuring the depth of the gap of the specimen
표 The results of the depth of the gap of the specimen (a) specimen No. 1 and (b) specimen No. 2
표 The (a) drawing and (b) picture of the specimen holder jig
표 The (a) drawing and (b) picture of the transducer holder jig
표 The experimental setup
표 The defect area of specimen No. 1
표 The defect area of specimen No. 2
표 The reflect signals at (a) the opened interface and (b) the closed interface
표 The result of the fundamental frequency at specimen No. 1
표 The result of the fundamental frequency at specimen No. 2
표 The result of the relative nonlinear parameter at specimen No. 1
표 The result of the relative nonlinear parameter at specimen No. 2
표 Variation of the fundamental and the second harmonic component( 3 A , 32 A ) in transmitted longitudinal wave
표 Variation of the fundamental and the second harmonic component( 4 A , 42 A ) in transmitted transverse wave
표 Variation of the fundamental and the second harmonic component( 1 A , 12 A ) in reflected longitudinal wave
표 Variation of the fundamental and the second harmonic component( 2 A , 22 A ) in reflected transverse wave
표 Variation of the fundamental and the second harmonic component( 3 A , 32 A ) in transmitted longitudinal wave
표 Variation of the fundamental and the second harmonic component( 4 A , 42 A ) in transmitted transverse wave
표 Variation of the fundamental and the second harmonic component( 1 A , 12 A ) in reflected longitudinal wave
표 Variation of the fundamental and the second harmonic component( 2 A , 22 A ) in reflected transverse wave
표 Variation of the fundamental and the second harmonic component( 3 A , 32 A ) in transmitted longitudinal wave
표 Variation of the fundamental and the second harmonic component( 4 A , 42 A ) in transmitted transverse wave
표 Variation of the fundamental and the second harmonic component( 1 A , 12 A ) in reflected longitudinal wave
표 The specific interfacial stiffness by load
표 The specific interfacial stiffness by load
표 The main characteristics of brazing, soldering and welding
표 The geometry of brazing specimen (unit: mm)
표 The brazing specimen (a) raw and (b) after brazing
표 The experiment setup using array probe
표 The position of array probe
표 The result of images of specimen No. 2
표 The result of images of specimen No. 4
표 The experimental setup for measuring the relative nonlinear parameter
표 The result of (a) fundamental frequency and (b) second harmonic frequency of specimen No. 2
표 The result of the relative nonlinear parameter of specimen No. 2
표 The result of (a) fundamental frequency and (b) second harmonic frequency of specimen No. 4
표 The result of the relative nonlinear parameter of specimen No. 4
표 The result of the relative nonlinear parameter of non-brazing specimen
표 The result image by using X-ray CT (a) Cross section and (b) 3D image of specimen No. 2
표 The result image by using X-ray CT (a) Cross section and (b) 3D image of specimen No. 4
표 The experimental setup
$Basic experimental setup for optical detection of ultrasound by two-wave mixing using photorefractive crystal$ 표 Basic experimental setup for optical detection of ultrasound by two-wave mixing using photorefractive crystal
표 The result of images (a) fundamental frequency (b) second harmonic frequency and (c) relative nonlinear parameter of specimen No. 2
표 The result of relative nonlinear parameterat the ROI(X-direction: -15 ~ 15 mm, Depth: 18 ~ 22 mm) of specimen No. 2
표 The result of images (a) fundamental frequency (b) second harmonic frequency and (c) relative nonlinear parameter of specimen No. 4
표 The result of relative nonlinear parameter at the ROI(X-direction: -15 ~ 15 mm, Depth: 18 ~ 22 mm) of specimen No. 4
표 Crack position and depth on dissimilar metal weld specimen
표 The experimental setup of pulese echo method
표 The experimental setup of V-scan method
표 The experimental setup for imaging
표 The result of   ,   and ′ according to position using pules echo method
표 The crack shape (a) actual and (b) by experiment
표 The result of   ,   and ′ according to position using V-scan method
표 The crack shape (a) actual and (b) by experiment
표 The result of the amplitude images
표 The result of the fundamental frequency (upper) and second harmonic frequency (lower) images
표 Strategies and methods for the further study about imaging using nonlinear ultrasonic technology
표 U.S. Patents about nonlinear ultrasonics
표 Japan Patents about nonlinear ultrasonics

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