초록

- 대묘 생산용 수종 선정, 용기와 식재 장비 개발과 생육관리 시스템 구명에 의한 생력화 대묘 생산시스템 개발
- 폐암면을 이용한 암면 혼합 상토의 적정 혼합 비율, 최적의 화학적 구성 및 적정 농도 구명과 관수체계 구명에 의한 시비ㆍ관수 체계 확립
- 용기묘의 생육환경에 따른 생리적 특성 구명 및 조림지에서의 용기묘 식재기술, 임지관리 기술 개발 등의 종합적인 육림보호관리 기술 구명에 의한 용기묘 조림체계 시업기술개발

Abstract ▼

Ⅳ. Results of the research
Sub-project : Development of large containerized production system
1. Select species and container for large seedling production
Containerized seedling needs light for survival and growth, so we should control shrub and herbaceous vegetation around them. Hardwood

Ⅳ. Results of the research
Sub-project : Development of large containerized production system
1. Select species and container for large seedling production
Containerized seedling needs light for survival and growth, so we should control shrub and herbaceous vegetation around them. Hardwood species need 60-80cm in height and softwood species need 50-60cm in height even though these are dependent on site condition and species based on measurement of 90 stand structures. We select 6 species for large containerized seedlings: Pinus densiflora, Pinus koraiensis, Abies hollophylla, Fraxinus rhynchophylla, Quercus acutissina, and Torreya nucifera. As the size of container increased, the growth of seedling improved except P. densiflora: large (1.8ℓ) > medium(1.2ℓ) > small (0.8ℓ). In P. densiflora, growth was bigger in 1.2ℓ and 0.8ℓcontainer than 1.8 . Commercial soil media is much better in growth performance than 1:1:1 ratio ℓ of peatmoss:vermiculite:perlite because commercial soil media has high organic material. However, P. densiflora showed opposite result of the obove.
2. Develope growth control system by finding optimal temperature condition
Based on results of temperature treatment in growth performance, chlorophyll contents, fluorescence light response, and photosynthetic characteristics, optimal growth temperatures are 25～30℃ for Larix leptolepis and Stewartia koreana, 3 0℃ for A. holophylla, P. koraiensis, and Q. acutissima, 30～35℃ for P. densiflora, F. rhynchophylla, T. nucifera. All species showed high growth and good physiological conditions in above optimal temperature.
3. Develope growth control system by finding optimal light condition
Based on results of light interception treatment in growth performance, chlorophyll contents, fluorescence light response, and photosynthetic characteristics, the highest growth showed in full sunlight for P. densiflora and F. rhychophylla, and in medium intercepted light (70% of full sunlight) for P. koraiensis, Kalopanax pictus, L. leptolepis, S. koreana, and T. nucifera. All species showed high growth and good physiological conditions in above optimal light conditions.
4. Develope planting technique for large containerized seedling
September and early October were much better than late October for the time of planting in most species. As the size of container increased, the growth was improved. Because large container has large volume of roots, survival and initial growth was higher in larger containers than in smaller containers. This effect was occurred in the field.
5. Develope container for large seedling production
We developed containers with 24 holes, which can be separative or fixed and 12 holes. We can separate each hole from separative or fixed container and fix to use like fixed containers. We can modify density of seedling in the one tray by moving holes. Furthermore, the leg of the tray is detachable. If the leg was used, we don't need the table when seedling is hardening. Just by changing the tray, we can produce seedlings with diverse density and get it with low cost. Containers with 12 hole increase by 1,050 in ㎖ volume and produce large 77 seedlings per 1m2. Oval surface of the tray prohibits the modification of container and increased the efficiency of irrigation and fertilization by improving inflowing. Furthermore, the shape of bamboo hat of tiny vertical gap inner reduced leaching or overflow of irrigation and fertilization up to 16～40%.
6. Develope tools for planting large containerized seedling
We developed the portable planter, which is very light weight and compact. This can improve efficiency of planting and reducing labor cost. The size of planter is 930×660㎜ (length × width) including cutter. 2.0 horse power was applied to the planter with air-cooling two cycle cylinder. Power delivery was done by 8 mm flexible shaft, which was used in other equipment. In the digger, 100mm screw was used with 80mm width in cutter blade to out stone in the hole. It takes 2～3 minute per hole per two persons.
The first cooperation project : Development of soil media with used-rockwool, irrigation and fertilization system
7. Optimal mixture ratio of used-rockwool for soil media of containerized seedling production
As results of investigation of physical property on media made by mixture ratio of used-rockwool, bulk and true density increased by increasing mixture ratio. Liquid phase was most much in 30% medium. Porosity was higher in 30% and 50% media than in the rest, and EAW, WBC and pH increased by increasing mixture ratio. However EC was the opposite of tendency of pH. Generally, when trees are cultured by container seedling using media mixed used-rockwool, media mixed with used-rockwool over 50% is profitable in irrigation management. In container seedling of Pinus densiflora, flesh weight, dry weight and height were better in 50% and 70% media than in the rest. However trunk diameter was had no difference according to mixture ratio. In container seedling of Torreya nucifera, flesh weight and height increased much more in 70% medium and trunk diameter and numbers of shoot increased much more in 50% and 70% media than in the rest. In container seedling of Quercus acutissina, flesh weight, height, trunk diameter, total chlorophyll and photosynthesis rate were better in 50% or 70% media than the rest. However dry weight of the tree was had only difference between non-mixed and mixed with used-rockwool. In container seedling of Fraxinus mandshurica, flesh weight and photosynthesis rate increased much more in 70% medium than in the rest. However height and trunk diameter were had only difference between non-mixed and mixed with used-rockwool and total chlorophyll was had no difference according to mixture ratios with used-rockwool. Photosynthesis rate was highest in 70% medium.
8. Optimal fertilization such as composition and concentration for media mixed with used-rockwool
In container seedling of Torreya nucifera, flesh weight, height and trunk diameter were better in high strengths than low strengths as 3.0 strength. In container seedling of Torreya nucifera, flesh weight more increased in 1.5 and 3.0 strengths and height and trunk diameter more increased in 1.5 strength than the rest. In container seedling of Quercus acutissina, flesh weight was heaviest in 2.0 strength and was lightest in 1.0 strength. Height and dry weight in 2.0 and 3.0 strengths and trunk diameter and total chlorophyll in 2.0 strength were better than the rest. Besides photosynthesis rate was more high in 1.5 and 2.0 strengths than the rest. In container seedling of Fraxinus mandshurica, flesh weight, height and trunk diameter more increased in 0.5 strength and total chlorophyll and photosynthesis rate were good in 0.5 and 2.0 strengths. Most growth characteristics were poor in 3.0 strength.
9. Irrigation system for containerized seedling using media mixed with used-rockwool
(1) Supply amount and number of times of nutrient solution
In results of investigation on height, trunk diameter, numbers of shoot, chlorophyll content and photosynthesis rate of trees according to supply number of times per week and amount per one times of 'Sonneveld' nutrient solution, Pinus densiflora (1-0) in over 100% of field moisture capacity (FMC) and twice/week, Pinus densiflora (2-0) in over 100% of FMC and seven times/week, Pinus koraiesis (1-1) in over 100% of FMC and three times/week and that in case of increase of tree age was needed increase of supply number of times and decrease of supply amount, Torreya nucifera (1-1) in 100% of FMC and one or twice /week, Quercus acutissima (1-0) in 100% or 150% of FMC and three times/week and that in case of increase of tree age was needed seven times/week, Stewartia koreana (1-0) in 150% of FMC and three times/week was good in growth characteristics of tree. In results of investigation of height and trunk diameter of trees according to the supply number of times of nutrient solution by and species of trees, height of Pinus densiflora (1-0) more increased in many supply number of times for May and June, in three times/week for July and August. Trunk diameter of Pinus densiflora (1-0) more increased in twice or three times/week for May, once or seven times/week for June, three times/week for July and August. Also, there was the significant effects of growing period and supply number of times on height and trunk diameter of the trees.
(2) Irrigation management according to growing period
Height of Pinus koraiesis (1-1) more increased in twice/week for May, many supply number of times for July and August. Trunk diameter of Pinus koraiesis (1-1) more increased in twice for May, three times/week for June, twice/week for July, three times/week for August. Also, there was the significant effects of growing period and supply number of times on height and trunk diameter of the trees. Height of Torreya nucifera (1-0) more increased in once or three times/week for May, once or seven times/week for June, many supply number of times for July and August. Trunk diameter of Torreya nucifera (1-0) more increased in once or three times/week for May, twice/week for June, over three times/week for July and August. Height of Torreya nucifera (1-1) more increased in three times/week for May and June, seven times/week for July and August. Trunk diameter of Torreya nucifera (1-1) more increased in seven times/week for May, over three times/week for June, July and August. Also, there was the significant effects of growing period and supply number of times on height and trunk diameter of the trees. Height of Taxodium distichum (1-0) more increased in three times/week for June, twice/week for July, over three times/week for August. Trunk diameter of Taxodium distichum (1-0) more increased in twice for May, three times/week for June, seven times/week for July and August. Also, there was the significant effects of growing period and supply number of times on height and trunk diameter of the trees.
The second cooperation project : Development planting system of containerized seedling
10. Compare containerized seedlings with bare root seedlings in survival and growth after planting in the field
There are differences among site condition in growth performance and relative growth in P. densiflora and Q. acutissima. However, containerized seedlings of two species were better in growth than bare root seedlings. Foliage, stem, and root biomass were larger in containerized seedlings than in bare root seedlings. The increase of stem biomass was the largest in P. densiflora and the increase of root biomass was the largest in Q. acutissima in both seedling types. When 3 years passed after planting containerized and bare root seedlings, there were no interruption in growth of P. densiflora and Q. acutissima by around vegetation.
11. Analyze growth conditions for survival and growth of containerized seedling
Total chlorophyll contents of P. densiflora and Q. acutissima were higher light intercepted treatment than full sunlight treatment in both containerized and bare root seedlings. However, total chlorophyll contents were higher in wet condition for P. densiflora and in dry condition for Q. acutissima, and were the highest in the 1000 times fertilization treatment. Actual growth and relative growth rate of P. densiflora and Q. acutissima were the highest in full sunlight of light treatments, wet condition of water treatments, and 1000 times fertilization of fertilizer treatments. Foliage, stem, and root biomass showed the same trends as above. Furthermore, photosynthetic capacity and efficiency followed the same trends of growth performance in Q. acutissima. These values were much higher in containerized seedling than bare root seedling in both species.
12. Develope techniques of optimal fertilization for containerized seedling
There were no differences in survival rate and physiological index among fertilization treatments in the field. There was also toxic effect on seedling by over 100g fertilization. Seedling actual (or relative) height and root collar diameter of Q. acutissima and P. densiflora (planted in 2006) in both seedling types were higher in fertilization treatment than control, no fertilization. Seedling actual (or relative) height and root collar diameter of Q. acutissima and P. densiflora (planted in 2007) in both seedling types were high at 50g and 100g fertilization in deep-fertilization treatments, and 200g and 300g treatment in surplus fertilization treatments. Above results were also showed in F. rhynchophylla, Betula platyphylla, Cornus kousa containerized seedlings (planted in 2008). The biomass increases were the same as above growth performance. The effect of fertilization treatment was higher in bare root seedling than containerized seedling. In the beginning after planting, the growth of containerized seedling was higher than bare root seedling, but as time progressed the differences between seedling types were decreased in growth.
13. Find optimal planting time for containerized seedling
Planting in summer had high survival rate and physiological conditions in all sites in P. densiflora containerized seedlings. Seedling actual (or relative) height and root collar diameter of P. densiflora was the highest in summer planting, but in the initial period after planting growth was not good. After time passed, growth rate was increased. Growth was higher in site B, which was not vigorous vegetation around planting site. Biomass was highest in summer planting and also highest in site B.
14. Effect of container size for seedling survival and growth
There were no differences in survival rate of P. densiflora among container sizes, but high physiological characteristics showed as container size increased. Also, high survival rate and physiological characteristics occured in site B, which was not vigorous vegetation growth. 1-0 P. densiflora seedling planted at containers with 35 holes showed higher height growth than containers with 104 holes, but there were no differences in 2-0 P. densiflora seedlings between pot for large seedling and containers with 15 holes. Foliage, stem, and root biomass of 1-0 P. densiflora were higher at containers with 35 holes and at pot for 2-0 P. densiflora seedlings.
15. Development of management technique after planting containerized seedling
The survival rate and physiological characteristics for all seedlings were higher at the controlling site of vegetation than no treatment. The survival rate and physiological condition were also greater in containerized seedling than in bare root seedlings planted in 2006 and 2007. The actual and relative growth of 1-0 and 2-0 P. densiflora containerized seedlings planted in 2006 and 1-1 P. densiflora bare root seedlings were the highest in vegetation control treatment. The actual and relative growth of P. densiflora and Q. acutissima containerized and bare root seedlings planted in 2007 and Acer mono containerized seedlings planted in 2007 were the highest in vegetation control treatment. However, there were no differences in growth performance for all species planted in 2006 and 2007 between vegetation control treatment and mulching treatment. Biomass growth was the highest at vegetation control treatment for all species planted in 2006 and 2007, and growth rate of containerized seedlings was higher than bare root seedling in P. densiflora and Q. acutissima.

목차 Contents

• 표지 ... 1
• 제출문 ... 3
• 요약문 ... 4
• SUMMARY ... 14
• CONTENTS ... 25
• 목 차 ... 27
• 제 1 장 연구개발과제의 개요 ... 29
• 제 1 절 연구개발의 목적 ... 29
• 제 2 절 연구개발의 필요성 및 범위 ... 29
• 제 2 장 국내외 기술개발 현황 ... 34
• 제 3 장 연구개발수행 내용 및 결과 ... 36
• 세부과제 : 생력화 대묘 생산 시스템 개발 ... 36
• 제 1 절 용기 대묘 수종 선정 및 대묘용 용기 개발 ... 36
• 제 2 절 최적 생육 온도 조건 구명에 의한 대묘 생산 생육관리 시스템 개발 ... 41
• 제 3 절 최적 생육 광 환경 조건 구명에 의한 대묘 생산 생육관리 시스템 개발 ... 49
• 제 4 절 대묘 식재 기술 개발 ... 56
• 제 5 절 대묘 생산 용기 개발 ... 62
• 제 6 절 용기 대묘 식재 장비 개발 ... 71
• 제 1 협동과제 : 페암면을 이용한 상토개발과 시비.관수 체계 확립 ... 85
• 제 7 절 암면 혼합 상토를 이용한 양묘 시 암면의 적정 혼합 비율 ... 90
• 제 8 절 암면 혼합 상토를 이용한 양묘 시 비료의 최적 화학적 구성 및 적정 농도 ... 101
• 제 9 절 암면 혼합 상토를 이용한 양묘 시 관수 시스템 ... 107
• 제 2 협동과제 : 용기묘 조림체계 시업기술개발 ... 137
• 제 10 절 용기묘와 노지묘의 활착 및 생장에 대한 조림지 실태 비교분석 ... 137
• 제 11 절 용기묘의 활착 및 생장에 미치는 생육환경 분석 ... 155
• 제 12 절 용기묘 조림 적정 시비 기술 개발 ... 191
• 제 13 절 용기묘 조림 적정 식재 시기 구명 ... 219
• 제 14 절 용기 규격에 따른 조림 성과 분석 ... 227
• 제 15 절 용기묘 조림지의 임지관리 기술 개발 ... 235
• 제 4 장 목표달성도 및 관련분야에의 기여도 ... 257
• 제 5 장 연구개발 성과 및 성과활용 계획 ... 259
• 제 6 장 연구개발과정에서 수집한 해외과학기술정보 ... 261
• 제 7 장 참고문헌 ... 265
• 끝페이지 ... 274