초록 ▼

○ 연구결과
-지렁이 퇴비화로 다량의 가축 분을 처리할 경우, 먹이 중의 총 탄소 함량과 휘발성 고형분 함량이 높은 먹이 조건이 필요하며, 다량으로 손쉽게 구할 수 있는 왕겨와의 혼합이 가장 이상적이다. 가축분과 왕겨와의 적정 혼합비율은 용적 중으로 1:2 혹은 1:3의 비율에서, 지렁이 생체중과 먹이 량 비율을 1:8~1:32의 범위로 할 때, 효율적인 vermicomposting이 가능
-지렁이 분변토는 식물체 생육에 필요한 무기양분을 충분히 공급할 수 있어, 토양개량제 또는 상토로 이용 가능
-지렁이 사육 상에

○ 연구결과
-지렁이 퇴비화로 다량의 가축 분을 처리할 경우, 먹이 중의 총 탄소 함량과 휘발성 고형분 함량이 높은 먹이 조건이 필요하며, 다량으로 손쉽게 구할 수 있는 왕겨와의 혼합이 가장 이상적이다. 가축분과 왕겨와의 적정 혼합비율은 용적 중으로 1:2 혹은 1:3의 비율에서, 지렁이 생체중과 먹이 량 비율을 1:8~1:32의 범위로 할 때, 효율적인 vermicomposting이 가능
-지렁이 분변토는 식물체 생육에 필요한 무기양분을 충분히 공급할 수 있어, 토양개량제 또는 상토로 이용 가능
-지렁이 사육 상에 지렁이 밀도가 일정수준으로 높아졌을 때(5kg/m2이상)에는 지렁이 사육 상에 매회 투여되는 먹이 량을 40kg/m2 이상으로 하는 것이 가축분 처리, 지렁이 밀도 증식 및 분변토 생산 측면에서 효율적

Abstract ▼

Extremely large amounts of organic wastes are produced by intensive animal production causes disposal problems before they can be put on to arable land, and a considerable potential for potent source of pollution of surface and ground water. Similarly, large amounts of organic wastes are produced in

Extremely large amounts of organic wastes are produced by intensive animal production causes disposal problems before they can be put on to arable land, and a considerable potential for potent source of pollution of surface and ground water. Similarly, large amounts of organic wastes are produced in the agricultural and food processing industries including the brewery and mushroom industries, that produce large quantities of organic wastes. Breakdown of organic wastes by earthworm can turn such a negative asset into a profit, by producing useful materials, and are the same time minimizing environmental pollution.
Thus, vermicomposting is the digestion of organic materials by earthworm which produce excreta known as wormcast. Wormcast can be used to improve the fertility and physical characteristics of soil and potting growth medium.
The treatment and utilization of organic resources by earthworm
1. Physicochemical properties of organic wastes alone and mixed with animal manures in compost processing
1) Organic wastes treated alone
. The values of pH of organic wastes showed a ranging from 5.27 to 5.37 in all treatments after composting process.
. C/N ratio was ranged from 8.19 to 29.34 in all treatments, especially, pig slurry showed a lower value than that of other organic wastes.
2) Organic wastes mixed with animal manures
. The value of pH was obtained at about ranged from 7.4 to 8.6, from 6.1 to 7.5, and from 5.4 to 7.0 in mixed treatment with cow, pig and poultry manure, respectively.
. The content of volatile solid was obtained at about ranged from 62.6 to 78.6%, from 71.5 to 84.6%, and from 60.2 to 78.3% in mixed treatment with cow, pig and poultry manure, respectively
. The value of C/N ratio was obtained at about ranged from 16.7 to 26.1, from 5.6 to 12.6, and from 9.2 to 12.5 in mixed treatment with cow, pig and poultry manure, respectively.
2. Effect of mixed ratios of animal manure and organic wastes on the growth of earthworm
. The highest values of biomass and efficiency of reproduction of earthworm were obtained at cow manure with coffee cake, and cow manure with turfgrass residue.
. Especially, the higher values of volatile solid and total carbon content was obtained at cow manure with coffee cake. It means that the increase of biomass and a higher efficiency of reproduction by the earthworm was mainly due to a higher content of volatile solid and total carbon content in these feeds.
. The highest values of conversion rate of organic matter to earthworm tissues was obtained at cow manure with coffee cake and cow manure with dead leaves.
. And, the conversion efficiency of organic matter to earthworm tissues showed a ranged from 3.50 to 9.49 in all treatments.
. The highest values of volatile solid was 76.75% at pig manure with sawdust, and C/N ratios was ranged from 8.31 to 10.13 in all treatments.
. The highest values of conversion rate and conversion efficiency of organic matter to earthworm tissues was obtained at pig manure with coffee cake.
. The growth characteristics of earthworm showed a higher value was obtained at poultry manure with coffee cake.
3. The utilization and fractionation of coelomic fluid of earthworm
. The fractionation of coelomic fluid could be separate two components in both of yellow and red fractions. The extraction rate of coelomic fluid was 74% averaged, and the protection value of yellow fraction to rice blast diseases was obtained at about 74% in 10000ppm level. These results suggested that the yellow fraction of coelomic fluid can use as a bio-fungicides for rice blast diseases in future days.
4. Evaluation of bio-concentration of copper(Cu) by earthworm
. The earthworm's biomass increased up to 35 days, and 30 days after the raising in pig slurry and fermented pig manure with sawdust.
. The amounts of copper decreased directly up to 49 days, and 60 days in pig slurry and pig manure with saw dust, respectively.
. The total amounts of copper accumulation in earthworm tissues were 169.8mg/kg in pig slurry, and 84.8mg/kg in pig manure with sawdust during the raising periods.
. The survival rates of earthworm in pig manure with saw dust showed a significantly highest values up to 400ppm, and up to 100ppm level in pig manure with coffee cake.
. The copper concentration of earthworm was estimated that the highest values of 122.48ppm, 311.14ppm and 413.72ppm in control(100% pig manure), pig manure with sawdust, and pig manure with coffee cake, respectively.
5. Effect of feed conditions on the growth of earthworm and conversion efficiency of organic matter to earthworm tissues
. The mixtures of cow manure and rice hull showed a higher values of biomass, increase rate of biomass, efficiency of reproduction, and cast production than that of cow manure and rice straw. Especially, mixed with cow manure and rice hull showed a significantly higher values obtained at the mixture ratio of 1:3.
. The highest values of conversion rate and conversion efficiency of organic matter to earthworm tissues was obtained at mixed with cow manure and rice hull.
6. Effect of stocking density on the growth of earthworm
. The ratios of stock weight and feed weight was estimated that the highest values of biomass might be obtained at about ranged from 1:8 to 1:32 in different stocking density examined.
. The ratio of relative biomass of earthworm were estimated that an optimal ranged from 1:25 to 1:112 at 10 days, from 1:20 to 1:128 at 20 days, and from 1:22 to 1:130 at 30 days after raising, respectively.
7. Development of microbial starter for stimulation of earthworm biomass and isolation of microorganisms from earthworm.
. Earthworm is well known for modifying soil properties such as soil fertility, organic matter decomposition and regulation of carbon and nitrogen. A major part of the beneficial effects of earthworm on soil properties is contributed to interaction with soil microorganisms.
. A polymerase chain reaction(PCR)-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) method was used for analyzing 16S rDNA of the earthworm intestine microflora. The universal primers for 16S rDNA of bacteria were first evaluated by PCR-DGGE using genomic DNAs from earthworm type culture and earthworm intestine. Two primer pair selected, 341F-GC and 518R primer seems to be better in view of its specificity for earthworm bacteria. The optimum condition of PCR was 52℃ annealing temperature and 60 PCR cycles. When this primer pair was used for analysis of microflora of earthworm intestine, good separation and quality of patterns were obtained in DGGE analysis.
. A bacterial community structure of earthworm(Eisenia fetida) intestine was investigated by culture-dependent and -independent methods. By plating analysis, 72 and 55 different colonies grown on BHI medium were isolated from earthworm intestine under aerobic and anaerobic condition, respectively. Aeromonas sp. and Bacillus sp. were 39% and 21% proportion of the isolated aerobic microorganisms in earthworm intestine after 8weeks. Aeromonas sp. and Bacillus sp. were 52% and 27% proportion of the isolated anaerobic microorganisms in earthworm intestine after 8weeks. The isolates were dominated by Aeromonas sp. and Bacillus sp. DGGE analysis of 16S rDNA was similar to the isolates by culture-dependent method and suitable for investigating bacterial diversity in a feed, intestine and cast of the earthworm.
. To increase the earthworm biomass, the isolates from earthworm intestine were investigated by the amylase, protease, lipase, and chitosanase activity method. Photobacterium ganghwensis WA24, Aeromonas hydrophila WA40 and Paenibacillus motobuensis WN9 were selected as stimulating microorganisms for the earthworm biomass. When Paenibacillus motobuensis WN9(10⁵ CFU/ml) was added, survival rate(%), number of young earthworm, number of coccons and ratio of earthworm casts of earthworm were more increase than group without microorganism.
. Development of optimal vermicomposting model for recycling animal excrements and organic agro-wastes
This research is aimed for the development of a vermicomposting model in the greenhouse system and multi-layered system, which could be used for recycling animal excrement and other organic agrowastes in large scale.
. There is little information on the vermicomposting technology such as optimal initial density of earthworm population to be introduced for constructing vermicomposting bed, optimal amount of feed to be supplied, efficient way of harvesting vermicast and earthworms, effects of temperature on the earthworm growth and productivity of vermicast, etc.
. It is necessary to develop the vermicomposting model that is suitable for recycling animal excrements and agrowastes in this country, because animal excrements and organic agro-wastes are abundant resources whose added values can be greatly magnified by vermicomposting.
. The 1st cooperative subject : Development of optimal vermicomposting model for recycling animal excrements and organic agro-wastes
1. Development of suitable earthworm breeding technology for recycling animal excrements and organic agro-wastes (1st year, 2005)
. Survey on the holds-up in the actual field of vermicomposting
. Determination of the optimal initial density of earthworm population for building up the vermicomposting bed, and investigation on the changes in the population density of earthworms
. Determination of the optimal amount of earthworm feed to be supplied to the unit area of vermicomposting bed
. Effect of temperature on the growth rate of earthworm population and the earthworm's eating rate on animal excrements and organic agro-wastes
2. Development of harvesting technology of vermicast and earthworm from the vermicomposting bed (2nd year, 2006)
. Development of harvesting technology of vermicast in the greenhouse system
. Development of harvesting technology of vermicast in the muti-layered system
. Development of harvesting technology of earthworms in the greenhouse system
. Development of harvesting technology of earthworms in the muti-layered system
3. Application of multi-layered vermicomposting system and greenhouse vermicomposting system in the actual field and a survey of vermiculturing farmer (3rd year, 2007)
. Investigation on the vermicomposting rate, growth rate of earthworm population and vermicast productivity on cow manure in the actual vermicomposting system
. Investigation on the vermicomposting rate, growth rate of earthworm population and vermicast productivity on pig manure in the actual vermicomposting system
. Investigation on the vermicomposting rate, growth rate of earthworm population and vermicast productivity on mushroom waste in the actual vermicomposting system
. Survey of vermiculturing farmer on the present status of farm operation and hold-ups
. Results of research and development
1. optimal initial density of earthworm population for building up the vermicomposting bed
. For building up the vermicomposting bed, less than 2 kg of earthworm biomass per 1 m² of unit area as initial introducing population could be recommended.
2. Optimal amount of earthworm feed to be supplied to the unit area of vermicomposting bed
. When the density(biomass) of earthworm population in the vermicomposting bed is over 5 kg/m², the amount of feed more than 40 kg/m² per each feed supply could be recommendable.
3. Effect of temperature on the growth of earthworm population
. Temperature lower than 10℃ reduced the productivity of cocoon and made longer the hatching period. Temperature higher than 30℃ severely reduced the productivity of cocoon but did not affect the hatching period. Number of hatcheling per cocoon was not affected by temperature.
4. Harvesting technology of vermicast from the vermicomposting bed in the greenhouse system
. When the height of piled-up vermicast in the greenhouse became to be 50cm, more than 95% of earthworm population lived within the depth of 20cm from the surface. Therefore, removing vermicasts under the depth of 20cm from the surface had no effects on the earthworm population, which was recommendable way to harvest vermicast from the vermicomposting bed.
5. Harvesting technology of vermicast from the vermicomposting bed in the multi-layered system
. The height of earthworm breeding box in the multi-layered system was 25cm or 30cm. When the height of piled-up vermicast in the breeding box became to be 25cm or 30cm, more than 95% of earthworm population lived within the depth of 20cm from the surface. Therefore, removing vermicasts under the depth of 20cm from the surface had no effects on the earthworm population, which was recommendable way to harvest vermicast from the vermicomposting bed.
6. Efficiency of the earthworm collecting device
. The earthworm collecting efficiency of the alluring device was better than that of the conventional manual work in the greenhouse system.
7. Organic agro-wastes as earthworm feed in vermicomposting
. The density of earthworm population could reached to the highest level when the earthworm was fed with cow manure, pig manure or mushroom waste, which were considered to be good earthworm feeds.
. The eating rate of earthworm and the productivity of vermicast on pig manure separated from slurry-typed pigsty was higher than that on cow manure or mushroom waste.
. Vermicasts produced from cow manure, pig manure or mushroom waste were considered to be agro-material with good quality.
8. Survey of farmers on the current status of vermicomposting
. There is little income sources except selling earthworm as fishing bait
. It was revealed that the most serious hold-up for managing vermicomposting farm was to get good earthworm feed
. It was revealed that the most difficult work for breeding earthworm was to supply earthworm feed on the vermicomposting bed.
. More than 50% of vermicomposting farmers was operating vermicomposting greenhouse whose area was less than 3,300 m². But almost all the farmers had intention of keeping operating their vermicomposting farm.
. Recommendations for the actual field of vermicomposting
1. Recommendations of vermicomposting techniques to vermicomposting farmer
1) Initial introducing density of earthworm population for building up vermicomposting bed
. For building up the vermicomposting bed, less than 2 kg of earthworm biomass per 1 m² of unit area as initial introducing population could be recommended.
2) Optimal amount of earthworm feed to be supplied to the unit area of vermicomposting bed
. When the density(biomass) of earthworm population in the vermicomposting bed is over 5 kg/m², the amount of feed more than 40 kg/m² per each feed supply could be recommendable.
3) Harvesting technology of vermicast from the vermicomposting bed
. Removing vermicasts under the depth of 20cm from the surface had no effects on the earthworm population, which was recommendable way to harvest vermicast from the vermicomposting bed.
4) Suitable feed for earthworm breeding
. The density of earthworm population could reached to the highest level when the earthworm was fed with cow manure, pig manure or mushroom waste, which were considered to be good earthworm feeds. Vermicasts produced from cow manure, pig manure or mushroom waste were also considered to be agro-material with good quality. Therefore, it is recommendable that cow manure, pig manure or mushroom waste be used as earthworm feeds.
2. Management support and policy proposal for vermicomposting farmer
1) It was difficult to get other incomes except selling earthworm as fishing allure for the vermicomposting farmers who were operating the greenhouses smaller than 6,600m². But the vermicomposting farmers who were operating the greenhouses larger than 9,900m² were paid for vermistabilizing the organic wastes as well as selling earthworm as fishing allure. Larger farms had tendency to get more income sources. But making larger farms needs more investment and fund. Therefore, it would be very helpful for the vermicomposting farmers to get some subsidy from the government.
2) Vermicast could be a very good agro-material, especially if it is produced from agro-wastes such as cow manure, pig manure, mushroom wastes, etc. It is recommendable that vermicasts from agro-astes be authorized as an environmentally-friendly organic agro-material by the governmental administration.
. To establish the guideline about wormcast usage of soil amendment and seedling growing medium during vegetable cultivation
According to Korean industrializing, the amounts of organic wastes is drastically increasing but its recycling ratio is very little. Vermi-composting technique is very fast and stable compared to general composting and to indicate composting technique change organic resources such as food wastes into organic fertilizer of wormcasts with feeding earthworm organic wastes. Wormcasts enable to recycle soil amendment like composts and are known to be good for organic fertilizer. But its usage is very limited because of various problems. The chemical component of worm casts can vary by feeding organic resources and contain harmful element such as heavy metals. So we establish the guideline about wormcast usage of soil amendment and seedling growing medium during vegetable cultivation. During vegetable cultivation under plastic house, we analyzed the effect of the worm casts fertilizing on soil and plant and decided its amounts. During organic cultivation we decide the 20% ratio of wormcasts in seedling medium using 80% peatmoss and propose the additional fertilizing method to shortly extract the rape oil cake with boiling water(1:8) and to pour the diluted solution at interval of 3-4 day organic vegetable seedling. This method catches up with the commercial medium with peatmoss and perlite(7:3, v:v) and the additional fertilizing of vegetable seedling solution of NHRI.
. The effect of wormcast supplementation to commercial organic plant growth media on the growth of rice seedlings
. The wormcast of pig manure with sawdust supplementation to commercial organic plant growth media was obtained the highest yield of seedlings up to 20%, and up to 10% level in Chucheong and Black rice varieties, respectively.
. The growth of seedlings tend to decrease with the increases wormcast supplementation.
. In floor application treatment, the highest yield of seedlings was obtained at 5% level in two rice varieties.
. The wormcast of oyster mushroom wastes supplementation to commercial organic plant growth media was estimated that the highest yield of seedlings might be obtained at about ranged from 4 to 6% in Chucheong rice.

목차 Contents

• 제출문 ... 1
• 요 약 문 ... 2
• SUMMARY ... 17
• CONTENTS ... 28
• 목 차 ... 30
• 제 1 장 연구개발과제의 개요 ... 34
• 제 1 절 연구의 배경 및 필요성 ... 34
• 1. 연구개발의 배경 ... 34
• 2. 연구개발의 필요성 ... 34
• 1) 기술적 측면 ... 34
• 2) 경제⋅산업적 측면 ... 35
• 3) 사회⋅문화적 측면 ... 35
• 제 2 절 연구의 목표 및 내용 ... 36
• 1. 연구개발 목표와 내용 ... 36
• 2. 연차별 연구 개발 목표와 내용 ... 36
• 제 2장 국내․외 관련기술의 현황과 문제점 ... 38
• 제 1 절 분변토의 이용에 대한 기술개발 현황 ... 38
• 1. 분변토(Earthworm Casts)의 정의 ... 38
• 2. 분변토 이용의 국내외 적용 사례 ... 38
• 3. 지렁이 분변토의 특성 ... 39
• 제 2 절 국내 기술개발 현황 ... 40
• 제 3장 연구개발 수행 내용 및 결과 ... 42
• 제 1 절 지렁이를 이용한 유기성 자원의 처리 ... 42
• 1. 유기성 자원의 단독 및 혼합처리시의 이화학적 특성 ... 42
• 2. 가축분과 유기성 자원의 혼합처리가 지렁이 생육에 미치는 영향 ... 57
• 3. 지렁이 체강 액의 성분 분획과 이용 ... 81
• 4. 지렁이에 의한 구리의 생물적 농축능력 평가 ... 86
• 5. 먹이조건이 지렁이 생육 및 유기물의 체조직으로의 전환효율에 미치는 영향 ... 107
• 6. 사육밀도가 지렁이 생육에 미치는 영향 ... 116
• 7. 지렁이 생육촉진을 위한 미생물 starter 개발과 장내 미생물 분류와 동정 ... 125
• 제2절 가축분 및 농산 부산물 재활용을 위한 최적 지렁이 사육모델 개발 ... 162
• 1. 지렁이 사육상에서 가축분 및 농산부산물 처리효율 최상화와 사육 조건 구명 ... 167
• 2. 지렁이 사육시설에서 분변토 및 잉여지렁이 수확 기술 개발 ... 185
• 3. 다충식 및 비닐하우스형 지렁이 사육 모델의 현장 적용성 검증 및 지렁이 사육농가 설문 조사 ... 204
• 제 3 절 분변토의 채소 재배 이용 ... 228
• 1. 분변토의 이화학적 특성 및 퇴비 및 상토의 관련 규정 적용 ... 228
• 2. 분변토의 토양 시용 효과 및 시용량 결정 ... 232
• 3. 분변토를 이용한 유기 육묘 체계 개발 ... 235
• 4. 유기상토와 지렁이 분변토의 혼합비율이 벼의 생육에 미치는 영향 ... 247
• 제 4 장 목표달성도 및 관련분야에의 기여도 ... 258
• 제 1 절 연도별 연구목표 ... 258
• 제 2절 연구개발목표의 달성도 ... 261
• 1. 1차년도 연구개발목표의 달성도 ... 261
• 2. 2차년도 연구개발목표의 달성도 ... 262
• 3. 3차년도 연구개발목표의 달성도 ... 263
• 제 3 절 기대효과 ... 264
• 제 5장 연구개발결과의 활용계획 ... 266
• 제 1 절 연구 개발 결과 ... 266
• 1. 건의사항 ... 266
• 2. 추가 연구의 필요성 ... 267
• 3. 연구 결과를 이용한 기업화 추진 방안 ... 267
• 제 2 절 연구 개발 결과의 활용 방안 ... 268
• 제 6장 연구개발과정에서 수집한 해외과학기술정보 ... 269
• 제 7장 참고문헌 ... 270
• 끝페이지 ... 277