초록 ▼

○ 연구결과
산림농업 유형 가운데, 애완용 곤충을 사육할 수 있는 기술이 개발되고, 사람의 몸에 이로운 효과가 있는 잣버섯의 대량 생산 기술이 개발 되어 특허출원을 앞두고 있으며, 산림 임상별 적용 가능한 적정임분 밀도 모델 및 적용기술이 개발되었다. 또한 실제 임간방목에서 유기농 축산물을 생산할 수 있는 기술과, 산림내 경제성 작물에 대한 생태적 환경 규명으로 농가 전수가 가능해 졌고, 각종 유형별 경제성 분석을 통해 산림농업 적용시 획득 가능한 경제성 분석이 이루어졌다. 또한 이러한 산림농업 모델 개발에 장애가 되는 법적,

○ 연구결과
산림농업 유형 가운데, 애완용 곤충을 사육할 수 있는 기술이 개발되고, 사람의 몸에 이로운 효과가 있는 잣버섯의 대량 생산 기술이 개발 되어 특허출원을 앞두고 있으며, 산림 임상별 적용 가능한 적정임분 밀도 모델 및 적용기술이 개발되었다. 또한 실제 임간방목에서 유기농 축산물을 생산할 수 있는 기술과, 산림내 경제성 작물에 대한 생태적 환경 규명으로 농가 전수가 가능해 졌고, 각종 유형별 경제성 분석을 통해 산림농업 적용시 획득 가능한 경제성 분석이 이루어졌다. 또한 이러한 산림농업 모델 개발에 장애가 되는 법적, 제도적 문제점 들은 정책적 제안이 될수 있는 성과를 거두었다.

Abstract ▼

Ⅳ. Results and Recommendations for application
1. The Development Techniques for Rearing Useful Insects and Cultivating Wild Edible Mushrooms
This study was conducted to investigate the selecting target species from the insect resources in the forestry, some ecological characteristics to devel

Ⅳ. Results and Recommendations for application
1. The Development Techniques for Rearing Useful Insects and Cultivating Wild Edible Mushrooms
This study was conducted to investigate the selecting target species from the insect resources in the forestry, some ecological characteristics to develope a mass rearing technique, and the optimum rearing conditions. From the result, Serrognathus platymelus castanicolor was selected as the target species, and some ecological characteristics for the species, including fecundity (29.5/female), egg-period (18.9 days), developing period of each instar : 1st instar, 17-20 days; 2nd, 18-39 days; 102-206 days, pupal period, 33.9 days, and the longavity of adults, 1-2 years in the condition of 25℃, 75%RH, 16L: 8D, was investigated. Sawdust made from Quercus species was selected as food source for larvae, mixing with 10% of wheat powder. The optimum size of the mass rearing chamber to avoid their carnibalism is 45x30x30 cm for 20 larvae. The number of eggs laid per female is more in the ovoposition tree rather than in sawdust made by Quercus species, and more eggs are deposited in the fungus food rather than sawdust food. Kits for larva and adult were developed for the educational material and general users.
This study was also carried out to develop mass cultivation system of edible forest mushroom, and followings were studies; investigation of edible forest mushroom and their cultural characteristics for selecting target species, development of sawdust and wood log cultivation technique, development of liquid spawn culture technique, and mass cultivation system. Lentinus lepideus was selected as a candidate mushroom since the mushroom has known to be edible and medicinal as well as culturability using coniferous tree species. The optimal condition for the mycelial growth of L. lepideus was obtained at 30℃ and pH 5.5, respectively. L. lepideus showed the most favorable growth on the GPB media. Starch and peptone were the most favorable carbon and nitrogen sources to the mycelial growth of L. lepideus. respectively. Mycelial growth of L. lepideus was generally increased by adding wood vinegar into culture media through syringe-filtration after autoclaving as compared to the untreated control. Fruiting body can be obtained by inoculating spawn to the sawdust media or wood logs of coniferous tree species. Fruiting body production was also increased by adding wood vinegar into sawdust media. In the case of using liquid spawn, the required periods from spawn preparation to the first primordia formation after inoculation of spawn onto sawdust media were 70 days shorter than the normal period required for sawdust spawn cultivation. Thus, the cultivation of L. lepideus using liquid spawn seems to be effective for the mass cultivation.
2. The Development Stand-type Model for the Silvorable and Silvopastoral System
The study of this chapter has dealt with the experiment for establishing forest pasture by seeding the forage plants after low thinning treatment of several stand density in the Pinus densiflora stand, the typical forest type of central part of Korea and Kangwon Province, Japanese larch stand, and natural deciduous stand. As time passed by after thinning the survey and analysis for the practice were on the such ecological attributes as species composition, species diversity, the change of understory vegetation, the biomass of understory vegetation, the change of canopy coverage, relative light intensity, leaf area index (LAI), soil moisture content, and regeneration scheme. This sort of practical field experiment might provide the fundamental silvicultural information to develop appropriate stand model for the establishment of forest farming and silvopastoral system, and the results of the studies are as follows.
1) The application of agroforestry in the Pinus densiflora forest
Even though the experiment was conducted in the natural pine stands, the corresponding practice could be applied to artificial pine stands, setting up the rotation as 60 years for the establishment of forest farming and silvopastoral system. We planned the thinning practice toward residual stand density of 400 trees per ha at the time of first 30 years of age after establishment of the forest, hereafter additional thinning treatment would be done every 10 years, leaving 250 trees (40 years) → 200 trees (50 years) → 20 (60years), inducing next-growth forest by natural regeneration of seed-tree system. Proposed stand structure at 60 years of age would be expected to reach 31.4 cm of DBH, 21m of height, and 139.4㎥. In the stand density of 400 trees/ha at the time of first 30 years of age, canopy coverage would be 60% and relative light intensity might be 40%. However, if we prune the crop trees, canopy coverage could be improved by 50%, enhancing 50% of solar radiation into the stand. In the case of silvopastoral system, because the production of forage would be decreased as time passes by, it is necessary to increase the amount of light from 20% or 25% to 50% so as to maintain the development of understory vegetation and the production of forage.
2) The application of agroforestry in the Japanese larch forest
Japanese larch which has good reputation of timber production species with fast growing and high quality wood has been widely planted for afforestation along with Korean pine. The time for forest farming and/or silvopastoral system in the larch stand was appointed 30 years after the establishment of the forest. Initial thinning treatment would have made the stand density as 575 trees/ha for the rotation period of 60 years. After initial thinning, it is recommended that additional thinning and pruning would be done every 10 years to make high quality timber and to prepare forest floor for planting of commercial plants and forage establishment. In the case of the slope gradient of 15∼25° like this study stand, 575 trees/ha of residual stand density could maintain 87.6% of canopy coverage and 32.8% of relative light intensity, showing relatively higher canopy coverage and lower light intensity, compared to the previous pine forest. However, the production of forage in this stand was fairly good and not significa tly different from the stand of 310 trees/ha of stand density. It could be expected that, if the stand of initial 575 trees/ha was continuously thinned every 10 years to 350 trees/ha (40 years) → 300 trees/ha (50years), the average DBH might reach 28.6cm and height 21.8m, harvesting 193.1㎥ of stand volume in the rotation of 60 years. After harvesting, the next-growth forest was planned to make reproduction by artificial planting and the site preparation should be applied to treat litter layer on the forest floor. Overall results of the study indicated that the Japanese larch forest was appropriate to practice forest farming for commercial wild plants and silvopastoral system for forage production.
3) The application of agroforestry in the natural deciduous forest
We have set 40 years after establishment for the starting time of forest farming or silvopastoral system in the natural deciduous forest, of which growth rate seemed to be less than the pine and larch forest. Characterized by the dominance of Quercus variabilis (50.5%) and Q. dentata (42.6%), the study stand was initially induced to be treated by thinning and improvement cutting to maintain 550 trees/ha. This treatment has made 91% of canopy coverage and 25% of relative light intensity, showing higher rate of light shielding effect due to broader leaf area. Therefore, it is essential to practice of pruning for better incoming solar light. The period of rotation was determined 80 years, and the stand of initial 550 trees/ha would be continuously thinned every 10 years to 300 trees/ha (40 years) → 200 trees/ha (60years) → 20 trees/ha (80years), then the average DBH might reach 36.9cm and height 27.8m, harvesting 245.4㎥ for 180 trees/ha stand volume. It is recommended that residual stand density of 20 trees/ha m ght play role of seed supply and coppice regeneration to induce uneven-aged two-storied next-growth forest. If the vitality of sprouting is diminished, then supplementary planting could be considered for reproduction. Because the possibility of understory growth occurrence from adjacent stand seed source would be fairly high, commercial tree species and forage production could be enhanced by the practical operation of intensive weed control so as to reduce inter-species competition with target plants.
During the practical field experiment of establishing silvopastoral system in the pine forest of Heongseong County, Kangwon Province, even though research team has concerned the environmental problems such as soil erosion after thinning treatment, the results of soil erosion analysis showed that the surface soil of the study site has hardly disturbed by thinning and/or other practical operation. Since the practice of agroforestry is aenvironmentally sound multidisciplinary subject, such as long-term timber production, short-term monetary earning, and ecotourism, we could expect to achieve as a part of Sustainable Forest Management (SFM) which has been worldwide trend in forest resource related theme. More assistant and incentive programs from policy making organization should be required to activate the agroforestry.
3. The Development of Livestock Production Techniques by the Silvopastoral System.
The establishment of forest pasture is as follow: 1) Heaving stocking (150 heads/ha) within the portable electric fence after the removal of current plant community. 2) Regular trim to increase light infiltration for optimum light levels 3) Increase the soil pH up to optimum levels (about 6.5) with lime (2~3 tons/ha). 4) Broadcasting the seeds on late August and early September (Soil moisture is abundant during this season); The mixtures are consisted of orchardgrass (15 kg/ha), perennial ryegrass (9kg/ha), Kentucky bluegrass (4.5 kg/ha) and ladino clover (1.5 kg/ha). 5) Heaving stocking (150 heads/ha) again to compact the ground after seeding.
As the shading increased, the crude protein content increased, but NDF and ADF contents significantly decreased. The DM yield was highest at O% shading which is not proper for silvopastoral systems. About 35~50% shading is considered to be optimum levels of shading for forest pasture in mid mountain area.
Late seeding dates (Nov. 11 and Nov. 24) are possible for the forage production, but bring the difficulties due to frozen soils, especially on Nov. 24. During winter, optimum seeding date is thought to be Nov. 11 and orchardgrass+tall fescue+Kentucky bluegrass+ladino clover is considered to be proper for mixture type of silvopasture. Long term researches, however, are required for more correct results.
About 200 pine trees/ha can be optimum density for increasing forage production (DM yield) and animal production (feed intake and daily gain), and decreasing environmental pollution (water and soil).
These results indicate that the silvopastoral system can play an important role on our country as a model of sustainable livestock production. we continue to evaluate the productivity of forest pasture and the production of environment friendly livestock product, and develop the optimum model of forest density for forest grazing.
4. The Development of Cultivation Techniques for Useful Herbs in the forest
Investigation to site condition in natural habitat and ecophysiological characteristics of experimental species and the development of cultivation techniques for useful herbs in the forest. Increment of mountain village income by development of cultivation techniques of high quality edible -medicine herbs in forest.
1) Investigation to the ecophysiological characteristics of edible and medical herbs
The physiological characteristics of five edible plants(Cryptotaenia japonica, Aster glehni, Cacalia firma, Aster tataricus and Aruncus dioicus var. kamtschaticus) and five medicinal plants(Gentiana scabra var. buergeri, Bupleurum longiradiatum, Angelica tenuissima, Astragalus membranaceus, Codonopsis pilosula) were measured under different shadings and irrigation frequency.
Under different shadings, A. glehni, G. scabra var. buergeri, A. tenuissima and A. membranaceus showed highest photosynthetic rate under non-shading. The maximum photosynthetic rate showed under 40% shading in C. japonica, 40% or 60% shading in A. tataricus, 60% or 80% shading in A. dioicus var. kamtschaticus. C. pilosula showed higher photosynthetic rate under shaded condition than non-shading. The photosynthetic rate of B. longiradiatum and A. tenuissima appeared highly in shading rate lower than 40% shading and than 60% shading.
Under different irrigation frequency, C. japonica, A. dioicus var. kamtschaticus and G. scabra var. buergeri showed highest photosynthetic rate under irrigation frequency of 6th day once, while the maximum photosynthetic rate of most species were appeared in irrigation frequency of 3rd day once.
2) Investigation to the site characteristics to natural habitat of the edible and medical herbs
This study were performed in order to clarify the environmental and forest soil condition of native edible and medicinal plants in wildland. Mostly of native plants they grew between 200m and 800m, characteristics of wildland were brown forest soil B1 or B2 and aspect positions were sw(south west) and s(south), which were enough to put light for natural growth. In valley and foot mountain, where nutrients condition in there were better than pick and middle mountain, native edible and medicinal plants were found relatively.
3) Monitoring for the optimum rotation time of the edible and medical herbs in forest
The individuals changes of Ligularia fischeri, Bupleurum longiradiatum and Codonopsis pilosula were measured at Mt. Jumbongsan located Inje-gun, Kangwon-do. The reasons of decrease of population density of L. fischeri and B. longiradiatum may be related with the over use and extensive gathering of digging up roots and all of plants as well as the competition with vegetation of nearby plants.
4) Cultivation of the edible and medical herbs in forest
To seek for proper forest-floor cultivation methods, L. fischeri, A. gigas, and A. continentalis were cultivated at Mt. Joongwang located in Jangjeon-ri, Jinbu-myeon, Pyungchang-gun, Kangwon-do. Study areas were selected several growing sites with different topography and forest type. The seed characteristics, germination percentage, growth, photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll contents of three species were measured and compared between growing sites. True seeds of L. fischeri, A. gigas, and A. continentalis were selected from collected fruits 1.54, 0.89, and 30.54% in weight, and seed weight(gram/1,000 seeds) did 2.71, .42, and 2.45, respectively. Seed germination percentage of field seeding in fall was proved higher than those of room seeding and field ones in spring. Proper sites for L. fischeri cultivation on forest floor might be sunny, less groundcovers with enough soil moisture condition, such as thinned L. kaemferi and natural broad-leaved forest on north-faced slope above 900m altitude. Proper sites for A. gigas, and A. continentalis cultivation on forest floor might be more sunny, less ground covers, such as thinned plantation and natural broad-leaved forest on south-faced slope.
5. The Analysis of Productivity and Economic Efficiency for Agroforestry
Applied scientists in land-related science fields of Korea, where there is a high density of population in narrow land, have been interested in the effective landuse. Due to the generic structure of Korean land-related industry, a vast production of forestry is dependent on forests and their vicinities. Social demands on landuse switchover of forest to other uses are growing due to the increasing needs for more land. Thus optimization of landuse is inevitable in terms of forest utilization and development as well as efficiency of its conservation. The form of landuse to meet these demands is Agroforestry. Since The forest management that only focuses on the wood production out of forests yields low rate of capital returns while output process takes a long period of time, it is under the necessity of phasing in mixed technology systems to the forest-land industry by applying stockbreeding technology to the forest range, and agricultural technology to the crops of short-run profit sustaining wood production sim ultaneously. That is, technology development of mixed landuse which leads to the production of agriculture , forestry , and stockbreeding out of same forest land. Also, labor-saving agroforestry, which can provide the direct profits to local residents, should be systemized as soon as possible by developing cultivation technology of edible plants and herbs in the forest as well as revving up the agricultural and forestry industries in the context of "Mountain Village Development Plan for Forest Income and Farm Forestry" by KFS (Korea Forest Service).
Therefore, the purpose of this research is not only to analyze the productivity and profitability of agroforestry classified by type as well as by crop item, but to develop a proper agroforestry model that fits to Korean agroforestry industry, which shall ultimately generate the profit increase to farm and mountain villages.
6. The Scheme of Policy-Making for Agroforestry
This study tried to find the way of encouraging agroforestry practices in Korea by way of investigating current situations of agroforestry and finding the problems of performing policies for agroforestry. In addition, agroforestry related policies of other countries were analyzed in order for finding possibility of appling to the Korea.
The models of agroforestry are basically categorized as five ways of practices, Forest farming, Silvopasture, Windbreak, Riparian buffer strips, and Alley cropping. Although the way of model categorization is the way of modeling in the temperate zone, it is fundamental and applicable to other areas.
Among the models, forest farming, silvopasture, and alley cropping are considered as adequate models for raising farmer's income, and became popular models for underdeveloping countries. However the rests are more nvironmentally oriented, and common practices for advanced countries.
Agroforestry in Korea began in the year of 1999 in order to provide interim income to the owners of forest who were mostly suffered by the lack of income from management and investment of forests. The project for the agroforestry started as a name of "a complex management of forest for multiple uses", and expanded to 168 sites hiring codes of agroforestry practices supported by government funding. Three models, Short-term income providing model, Timber producing model, and Muti-products producing model were set up.
Several problems were indicated during the application of agroforestry practices and its related policies. Most of investors in agroforestry felt that financial supports from the government were always short and especially needed after the first year of investments established. They also complained the process of administration were slow and out of date mostly. They are also suffered the shortage of labors in the country side and eventually elevated labor costs. The government officials expressed other problem of supporting agroforestry. The problem is that the purpose of appling agroforest practices are not earning money by producing forest products but converting forest lands to other uses which ended in the leaf of prices of land.
Additional problems are also exist. The models classified by the central government are not quite well fitted to the real world. This resulted in the lack of management strategies for an individual model. This means that those models are not applicable in the real world, and the financial and other aids may not be provided properly.
US government, which has the best supportive system in the world, provides various assistant programs by adopting multi-phase agroforesty related policies. The US government considers all five agroforstry management models equally important and provides the same amounts of support. This means not only production activities but also conservation activities are supportive. The sources of funding are various, meaning that private sectors are active to provide specific funds. The ways and methods of supports are various, meaning that developing skills and educating services are provided too.
In conclusion, in order to activate agroforestry practices, several strategies are suggested.
1) The management models should be revised and re-established by considering the way of application to the real world. 2) The code of practices of individual agroforestry models should be developed and scattered by way of educating forest owners. 3) Regional agroforest cluster can be a solution of acquiring economies of scale and value adding processes by processing a large amount of agroforest products in the confined area. 4) The support systems for agroforestry should be revised and set in good condition.

목차 Contents

• 제출문 ... 1
• 요약문 ... 2
• SUMMARY ... 18
• CONTENTS ... 39
• 목차 ... 43
• 표목차 ... 46
• 그림목차 ... 55
• 사진목차 ... 66
• 제1장 연구개발과제의 개요 ... 69
• 제1절 연구개발의 필요성 ... 69
• 제2절 세부과제별 연구개발 내용 ... 76
• 제2장 국내외 기술개발 현황 ... 81
• 1. 임간방목 분야에 있어서 국내외 관련기술의 현황과 문제점 ... 84
• 2. 앞으로 전망 ... 87
• 3. 산림내 경제성 작목별 산림농업 연구 ... 88
• 4. 지역별 산림농업 연구 ... 97
• 제3장 연구개발수행 내용 및 결과 ... 113
• 제1절 유용곤충 사육기술개발 및 유용임산버섯 재배기술개발 ... 113
• 1. 유용곤충 사육기술개발 ... 113
• 2. 유용 임산버섯 재배기술개발 ... 153
• 제2절 임간재배와 임간방목을 위한 임형 모델 개발 ... 212
• 1. 서론 ... 212
• 2. 재료 및 방법 ... 214
• 3. 결과 및 고찰 ... 234
• 4. 결론 ... 344
• 제3절 임간방목을 통한 축산물 생산기술 개발 ... 348
• 1. 임간초지조성에 관한 제반 조건 검토 ... 348
• 2. Silvopasture system의 산지경사지에 있어서 혼파 조합별 차광정도에 따른 건물 수량 및 사료성분 변화 ... 352
• 3. 임간초지 조성 ... 369
• 4. 산간지역에 있어서 목초의 겨울철 파종시기가 건물수량에 미치는 영향 ... 377
• 5. 임간초지의 초지생산성과 임간방목에 필요한 시설 검토 ... 382
• 6. 임간초지의 초지생산성과 한우의 임간방목 ... 398
• 7. 봄철 임간방목에서의 홀스타인 젖소(육용우)의 생산성과 초지생산성 ... 417
• 8. 여름에서 가을동안 임간방목하에서 육용우의 생산성 및 초지 생산성 ... 422
• 9. 육용우의 임간방목하에서의 초지 생산성 ... 424
• 10. 임간방목 후 축사내 사육에서의 가축생산성 ... 429
• 11. 결론 ... 432
• 제4절 산림내 경제성 작물 재배기술 개발 ... 433
• 1. 연구수행 방법 ... 433
• 가. 식.약용식물의 생리 생태적 특성조사 ... 433
• 나. 식.약용식물 자생지특성 조사 ... 434
• 다. 산지내 채취 휴식년제 도입을 위한 Monitoring ... 434
• 라. 임간식재 실연사업 ... 435
• 2. 연구수행 내용 및 결과 ... 437
• 가. 식.약용식물의 생리 생태적 특성조사 ... 437
• 나. 식.약용식물 자생지특성 조사 ... 467
• 다. 산지내 채취 휴식년제 도입을 위한 Monitoring ... 509
• 라. 임간식재 실연사업 ... 512
• 마. 요약 ... 540
• 제5절 산림농업의 생산성 및 경제성 분석 ... 543
• 1. 수행방법 및 연구내용 ... 543
• 2. 우리나라 산림농업의 현황 ... 545
• 3. 우리나라 산림농업의 유형 ... 567
• 4. 사례조사 대상자의 산림농업 현황 ... 569
• 5. 산림농업 유형별 생산성 및 경제성분석 ... 583
• 6. 산림농업 실연지 투자분석 ... 625
• 7. 결 론 ... 643
• 제6절 산림농업의 정책화 방안 ... 653
• 1. 산림농업의 개념과 정책범위 ... 653
• 2. 국내 산림농업의 실태와 문제점 ... 677
• 3. 외국의 산림농업 지원정책 ... 693
• 4. 산림농업의 정책화 방안 ... 703
• 5. 종 합 ... 709
• 제4장 목표달성도 및 관련분야에의 기여도 ... 745
• 1. 유용곤충 사육기술개발 및 유용임산버섯 재배기술개발 ... 745
• 2. 임간재배와 임간방목을 위한 임형 모델 개발 ... 746
• 3. 임간방목을 통한 축산물 생산기술 개발 ... 747
• 4. 산림내 경제성 작물재배 기술 개발 ... 748
• 5. 산림농업 생산성 및 경제성 분석 ... 749
• 6. 산림농업의 정책화 방안 ... 750
• 제5장 연구개발결과의 활용계획 ... 751
• 1. 유용곤충 사육기술개발 및 유용임산버섯 재배기술개발 ... 751
• 2. 임간재배와 임간방목을 위한 임형 모델 개발 ... 752
• 3. 임간방목을 통한 축산물 생산기술 개발 ... 753
• 4. 산림내 경제성 작물재배 기술 개발 ... 753
• 5. 산림농업 생산성 및 경제성 분석 ... 753
• 6. 산림농업 정책화 방안 ... 754
• 제6장 연구개발과정에서 수집한 해외과학기술정보 ... 755
• 1. 유용곤충 사육기술개발 및 유용임산버섯 재배기술개발 ... 755
• 2. 임간재배 및 임간방목을 위한 임형 모델 개발 ... 756
• 3. 산림농업 생산성 및 경제성 분석 ... 763
• 4. 산림농업의 정책화 방안 ... 775
• 제7장 참고문헌 ... 776
• 끝페이지 ... 804