초록

○ 연구결과
-사료 첨가제로서 안정성 확인
-단계별 사료내 첨가 수준 결정(0.3-1.0%)
-분중 악취제거용 사료 개발(암모니아태 질소 및 휘발성 지방산 저감 효과 확인)
-이상적인 입자도 효과 평가
-항생제 대체로서 환경친화형 사료 개발
-지방대사에 관여하여 브랜드 돈육 생산 가능

Abstract ▼

Ⅰ. Title of the Research Project
Development of feed addtives using wangam germanium biotite for animal
Ⅱ. Background and Objectives of the Project
Recently, the odorous substance like NH3 and H2S from manure play a crtical point in livestock industry. Also antibiotics residues in carcass a

Ⅰ. Title of the Research Project
Development of feed addtives using wangam germanium biotite for animal
Ⅱ. Background and Objectives of the Project
Recently, the odorous substance like NH3 and H2S from manure play a crtical point in livestock industry. Also antibiotics residues in carcass and dairy product by drug abuse show a serious public health. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop environmentally feed addtives in pigs and chickens and functional animal products.
As like insufficient resources nation is necessary to develop new technologies and products for standing on the international competitive power. Therefore, we should try to apply on efficiently development of natural resources and the added value products.
For a long time, it has been recognized that waste from animal farms are one of main causes to induce the environmental pollution. In recent, legislations have been strictly introduced to limit envirnmental pollution from animal production systems with the improvement of living standard and increases of public concern on environmental preservation. In livestock production, it is necessary for improving growth performance as well as reducing environmental pollution.
In the case of animal products consumer, it is not efficient that the nutrients which the livestock intakes are not used by insufficiently protein synthesis. In the view point of producer, as live stock product became commercializing, had needed more to improve producing portion. With the purpose of evaluating the efficacy of environmental friendly feed additives and their application to commercial animal diet formulation, experiments was conducted to evaluate the effects of addition of antibiotics, probiotics, yeastcultures and enzymes to livestock diet. It is conducted that their efficacy depends on the growth stage of livestock but, generally the addition of enzymes and antibiotics to diets have a positive effect on growth performance and enzyme treatment had an excellent effect on reduction of nitrogen and phosphorus excretion compared with any other feed additives.
Ⅲ. Research Coverage and Scopes
This study was conducted by a link of the first sub-institution for developmment of wangam germanium biotite as feed additives, the second sub-institution for environment-friendly diet and the third sub-institution for producing on functional livestock products. This study has been conducted for 3 years. The detailed research contents can be summarized as following; The 1st subject:
1. Fundamental investigation and stability evaluation on wangam germanium biotite
1) Influence of Germanium Biotite supplementation on growing and ALT and AST of serum in Mice
This study conducted to investigate the effects of germanium biotite supplementation on growing, ALT and AST in mice. Thirty six, 6 weeks old ICR commercial mice, were used in a 6 d growth assay with a 2 d adjustment period. Dietary treatments were 1) CON(basal diet), 2) GB0.5(basal diet+0.5% germanium biotite), 3) GB1.0(basal diet+1.0% germanium biotite). No death or abnormal clinical sign were observed through the dosing period. There were no differences in bady whight change, feed intake or water consumption among the 14 different dose groups. Serum biochemical values was tended to increase as incresing of supplementation germanium biotite in the diets.
2) Effects of Germanium biotite supplementation on growth and response of immunity in broiler chicks
This study was conducted to investigate the effect of germanium biotite on the growth performance, blood composition, fecal NH3-N and volatile fatty acid(VFA) in broiler chickens. Two hundred forty broiler chickens were randomly allocated into five treatments with four replicates for five weeks. Dietary treatments included 1) Control, 2) GB1(basal diet + 200 mesh 0.5%), 3) GB2(basal diet + 325 mesh 0.5%), 4) GB3(basal diet + 200 mesh 1.0%) and 5) GB4(basal diet + 325 mesh 1.0%). For overall period, Weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion were not significantly different among treatments(P>0.05). Digestibilities of nutrients were not affected by adding GB(P>0.05). No differences occurred in red blood cell(RBC), whigh blood cell(WBC), hematocrit(HCT), hemoglobin(Hb), lymphocyte, monocyte and platelet of blood among the treatments(P>0.05). Fecal NH₃-N concentration of chicks fed GB1.0 diets(GB3 and GB4) was lower(P<0.03) than chicks fed GB0.5 diets(GB1 and GB2). Propionic acid and butyric acid in chicks fed GB diets were lower(P<0.04) than in chicks fed Control diet. GB diets tendency to reduce acetic acid compared to Control(P<0.01). Also, acetic acid of chicks fed GB1.0 diets(GB3 and GB4) was lower(P<0.02) than that of chicks fed GB0.5 diets(GB1 and GB2). In conclusion, supplemental germanium biotite was an effective means of decreasing fecal NH3-N and volatile fatty acid(VFA) emission.
2. Development and industrialization of as feed additives on wangam germanium biotite(1)
1) Influence of Dietary Germanium Biotite on Egg Quality and Fecal Noxious Gas in Laying Hens
This study conducted to investigate the effects of germanium biotite supplementation on egg quality and fecal noxious gas in laying hens. One hundred forty four 40-wk-old, ISA Brown layers were used in this experiment.
Dietary treatments were 1) CON(control diet), 2) GB0.5(control diet+0.5% germanium biotite), 3) GB1.0(control diet+1.0% germanium biotite) and 4) GB1.5(control diet+1.5% germanium biotite).Hen-day egg production and egg shell breaking strength were not influenced by germanium biotite supplementation.
However, egg weight decrease as the levels of germanium biotite supplementation increased in the diets(Cubic effect, P<0.02). Eggshell thickness, yolk color and yolk index were not influenced by germanium biotite supplementation. Serum triglyceride concentration as dietary germanium biotite increased (linear effect P<0.02; quadratic effect, P<0.05). Dietary supplementation of germanium biotite reduced fecal NH₃-N concentration(P<0.01), propionic acid(P<0.01), butyric acid(P<0.05) and acetic acid(P<0.01) concentration in the fees. In conclusion, the results of this experiment indicated that dietary germanium biotite supplementation did not affect egg shell quality, but reduced fecal NH₃-N concentration.
2) Effect of protein level and dietary germanium biotite on egg production, egg quality and fecal volatile fatty acid in laying hens
This study conducted to investigate the effect of dietary germanium biotite by protein level in laying hen diets. One hundred forty four, 51 weeks old ISA brown commercial layer, were used in experiment. Dietary treatments were 1) low protein diet(LPD), 2) high protein diet(HPD), 3) LPD-GB(LPD + 1.0% germanium biotite) and 4) HPD-GB(HPD + 1.0% germanium biotite). Hen-day egg production tended to be increased as the concentration of protein in diets increased with significant difference(P<0.01). Egg weight tended to decrease by increasing of supplementation germanium biotite in the diets(P<0.01). Egg shell breaking was not influenced by germanium biotite supplementation(P>0.05). Large band of egg decrease as increasing of supplementation germanium biotite in the diets(P<0.02). Sharp and middle band of egg were not influenced by germanium biotite supplementation. Egg yolk index tended to decrease as increasing of supplementation germanium biotite in the diets(P<0.01). Fecal propionic acid(P<0.01) and butyric acid(P<0.03) were decrease as the concentration of germanium biotite in the diet was increased. Also, butyric acid increased as the concentration of protein in diets increased with significant difference(P<0.02).
Supplementation germanium biotite in the diet reduced the fecal acetic acid(P<0.01). Fecal NH3-N of hens fed HPD-GB diet was decreased(P<0.05) compared to that LPD-GB diet. In conclusion, germanium biotite supplementation to layer diets can reduce fecal volatile fatty acid components.
3. Development and industrialization of as feed additives on wangam
germanium biotite(2)
1) Effect of dietary germanium biotite supplementation on growth performance, blood composition and meat cholesterol in broiler chicken.
This study was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary germanium biotite supplementation on growth performance, blood composition and meat cholesterol in broiler chicken. Four hundred eighty broiler chicks were randomly allocated into three treatments with eight replicates for five weeks. Dietary treatments included 1) Control, 2) FGB(basal diet + 200 mesh 1.5%) and 3) CGB(basal diet + 325 mesh 1.5%). From 0 to 1week, weight gain was higher in additioning germanium biotite treatments than CON treatment(P>0.05). For overall period, Weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion were not significantly different among treatments(P>0.05). Nutrient digestibilities were not significant difference among the treatments(P<0.05). Abdominal fat weight was lower in FGB(26.81g) and CGB(28.68g) than CON treatment(30.27). However, there were not significant difference among the treatments(P>0.05). Cholesterol contents of leg meat tended to decrease in addition germanium biotite compared to CON treatment. However, there were not significant difference(P>0.05).
LDL-cholesterol content was lower in dietary germanium biotite treatment than CON. However, no differences occurred in cholesterol components among the treatments(P>0.05). The result also suggest the possibility of germanium biotite to develope functioning meat in diets for brioiler chickens.
2) Effect of dietary germanium biotite on egg production, egg quality and development of low cholesterol in laying hens
This study conducted to investigate the effect of dietary germanium biotite on egg production, egg quality and development of low cholesterol in laying hen diets. One hundred forty four, 40 weeks old ISA brown commercial layer, were used in experiment. Dietary treatments were 1) CON(basal diet), 2) FGB(basal diet + 200mesh germanium biotite 2.0%) and 3) CGB(basal diet + 325mesh germanium biotite 2.0%). Hen-day egg production tended to be increased as supplementaion germanium biotite in diets. However, There was not significantly difference in among treatments(P>0.05). Egg shell breaking and egg shell thickness were not influenced by germanium biotite supplementation(P>0.05).
Triglyceride in plasma was higher in chickens fed 325mesh Germanium biotite compared to CON treatment(P<0.05). Total cholesterol of yolk was tended to decrease as suplementaion germanium biotite in diet was decreased without significant difference(P>0.05). In conclusion, dietary germanium biotite in laying hens diet can be used to improve egg production, cholesterol of plasma and cholesterol of egg yolk.
The 2nd subject:
1. Evaluation of dietary wangam germanium biotite supplementation in diet
1) Effects of feeding levels and particle size of germanium biotite on nursery pig performance
This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of germanium biotite (GB) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and fecal gas emission in nursery pigs. A total of one hundred nursery pigs (initial body weight 13.12 ± 0.15kg) were used in a 21 d growth assay. The five treatments were control (CON, basal diet), GB0.5-200 (basal diet + 0.5% GB, 200mesh), GB1.0-200 (basal diet + 1.0% GB, 200mesh), GB0.5-325 (basal diet + 0.5% GB, 325mesh), GB1.0-325 (basal diet + 1.0% GB, 325mesh). Each treatment had four replicates with five pigs per replicate. ADG, ADFI and gain/feed were not significantly different among the treatments. Fecal NH3-N concentration of pigs fed the GB325 diet was lower than that of pigs fed the GB200 diet (P=0.01). The GB treatments reduced fecal volatile fatty acids significantly compared to the CON (propionic acid, P=0.01; butyric acid, P=0.01; acetic acid, P=0.02). Especially, fecal propionic acid concentration of pigs fed the GB325 diets was lower than that of pigs fed the GB200 diets (P=0.02). In conclusion, the results obtained from these feeding trials suggest that the dietary GB for nursery pigs affects fecal noxious gas emission.
2) Effects of feeding levels and particle size of germanium biotite on growing pig performance
This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of germanium biotite (GB) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and fecal gas emission in growing pigs. A total of seventy five pigs (initial body weight 21.18 ± 0.15kg) were used in a 28 d growth assay. The five treatments were control (CON, basal diet), GB0.5-200 (basal diet + 0.5% GB, 200mesh), GB1.0-200 (basal diet + 1.0% GB, 200mesh), GB0.5-325 (basal diet + 0.5% GB, 325mesh), GB1.0-325 (basal diet + 1.0% GB, 325mesh). Each treatment had five replicates with three pigs per replicate. The GB1.0 treatments significantly increased the ADG compared to the GB0.5 treatments (P=0.03). The DM and N digestibility of pigs fed the GB1.0 diets were higher than that for pigs fed the GB0.5 diets (P=0.01).
Also, the Ca digestibility of pigs fed the GB diets was higher than that for pigs fed the CON diets (P=0.01). The fecal NH3-N concentrations for the GB treatments were lower than that for the CON (P=0.01). The GB325 treatments significantly decreased the fecal NH3-N concentration compared to the GB200 treatments (P=0.03). The fecal butyric acid concentration for the GB325 treatments was lower than that for the GB200 treatment (P=0.04). In conclusion, the results obtained from these feeding trials suggest that dietary GB in growing pigs was effective to improve ADG and decrease fecal noxious gas emission.
2. Evaluation of environment-friendly aspects using of wangam germanium biotite
1) The effect of dietary germanium biotite supplementation in finishing pig
This study was conducted to determine the effect of dietary germanium biotite on growth performance, nutrients digestibilities and fecal ammonia gas concentration in finishing pigs. A total of eighty finishing pigs (initial body weight 88.0±1.35kg) were used in this experiment. This study was carried out for 35 days. The treatments included 1) Control (CON; basal diet) 2) 200mesh WGB1.0(basal diet + germanium biotite 1.0% 200mesh), 3) 325mesh WGB1.0(basal diet + germanium biotite 1.0% 325mesh), 3)200mesh WGB2.0(basal diet + germanium biotite 2.0% 200mesh) and 5)325mesh WGB2.0(basal diet + germanium biotite 1.0% 325mesh). There were four pigs per pen and four pens per treatment. Through the entire experimental period, there was not significant differences(P>0.94) among the treatments in ADG. As the addition of germanium biotite in diets, dry mater and nitrogen digestibility were increased significant differences(P<0.01). Also, calcium and phosphorus digestibility tended to increase in dietary germanium biotite cpompared to CON treatment(P<0.01). Fecal NH₃-N in pigs fed 325mash germanium biotite treatments was decreased(P<0.01) compared to other treatments. Supplementation germanium biotite in the diet reduced the fecal propionic acid, butyric acid and acetic acid(P<0.01) than CON treatment. In conclusion, germanium biotite supplementation to finishing pig diets can increase nutrients digestibilites and reduce fecal volatile fatty acid components.
2) Effect of dietary germanium biotite in according as protein levels in finishing pigs
This study was conducted to determine the effect of dietary germanium biotite according to protein levels on growth performance and fecal ammonia gas concentration in finishing pigs. A total of sixty four finishing pigs (initial body weight 84.0±1.05kg) were used in this experiment. This study was carried out for 35 days. This experiment was carrioutThe treatments included 1) LP(low protein diet), 2) HP(high protein diet), 3) LP-GB(low protein diet + 325mash germanium biotite 1.0%) and 4) HP-GB(high protein diett + 325mash germanium biotite 1.0%). There were four pigs per pen and four pens per treatment.
Through the entire experimental period, average daily gain(ADG) tended to increase in HP-GB treatment. However, there was not significant differences(P>0.36) among the treatments. Gain/feed increased in HP and HP-GB compared to LP and LP-GB(P<0.06). As the addition of germanium biotite in diets, digestibility of dry matter(DM) and nitrogen(N) were increased significant difference(P<0.01). Also, digestibility of calcium(Ca) and phosphorus(P) were increased significant difference(P<0.01) as like DM and N. Supplementation germanium biotite in diet reduced the ammonia emissions in feces(P<0.01).
Supplementation germanium biotite in the diet reduced the fecal propionic acid, butyric acid and acetic acid(P<0.01) than not contaning germanium biotite treatment. In conclusion, in deffendent of germanium biotite supplementation to finishing pig diets can increase nutrients digestibilites and reduce fecal volatile fatty acid components.
3. Development of livestock products and environment-friendly diet on wangam germanium biotite
1) Effect of dietary germanium biotite supplementaion on producing for low cholesterol pork
This Experiment was conducted to determine the effect of dietary germanium biotite supplementaion for producing on low cholesterol pork A total of seventy two finishing pigs (initial body weight 80.7±1.38kg) were used in this experiment.
This study was carried out for 50 days. The treatments included 1) Control (CON; basal diet) 2) FGB(basal diet + germanium biotite 1.5% 200mesh) and 3) CGB(basal diet + germanium biotite 1.5% 325mesh). There were four pigs per pen and six pens per treatment. Through the entire experimental period, average daily gain(ADG) tended to increase in CGB treatment compared to FGB and CON treatment(P>0.05). Nutrients digestibilities(DM, N, Ca and P) was not affected to among the treatments(P>0.05). HDL-cholesterol concentration in plasma of the pig fed germanium biotite(GB) was significantly increased compared to those in pigs fed CON diet (P<0.05). LDL+VLDL-cholesterol concentrations in plasma of pigs fed GB diets treatments were higher than pig fed CON diet. However, there was not significant differences(P>0.05) among the treatments. Fecal NH3-N in pigs fed 325mesh germanium biotite treatments(CGB) was decreased(P<0.05) compared to other treatments. L*(lightness) value of loin was higher in CGB than CON and FGB(P<0.05). Although a*(redness) value of loin was lower in CON than other treatments, there was not significantly difference among the treatments(P>0.05). Cholesterol of loin was higher in CON than supplementation GB treatments However, there was not affected by dietary GB(P>0.05). The result also suggest dietary supplementation of germanium biotite in finishing pigs was an effective means for improving cholesterol in plasma and for decreasing cholesterol in meat.
2) Evaluation of Germanium biotite as a substitute for antibiotics in growing pig diets
This study was conducted to investigate the effect of germanium biotite(GB) as a substitute for antibiotics in growing pigs. A total of one hundred twenty pigs (initial body weight 18.35±0.15kg) were used in a 28 d growth assay. The four treatments were NC (basal diet without antibiotics), PC(basal diet with 200ppm CTC), NCGB(NC diet + 0.5% 200mesh germanium biotite) and PCGB(PC diet + 0.5% 200mesh germanium biotite). Each treatment had six eplicates with five pigs per replicate. Through the entire experimental period, average daily gain(ADG) tended to increase in addition germanium biotite treatments. However, there were not significant differences(P<0.11) among the treatments. ADFI was not sgnificantly differences among the treatments(P<0.55). Gain/feed was lower in NC treatment compared to other treatments(P<0.05). N digestibility was significantly differences in dietary germanium biotite supplementation compared to NC and PC(P<0.05). Ca digestibility was higher in PCGB than other treatments(P<0.04). RBC component was higher in pigs fed germanium biotite(NCGB and PCGB) than in pigs not fed germanium biotite(NC and PC)(P<0.07). Also, lymphocyte contents were higher in NCGB and PCGB than NC and PC(P<0.10). In conclusion, supplementation of germanium biotite in diet have possibility as alternative substances of antibiotics in the diet of growing pigs.

목차 Contents

• 제출문 ... 1
• 요약문 ... 2
• SUMMARY ... 12
• CONTENTS ... 22
• 목 차 ... 26
• 제 1 장 서론 ... 29
• 제 1 절 연구개발의 필요성 ... 29
• 제 2 절 연구의 목적 ... 41
• 제 2 장 왕암게르마늄흑운모에 관한 기초 조사 및 안전성 평가 ... 46
• 2. 1. 마우스에 있어 게르마늄흑운모의 첨가가 성장 및 혈액내 ALT, AST에 미치는 영향 ... 46
• 가. 서론 ... 46
• 나. 재료 및 방법 ... 46
• 다. 결과 및 고찰 ... 48
• 라. 요약 ... 51
• 마. 참고문헌 ... 51
• 2. 2. 육계에 대한 왕암 게르마늄 흑운모의 첨가 효과 ... 53
• 서론 ... 53
• 재료 및 방법 ... 53
• 결과 및 고찰 ... 56
• 라. 요약 ... 59
• 마. 참고문헌 ... 60
• 제 3 장 왕암게르마늄흑운모의 첨가효과 구명 ... 64
• 3. 1. 자돈에 대한 왕암게르마늄흑운모의 입자도 효과 ... 64
• 가. 서론 ... 64
• 나. 재료 및 방법 ... 65
• 다. 결과 및 고찰 ... 67
• 라. 요약 ... 69
• 마. 참고문헌 ... 70
• 3. 2. 육성돈에 대한 왕암 게르마늄 흑운모의 입자도 효과 ... 72
• 가. 서론 ... 72
• 나. 재료 및 방법 ... 72
• 다. 결과 및 고찰 ... 74
• 라. 요약 ... 77
• 마. 참고문헌 ... 77
• 제 4 장 왕암 게르마늄 흑운모를 이용한 사료첨가제의 개발 및 산업화(1) ... 79
• 4. 1. 산란계에 대한 왕암게르마늄흑운모의 첨가효과 ... 79
• 가. 서론 ... 79
• 나. 재료 및 방법 ... 79
• 다. 결과 및 고찰 ... 82
• 라. 요약 ... 88
• 마. 참고문헌 ... 89
• 4. 2. 산란계에 있어 단백질 수준에 따른 왕암게르마늄흑운모의 첨가효과 ... 91
• 가. 서론 ... 91
• 나. 재료 및 방법 ... 92
• 다. 결과 및 고찰 ... 94
• 라. 요약 ... 97
• 마. 참고문헌 ... 98
• 제 5 장 왕암 게르마늄 흑운모를 이용한 환경친화성 효과 구명 ... 100
• 5. 1. 비육돈에 대한 왕암게르마늄흑운모 첨가효과 ... 100
• 가. 서론 ... 100
• 나. 재료 및 방법 ... 101
• 다. 결과 및 고찰 ... 103
• 라. 요약 ... 106
• 마. 참고문헌 ... 107
• 5. 2. 비육돈에 있어 단백질 수준에 따른 왕암게르마늄흑운모의 첨가효과 ... 109
• 가. 서론 ... 109
• 나. 재료 및 방법 ... 109
• 다. 결과 및 고찰 ... 112
• 라. 요약 ... 114
• 마. 참고문헌 ... 115
• 제 6 장 왕암 게르마늄 흑운모를 이용한 사료첨가제의 산업화(2) ... 117
• 6. 1. 육용계 있어 저 콜레스테롤 계육을 생산하기 위한 왕암 게르마늄흑운모의 효과 ... 117
• 가. 서론 ... 117
• 나. 재료 및 방법 ... 118
• 다. 결과 및 고찰 ... 120
• 라. 요약 ... 124
• 마. 참고문헌 ... 124
• 6. 2. 산란계 있어 저 콜레스테롤 계란을 생산하기 위한 왕암 게르마늄 흑운모의 효과 ... 127
• 가. 서론 ... 127
• 나. 재료 및 방법 ... 128
• 다. 결과 및 고찰 ... 131
• 라. 요약 ... 134
• 마. 참고문헌 ... 134
• 제 7 장 왕암 게르마늄 흑운모를 이용한 축산생산물 및 환경친화성 사료개발 ... 136
• 7. 1. 비육돈에 있어 저 콜레스테롤 돈육을 생산하기 위한 왕암게르마늄흑운모의 효과 ... 136
• 가. 서론 ... 136
• 나. 재료 및 방법 ... 137
• 다. 결과 및 고찰 ... 139
• 라. 요약 ... 143
• 마. 참고문헌 ... 144
• 7. 2. 육성돈에 대한 왕암 게르마늄 흑운모의 항생제 대체 효과 ... 147
• 가. 서론 ... 147
• 나. 재료 및 방법 ... 147
• 다. 결과 및 고찰 ... 149
• 라. 요약 ... 152
• 마. 참고문헌 ... 153
• 끝페이지 ... 154