초록 ▼

○ 연구결과
- 살충효과가 우수하고 많은 작물과 해충에 등록되어 있는 에토펜프록스, 알파사이퍼메스린 2종과 진딧물류와 같이 흡즙형 구기를 가지고 있는 해충에 대해 높은 살충활성을 보이는 피리플루퀴나존 총 3종의 살충제가 선발
- 키토산 캐리어에 의해 나노화된 에토펜프록스는 난방제 나방류 해충인 담배거세미나방과 파밤나방 유충에 대해 탁월한 살충활성을 나타내었는데, 처리 후 15일 까지 높은 살충율을 보이며서방형 제형으로서의 특성이 잘 나타남
- 피리플루퀴나존 키토산 용액의 분자량과 농도 차이에 의한 나노타입에 따른 복

○ 연구결과
- 살충효과가 우수하고 많은 작물과 해충에 등록되어 있는 에토펜프록스, 알파사이퍼메스린 2종과 진딧물류와 같이 흡즙형 구기를 가지고 있는 해충에 대해 높은 살충활성을 보이는 피리플루퀴나존 총 3종의 살충제가 선발
- 키토산 캐리어에 의해 나노화된 에토펜프록스는 난방제 나방류 해충인 담배거세미나방과 파밤나방 유충에 대해 탁월한 살충활성을 나타내었는데, 처리 후 15일 까지 높은 살충율을 보이며서방형 제형으로서의 특성이 잘 나타남
- 피리플루퀴나존 키토산 용액의 분자량과 농도 차이에 의한 나노타입에 따른 복숭아혹진딧물의 약효지속효과와 살충효과를 조사한 결과, CS 30,000 0.1% 나노타입에서 초기 살충율이 낮게 나타났으나, 처리 후 16일차에서는 살충율이 70% 이상 유지됨을 확인하여 효과 입증
- 피리플루퀴나존 키토산 용액 CS 3,000 0.3% 나노타입 100ppm 생물실험 결과, 진딧물 살충율이 22일째에서 가장 높게 나타났고, 진딧물의 증가율 또한 매우 낮게 나타나 효과 검증
- 은 나노 용액을 이용한 항균 활성 검정을 하기 위해 Alternaria alternata를 포함하여 27종의 곰팡이 균주와, Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis를 포함하여 9가지 세균 균주를 가지고 바이오 플러스(주)에서 제공된 은 나노 용액인 WA-CV-WA13B, WA-AT-WB13R과 WA-PR-WB13R용액을 사용하여, 10ppm, 25ppm, 50ppm, 100ppm 농도로 은 나노 용액을 제조하여 실험한 결과, 곰팡이의 경우 모든 배지에서 균주들이 10ppm부터 억제 효과를 나타났으며, 대부분의 균주가 100ppm에서는 높은 생장 억제 효과 나타냄
- TEM 관찰 결과, 세포막에 은 나노 입자가 밀집되어 있으며 미생물의 세포막을 크게 손상시킨 것으로 관찰됨.
- 은나노 용액을 활용한 파 뿌리 썩음병 방제효과 검정 기내 및 포장 실험 결과, 기내 실험에서 7ppm부터 효과가 나타났으며, PDA 배지에서 좋은 억제효과를 나타냄
- 파 재배 포장에 시용한 은 나노 용액의 농도가 증가됨에 따라 파에서 검출된 은의 농도가 감소한 점으로 보아 은 나노 용액 시용 농도와 은의 검출과는 반비례하는 관계에 있는 것으로 추정됨.
- 은나노 용액인 WA-PR-WB13R 용액이 고추 탄저병에 대하여 발병 전 처리를 통해 병해발생 억제 효과를 거둘 수 있을 것으로 판단
- 키토산 코팅 살균제를 이용하여 고추 탄저병 병원균을 대상으로 Controlled release가 가능한 작물 보호제를 선발 할 수 있는지 여부를 확인하기 위한 포장시험의 경우, 고살균제인 Tebuconazole을 각각 3,000Da, 30,000Da의 chitosan으로 코팅하여 고추탄저병 발병 초에 포장에서 1-3회 처리하여 발병률을 관찰한 결과, 30,000Da의 Tebuconazole을 1,000배 희석하여 3회 처리하였을 때 가장 좋은 효과를 확인함.
- 은나노 용액을 처리한 토마토 잎의 RNA분석을 통해 은나노 처리가 식물체의 유전자 발현에 미치는 영향 조사한 결과, 토마토의 항산화관련 유전자와 병원균 관련 유전자들은 은나노에 영향을 받지 않고 모두 정상적으로 발현하는 것을 확인함.
- 나노 코팅한 Difenoconazole 처리가 오이흰가루(powdery mildew)병의 균사 및 포자의 생육억제 기작을 구명하기 위한 연구에서 오이흰가루(powdery mildew)병 병원균을 대상으로 균사 및 포자에 나노 코팅한 Difenoconazole을 처리하여 SEM으로 관찰한 결과, 코팅한 Difenoconazole을 30,000Da의 1,500배 희석 처리한 결과 처리 3일 후부터 포자와 균사 모두 급격하게 사멸하는 것을 관찰
- 나노 코팅한 Tebuconazole의 고추탄저병 병원균 방제 기작 연구 결과, 코팅한 Tebuconazole을 30,000Da의 1,500배 희석 처리한 결과 처리 5일 후부터 균사가 급격하게 사멸하는 것을 관찰됨
- 은나노 용액의 고추탄저병 병원균 방제기작을 연구하기 위해 은나노 용액을 농도별로 처리한 후 SEM으로 관찰 한 결과, 50ppm의 nano-silver 용액을 처리한 Colletotrichum gloeosporioides 균사의 생장억제 또한 처리 5일 후에 미미한 효과를 보이다가 시간이 경과 할수록 10일, 15일이 경과 할수록 억제효과를 보였다. 100ppm의 경우 역시 처리 5일 후부터 균사가 말라 가는 것을 확인함.

Abstract ▼

1. In order to select of suitable insecticides and target insect pests for nano formulation, laboratory bioassay tests were carried out with 8 pest insects pests such as Spodoptera exigua, Spodoptera litura, Myzus persicae, Aphis gossypii, Riptortus clavatus, Trialeurodes vaporariorum, and Franklini

1. In order to select of suitable insecticides and target insect pests for nano formulation, laboratory bioassay tests were carried out with 8 pest insects pests such as Spodoptera exigua, Spodoptera litura, Myzus persicae, Aphis gossypii, Riptortus clavatus, Trialeurodes vaporariorum, and Frankliniella occidentalis. In this result, etofenprox and α-cypermethrin which were registrated for controlling many pests in various crops and pyrifluquinazon showed the excellent insecticidal effect on piercing sucking insects such as aphids were selected. Each three insecticides were tested in insecticidal effect against target pests.
2. Etofenprox nano type with chitosan carrier showed excellent insecicidal activities by 15 days after treatment of nano formulation. Especially, there was significant difference in insecticidal effects of nano formulation according to the chitosan carrier type. Among them, chitosan molecular weight 30.000 Da 0.1% nano type showed high mortality after 15 days of treatment. That means this chitosan carrier nano type was suitable for controlled release formulation.
3. Nano formulation etofenprox didn't show immediately insecticidal effects against M. domestica, F. occidentalis, R. clavatus, and T. vaporariorum after treatment so that there was no different between nano and non nano type formulation in initial mortality and persistence with the passage of time after treatment. Therefore, it was impossible to confirm controlled release effects
4. As a result of investigation of insecticidal activity of α-cypermethrin nano formulation, there was no difference between nano types by 4 days after treatment. However, after 14 days of treatment, the population increasing rate of chitosan M.W. 30,000 0.1% treatment population was -0.037 that was lower than that of population with chitosan M.W. 3,000 0.3% treatment. Therefore, it was not confirmed insecticidal effect of α-cypermethrin nano formulation against M. persicae.
5. We investigate time-release feature and mortality effect on Myzus persicae using different pyrifluquinazon nano type. Pyrifluquinazon was formulated with different molecular weight and density of used chitosan(CS 30,000 0.1% and CS 3,000 0.3%). In the CS 30,000 0.1%, the mortality was weakly occurred at early time, but steadily increased after 4 days. Finally, we confirmed more than 70% mortality as a peak at 16 days. In CS 3,000 0.3%, the mortality showed about 70% until 18 days as a effective controlled release.
6. We examine time-release feature and feature and mortality effect on M. persicae according to the different pyrifluquinazo nano type of concentrations. The CS 30,000 0.1% bioassay results of different concentration were showed that the highest concentration (100ppm) was measured better mortality than other concentration at 0 day, but cannot confirm different effect about dissimilar concentration. However, increasing rates of M. persicae were low as treatment concentrate was high. In CS 3,000 0.3% 100ppm concentration bioassay result, aphid mortality reached peak at 22 days and increasing rate also low.
7. The objectives of our part are development of nano-pesticides, selection of the matters to use nano-pesticides and the review of the possibilities of their application using nano-technology in agricultural fields. From these basic purposes we can produce amphiphilic biopolymers and self-controlled nano-carriers and use them to deliver functional materials and these carriers were developed for their many beneficial properties that can overcome limitations such as a short half-life of the core materials, and can help ensure site-dependant targeted delivery and efficient administration of unstable compounds or compounds with low solubility in the used solvent. For these reasons, diverse delivery systems will be developed.
8. The increase in the demand for food resulting from the increase in population brought in successful mass-production of food. However, the abuse and misuse of chemical pesticides have not only resulted in direct harms to both humans and animals, but also the damages to the environment regarding resistance of microorganisms and destruction of ecosystem. Such problems from remnants of pesticides in our environment have arisen as an important social problem.
9. In this work, the nano carrier systems prepared by the ionic interaction between liposomes (containing mainly phosphatidylcholine, other phospholipids and some fatty acids) and chitosan were obtained by the addition of a chitosan-containing solution into the solution containing prepared liposomes and by self-organizing interaction of the positively charged polysaccharide in presence of negative lipid material. The size distribution and surface properties of prepared nano carrier systems were investigated and the encapsulation efficiency and release profile were measured by gas chromatography. The aim of this work was to investigate the influence of diverse parameters on the physicochemical properties and release profile of resulting delivery systems.
10. Antagonistic effect of nano-silver was tested against 29 and 10 plant pathogenic fungi and bacteria, respectively under different . Among these plant pathogens, 5 plant pathogenic fungi was selected and tested further for their susceptibility to nano-silver at lower concentrations. Also, antagonistic effect of nano-silver was tested against obligate pathogen powdery mildew of cucumber and pumpkin in the field. Three different formular WA-CV-WA13B, WA-AT-WB13R and WA-PR-WB13R were provided from Bioplus Co. and used for in vitro tests and field tests. As a result of in vitro tests, most fungi tested showed growth inhibition at concentration of 10ppm or higher in some media. Most of the fungi tested showed strong mycelial growth inhibition at concentration of 100ppm or higher with 3 tested nano-silver. Further, among the fungi tested, five fungi such as Monosporascus cannonballus, Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotinia minor, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Stemphylium solani showed strong growth inhibition at lower concentrations. These five selected fungi showed strong mycelial growth inhibition at 3, 5, or 7ppm. Sclerotial growth inhibition tests with these selected five fungi showed strong sclerotial growth inhibition at 3, 5, or 7ppm, too. Combination tests of 3 different nano-silver showed the same results for mycelial and sclerotial growth inhibition. In later tests with Sclerotium cepivorum , three different nano-silver tested in single treatment or combination treatment showed very strong mycelial and sclerotial growth inhibition both at low and high concentrations. In vito tests with bacteria, single treatment or combination treatment of 3 different nano-silver showed strong growth inhibition from 10ppm and complete growth inhibition of bacteria at concentration of 25ppm or higher.
11. In order to find out the mechanism of antagonism, fungal and bacterial cells were observed with TEM. As a result, aggregation of nano-silver particles along the fungal and bacterial cell walls were observed. In some cases, nano-silver particles were aggregated highly on the damaged cell walls. Also, SEM was used for the observation of effects of nano-silver on the fungal growth under different concentrations and exposure periods. As a result, low concentration of 7ppm damaged the fungal cell walls one day after the treatment. As the exposure period lasted longer, further damages on the fungal cell walls were observed. Five days or longer exposure after the treatment resulted in the death of myclia. In a test to determine the dose of damage effects of nao-silver on plants, we used various concentrations of three different nano-silver. As a result, no damage effects of nao-silver on plants were detected under 100ppm or lower.
However, damage effects of nao-silver on plants were observed at more than 100ppm or higher, and small dark brown speck formation and discoloration of leaves and stems were observed at 200ppm or higher concentration.
12. In vitro tests with S. cepivorum, a pathogen of spring green onion stem and root rots, showed growth inhibition of nano-silver at 7ppm or higher concentrations. In field tests, fresh and dry weight of the spring green onion increased with the nano-silver treatment compared to non-treated control. Also, with the treatment of nano-silver, symptoms of stem and root rots diminished and the population of S. cepivorum decreased compared to the population of other soil fungi and bacteria.
13. In an analysis of soil planted with spring green onion and treated with nano-silver, there were not much of differences in values of chemical indicators such as soil pH, EC, P₂O₅ content, percentages of organic compounds and T-N, K, Ca, Mg, and Na exchange cation, and CEC compared to those of control. Soil samples collected two months after the treatment also showed similar results. These results showed the safety and stability of nano-silver material. In experiments to re-isolate the nano-silver from spring green onion cultivated in nano-silver treated soil, different amounts of nano-silver were re-isolated depending upon the concentration of nano-silver treated.
14. Nano-silver materials have been used in agricultural fields due to their biocide characteristics. However, there is still a lack of information is available for the effect of nano-silver materials on soil when it is applied in field. Therefore, the main purpose of this research was i) evaluating physicochemical properties of soil after nano-silver materials are applied in field, ii) determining sorption characteristics of nano-silver materials in soil to examine environmental impact assessment (EIA), and iii) proposing guideline to use nano-silver materials for agricultural practices. Results of soil quality analysis showed that nano-silver materials have little impact on chemical properties of soil after it was applied in field. Soil pH and EC were fairly constant at 6.6 - 6.9, and 150 - 600 μS cm-1 respectively depending on soil texture for 2 months of experimental period. Also, concentration of organic matter and available-P was slightly decreased after 1 month of nano-silver application but the difference between initial and final concentration was minimal. In order to determine minimum data set (MDS) for obtaining soil quality indicators, total of 16 variables including soil respiration and potentially mineralizable N were measured for 1 month after nano-silver application.
Our result showed that pH, EC, exchangeable Ca, Al, and soil respiration were mostly affecting variables on the soil quality after nano-silver material was applied in soil.
Sorption characteristic of nano-silver in soil was generally followed multiple first order kinetic model indicating that initial fast sorption was occurred and gradually decreased afterward. Depending on soil texture, rate constant was increased in order of SC(0.0348~0.0660 h^-1) > C(0.0141~0.0183 h^-1) > SL(0.0020~0.0029 h^-1). In addition, rate constant of nano-silver in soil was increased as clay content and temperature were increased. Since fertilizer is co-applied when nano-silver materials are used in agricultural practice, batch experiment was conducted to examine whether biocide characteristics of nano-silver is decreased due to precipitation of nano-silver materials in soil. After nano-silver and KCl as ingredients of potassium fertilizer were co-applied, measured concentration of Ag and Cl^- in soil was decreased compared to control indicating that precipitation was occurred in soil. Also, the result of biocide experiment showed that number of bacteria and fungi were increased at 1 week after experiment.
From this result, potassium fertilizer can affect biocide characteristic of nano-silver in soil and the amount of nano-silver applied in field should be considered when fertilizer is co-applied with nano-silver materials. Overall, impact of nano-silver materials on soil quality should be considered to minimize adverse effect of nano-silver materials in environment and our result can be used to utilize nano-silver materials for field application.
15. In a greenhouse experiment to compare the control effects of nano-silver and kitosan against spring green onion stem and root rots, kitosan showed control effect from 1,000ppm or higher concentrations and nano-silver WA-PR-WB13R showed control effect from 50ppm or higher concentrations. These results indicated the nano-silver is effective at lower concentrations compare to that of chitosan.
16. In 2008 field control experiments of nano-silver against anthracnose disease of pepper, pre-infection treatment of Nanover^TM WA-PR-WB13R(3-4 weeks before the outbreak ofthe diseases) showed infection rate of 13.41, 20.55, 9.71, and 16.66% at 10, 30, 50, and 100ppm as compared to 84.13, 35.39 and 24.61% with control, nano-silver from D company, and Fenari treatment, respectively. Post-infection treatment of Nanover^TM WA-PR-WB13R showed infection rate of 50.32, 36.48, 67.56 and 54.63% at 10, 30, 50, and 100ppm as compared to 84.13, 72.14 and 63.15% with control, nano-silver from D company, and Fenari treatment, respectively. These results showed that the pre-treatment of Nanover^TM WA-PR-WB13R at concentration of 50ppm is the most effective for the control of anthracnose disease of pepper. In experiment in 2009, single treatment of Nanover^TM WA-PR-WB13R at 30 ppm, double treatment at 50ppm and three-time treatment at 10ppm showed the lowest infection rate of 16.47, 21.16 and 21.27%, respectively. These results also indicated that pre-treatment of the Nanover^TM WA-PR-WB13R at different concentrations under different application numbers would be necessary for the effective control of the anthracnose disease of pepper.
17. In experiments for the selection of control-release fungicides, we tested uncoated and kitosan-coated Tebuconazole on Colletotrichum gloeosporioides in field tests. 1,000 dilution of 3,000 and 30,000Da kitosan-coated Tebuconazole were treated once, twice and three times in the field and compared the infection rate of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. As a results, control showed infection rate of 42.82%. In 1,000 dilution treatment of 3,000Da kitosan-coated Tebuconazole, single treatment showed infection rate of 34.81%, double treatment showed 53.92%, and three-time treatment showed 39.91%. In 1,500 dilution treatment of 3,000Da kitosan-coated Tebuconazole, single treatment showed infection rate of 37.18%, double treatment showed 51.73%, and three-time treatment showed 31.11%.
In 1,000 dilution treatment of 30,000Da kitosan-coated Tebuconazole, single treatment showed infection rate of 33.77%, double treatment showed 56.94%, and three-time treatment showed 29.80%. In 1,500 dilution treatment of 30,000Da kitosan-coated Tebuconazole, single treatment showed infection rate of 39.97%, double treatment showed 47.93%, and three-time treatment showed 38.89%. These results showed 1,000 dilution of 30,000Da kitosan-coated Tebuconazole was the most effective when it was treated three times.
18. In studies on the effect of nano-silver treatment on the gene expression of treated tomato plants, it was found that anti-oxidant related genes LeSOD2 and LeAPX2 were expressed without regard to the treatment of nan-silver. LeSOD2 and LeAPX2 expressed highly 1 and 3 days, and 1hr, 3hr and 5days after the treatment, respectively.
Pathogenesis-related gene LePR1 was also expressed right after the treatment and diminished 1 day after the treatment before it was expressed strongly and diminished 5 days after the treatment. Even though it requires further studies, these results indicated that anti-oxidant genes and pathogenesis related gene were expressed without regard of the nano-silver treatments.
19. In studies of mechanisms of antagonism of nano-coated Difenoconazole against the powdery mildew of cucumber, it was found that kitosan-coated Difenoconazole was attached on the surfaces of mycelia and spores of powdery mildew after the treatment.
Kitosan-coated Difenoconazole was released as the time goes by, and the fungicidal effects were observed. Treatment of 1,000 dilution of 3,000Da kitosan-coated Difenoconazole resulted in shrinkage and death of mycelia and spores as the exposure days increased. However, one day after the treatment of 1,000 dilution of 30,000Da kitosan-coated Difenoconazole shrinkage and death of mycelia and spores were resulted.
Five days after the treatment of 1,500 dilution of 3,000Da kitosan-coated Difenoconazole, shrinkage and death of mycelia and spores were resulted. In contrast, three days after the treatment of 1,500 dilution of 30,000Da kitosan-coated Difenoconazole, shrinkage and death of mycelia and spores were resulted. These results indicated that molecular weight of the coating material, not the dilution rate, is the major factor for the inhibition of the growth of mycelia and spores.
20. In studies of mechanisms of antagonism of nano-coated Tebuconazole against the anthracnose disease of pepper caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, 1,000 dilution of 3,000Da and 30,000Da kitosan-coated Tebuconazole caused shrinking and eventual death of mycelia three days after the treatment. In contrast, 1,500 dilution of 3,000Da and 30,000Da kitosan-coated Tebuconazole caused shrinking and eventual death of mycelia five days after the treatment. These results indicated that the dilution rate, not the molecular weight of the coating material is the major factor for the inhibition of the growth of mycelia and spores.
21. In studies of mechanisms of antagonism of nano-silver against the anthracnose disease of pepper, nano-silver showed inhibition effects on mycelia and spores of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. As the concentration of nano-silver was increased from 30 to 100ppm, and the time of exposure to nano-silver was increased, the inhibition effect was increased as shown on damaged mycelia and spores under SEM at x300 and x1,000.
The inhibition effects was dramatically increased from day 5 and thereafter through day 15. As the concentration of nano-silver was increased, the time required for the damages were shorten.

목차 Contents

• 표지 ... 1
• 제출문 ... 2
• 요약문 ... 3
• SUMMARY ... 12
• CONTENTS ... 19
• 목 차 ... 24
• 제 1 장 연구개발과제의 개요 ... 29
• 제 1 절 연구개발의 목표 ... 29
• 제 2 절 연구개발의 필요성 ... 32
• 제 3 절 연구개발의 범위 ... 34
• 제 2 장 국내외 개발기술 현황 ... 37
• 제 1 절 기술개발의 중요성 및 국내외 관련기술개발 현황 ... 37
• 제 2 절 연구개발 대상 기술의 국내·외 현황 ... 38
• 제 3 장 연구개발 수행 내용 및 결과 ... 40
• 제 1 절 나노-바이오 기술을 활용한 친환경 살충제의 개발 ... 40
• 1. 나노제형(Cotrolled Release)에 적용가능한 살충제 및 해충 선발 ... 40
• 가. 나방류 해충방제에 적합한 살충제 선발 ... 40
• (1) 파밤나방 방제에 효과적인 살충제의 선발 ... 40
• 나. 톱다리개미허리노린재에 대한 나노제형의 효과검정을 통한 살충제 선발 ... 50
• 다. 복숭아혹진딧물과 목화진딧물에 대한 나노제형의 효과검정을 통한 살충제 선발 ... 51
• 라. 온실가루이에 대한 나노제형의 효과검정을 통한 살충제 선발 ... 54
• 2. 선발된 살충제별 나노제형에 따른 해충별 살충효과 ... 56
• 가. etofenprox 나노제형에 따른 방제대상 해충에 대한 살충효과 ... 56
• (1) 나방류 해충에 대한 살충효과 ... 56
• (2) 진딧물류 해충에 대한 살충효과 ... 66
• (3) 기타 해충에 대한 살충효과 ... 69
• 나. α-cypermethrin의 나노제형에 따른 방제대상 해충에 대한 살충효과 ... 72
• (1) α-cypermethrin Nano type 1 (chitosan M.W 3,000, 0.3%)과 Nano type 2 (Chitosam M.W 30,000, 0.3%)의 목화진딧물에 대한 살충효과 및 약효 지속 효과 ... 72
• (2) α-cypermethrine Nano type 1 (chitosan M.W 3,000, 0.3%)과 Nano type 2 (Chitosam M.W 30,000, 0.3%)의 복숭아혹진딧물에 대한 살충효과 및 약효 지속 효과 ... 74
• (3) α-cypermethrin 나노타입(chitosan M.W 3,000과 30,000)에 따른 식물체 표면과 복숭아 혹진딧물 충체표면의 부착정도를 확인하기 위한 SEM관찰 ... 75
• 다. pyrifluquinazon의 나노제형에 따른 진딧물류 해충에 대한 살충효과 ... 79
• (1) 나노타입(CS 30,000 0.1%와 CS 3,000 0.3%)에 따른 복숭아혹진딧물의 살충효과 및 약효지속효과 ... 79
• (2) 나노타입(CS 30,000 0.1%와 CS 3,000 0.3%)별 농도에 따른 복숭아혹진딧물의 살충효과 및 약효지속효과 ... 81
• 제 2 절 나노케리어를 이용한 농약의 용출제어 및 세포 표면 전달 ... 85
• 1. Nano-carrier의 size control ... 86
• 2. Nano-carrier system의 표면전하분석 ... 90
• 3. Nano carrier system의 encapsulation efficiency 분석 ... 93
• 4. Nano carrier system의 안정성 시험 ... 96
• 5. Nano carrier system의 형태학적인 분석 ... 97
• 6. Nano carrier system의 방출거동분석 ... 99
• 제 3 절 나노-바이오 기술을 활용한 친환경 살균제의 개발 ... 115
• 1. 서론 ... 115
• 2. 재료 및 방법 ... 116
• 가. 실험 재료 ... 116
• (1) Nano-silver 용액 ... 116
• (2) 공시균주 및 배양배지 ... 116
• 나. 실험방법 ... 119
• (1) 항균 활성 검정 in vitro 실험 ... 119
• (2) 은 나노 용액 단독 처리 시 선발된 곰팡이의 생장억제 검정 ... 120
• (3) 은나노용액혼합처리시선발된 곰팡이의 생장억제 검정 ... 120
• (4) 투과전자현미경(TEM) 관찰 ... 120
• (5) 주사현미경(SEM)관찰 ... 121
• (6) 은나노용액약해 실험 ... 121
• (7) 파 흑색썩음균핵병 병원균에 대한 은 나노 용액 효과 실험 ... 121
• (8) 은 나노 용액을 처리한 파 재배 토양의 미생물 관찰과 토양성분 분석 ... 121
• (9) 은 나노 용액을 처리한 포장에서 수확한 파로부터 은의 검출 분석 ... 122
• (10) 시설재배지 토양의 은 나노 용액 처리 시기별 토양분석 ... 122
• (11) 은나노 용액과 키토산의 파흑색썩음균핵병에 대한 방제효과 비교 ... 123
• (12) 고추탄저병 방제 포장시험 ... 123
• (13) Controlled release가 가능한 살균제 선발 시험 ... 124
• (14) 은나노 처리가 식물체의 유전자 발현에 미치는 영향 조사 ... 125
• (15) 나노 코팅한 Difenoconazole의 오이흰가루병 방제 기작 연구 ... 125
• (16) 나노 코팅한 Tebuconazole의 고추탄저병 병원균 방제 기작 연구 ... 126
• (17) 은나노 용액의 고추탄저병 병원균 방제기작 연구 ... 126
• 3. 결과 및 고찰 ... 127
• (1) 항균활성 검정 in vitro 실험 ... 127
• (2) 은 나노 용액 단독 처리 시 선발된 곰팡이의 생장 억제 검정 ... 140
• (3) 은 나노 용액 혼합 처리 시 선발된 곰팡이의 생장 억제 검정 ... 156
• (4) 투과 전자 현미경(TEM) 관찰 ... 170
• (5) 주사 현미경(SEM) 관찰 ... 171
• (6) 은 나노 용액 약해실험 ... 172
• (7) 파 흑색썩음균핵병 병원균에 대한 은 나노 용액 활성 실험 ... 172
• (8) 은 나노 용액을 처리한 파 재배 토양의 미생물 관찰 및 토양 성분 분석 ... 182
• (9) 은 나노 용액을 처리한 포장에서 수확한 파로부터 은의 검출 분석 ... 184
• (10) 시설재배지 토양의 은 나노 용액 처리 시기별 토양분석 ... 185
• (11) 은 나노 용액과 키토산의 파 흑색썩음균핵병에 대한 방제효과 비교 ... 189
• (12) 고추탄저병 방제 포장시험 ... 190
• (13) Controlled release가 가능한 살균제 선발 시험 ... 192
• (14) 은나노 처리가 식물체의 유전자 발현에 미치는 영향 조사(은나노 용액을 처리한 토마토 잎의 RNA분석) ... 193
• (15) 나노 코팅한 Difenoconazole의 오이흰가루병 방제 기작 연구 ... 194
• (16) 나노 코팅한 Tebuconazole의 고추탄저병 병원균 방제 기작 연구 ... 203
• (17) 은나노 용액의 고추탄저병 병원균 방제기작 연구 ... 207
• 제 4 장 목표달성도 및 관련분야에의 기여도 ... 209
• 제 1 절 연도별 연구목표 및 평가착안점에 입각한 연구개발목표 달성도 ... 209
• 제 2 절 관련분야의 기술발전에의 기여도 ... 213
• 제 5 장 연구개발 성과 및 성과활용 계획 ... 214
• 제 1 절 연구개발결과의 성과 및 활용목표 대비실적 ... 214
• 1. 연구성과 목표 ... 214
• 2. 연구성과 활용 목표 ... 214
• 3. 논문게재 성과 ... 215
• 4. 특허 성과 ... 217
• 5. 기술료 징수 현황 ... 217
• 6. 인력활용/양성 성과 ... 217
• 7. 경제사회 파급효과 ... 217
• 제 6 장 연구개발과정에서 수집한 해외과학기술정보 ... 218
• 제 7 장 참 고 문 헌 ... 219
• 끝페이지 ... 224