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Kafe 바로가기주관연구기관 | 전라남도농업기술원 |
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보고서유형 | 최종보고서 |
발행국가 | 대한민국 |
언어 | 한국어 |
발행년월 | 2015-02 |
주관부처 | 농촌진흥청 Rural Development Administration(RDA) |
등록번호 | TRKO201500010274 |
DB 구축일자 | 2015-07-11 |
키워드 | plant extracts.organic farming.rice.persimmon.cucumber.safety.toxicity.olletotrichum coccodes.emulsifiers.Nilaparvata lugens.powdery mildew.Pyricularia oryzae.Tetranychus urticae.. |
Ⅳ. 연구개발결과
유기재배농가에서 식물을 이용하여 병해충 방제를 추진하여 오고 있는데 이것은 식물이 가지고 있는 병해충 등 주위 환경으로 부터 생존하기 위해 자체내에서 생성하는 물질을 이용하는 것으로 알카로이드, 페놀, 테르펜, 글리코시드화합물 등이 있습니다.
민간에서 활용하고 있는 식물을 이용하여 도열병, 벼멸구, 애멸구, 감나무 탄저병, 점박이응애, 배나무 배나무이, 오이 흰가루병, 쌈채 배추좀나방, 목화진딧물을 방제할 수 있었다. 또한 식물추출물은 농가에서 안전하게 사용할 수 있으며 5일~7일 간격으로 최소 3회 이
Ⅳ. 연구개발결과
유기재배농가에서 식물을 이용하여 병해충 방제를 추진하여 오고 있는데 이것은 식물이 가지고 있는 병해충 등 주위 환경으로 부터 생존하기 위해 자체내에서 생성하는 물질을 이용하는 것으로 알카로이드, 페놀, 테르펜, 글리코시드화합물 등이 있습니다.
민간에서 활용하고 있는 식물을 이용하여 도열병, 벼멸구, 애멸구, 감나무 탄저병, 점박이응애, 배나무 배나무이, 오이 흰가루병, 쌈채 배추좀나방, 목화진딧물을 방제할 수 있었다. 또한 식물추출물은 농가에서 안전하게 사용할 수 있으며 5일~7일 간격으로 최소 3회 이상 살포하는 것이 효과적이라는 결론을 얻을 수 있었다.
그러나 식물이 가지고 있는 이러한 물질 종류가 무엇인지, 병해충에 얼마나 방어 효과를 가지고 있는지 등에 대한 자료가 많이 부족한 상태로 활용되어 오고 있어, 본 연구결과를 바탕으로 유기재배농가에서 사용하고 있는 식물추출물과 방제 가능성이 있는 식물의 주요 성분과 이들 식물을 이용한 방제 효과를 쉽게 알아볼 수 있게 책자를 발간하였다.
Plant extracts were collected from 16 farmers include Suncheon, Boseong, Haenam etc. Plantㄴ were extracted with alcohol, rice vinegar, and microbial fermentation except carbide-based in Gurye. The major pests were bacterial blight, bakanae disease, and plant hoppers in organic rice which sprayed 5.6
Plant extracts were collected from 16 farmers include Suncheon, Boseong, Haenam etc. Plantㄴ were extracted with alcohol, rice vinegar, and microbial fermentation except carbide-based in Gurye. The major pests were bacterial blight, bakanae disease, and plant hoppers in organic rice which sprayed 5.6 times. In pear field, organic farmers sprayed horticultural oil in early season and sex pheromone, plant extracts, sulfur, and marketed environmental friendly materials in late season which 13~20 times. The major pest was beetle and Choruthucha sp. In persimmon and grape field, major pest was anthracnose, persimmon fruit worm and phomopsis blight, powdery mildew, small plant hopper, respectively. Pharanthrene regalis, Xylotrechus chinensis, and hawkmoth should be manage in grape fruit on Gyeongbuk area.
Organic farmers also sprayed to control disease and insect pest 10~18 times and 6~8 times in cucumber and leafy vegetables, respectively, which damaged downy mildew, powdery mildew, aphids, diamond backmoth, and especially snails in leaf vegetables.
Extract of cassisa bark, Angelica sinensis, Phytolacca esculenta, Acontium ciliare, ginko leaf was high mortality in brown planthopper. That of mugwort, cassisa bark, cucumin, china mulberry mixture was over 80% in smaller brown plant hopper. These extract shoul be mix with natural emulsifier. In pear fields, garlic, root of Pulsatilla koreana, Styrax japonicus. ginko leaf could use plant protection agents. Aphids in cucumber also manage using Phytolacca esculenta, Commiphora myrrha, and garlic.
Tetranychus urticae was selected Styrax japonicus, ginko leaf, Cirsium japonicum var. maackii, Rumex crispus, Diamond backmoth spray extracts of cucumin, Nerium oleander, Coptis japonica in 3 times with 5 day intervals.
Component of plant surveyed during 3 years, which 212 plants and linked and data base in http://www.jares.go.kr/eco/sub05/03/index2.html?page=3&expand=43.
For manage of brown plant hopper, when ginko leaf, china mulberry mixture, silicic acid extract sprayed on 1 times, the mortality was 53.5%. On 3 times of 7 says intervals, mortality was 93.3%. It suggested that these materials should spray 300-folds and 140 liter/10a in rice paddy fields. White fly and aphids could suppress the density with low level by 3 times of 5 days intervals spray but not control by 2 times.
Currently, agricultural organic materials for controlling diseases and insects in organically produced crops have not been as effective as conventional methods (pesticides) and a number of the agricultural organic materials used are still needed to determine controlling effects on crop diseases and insects. The objective of this research was to determine controlling effects on rice blast (Pyricularia oryzae) and brown plant hopper (Nilaparvata lugens) in rice plants and anthracnose (Colletotrichum coccodes) and two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae) in persimmon trees and powdery mildew in cucumber plants by using plant extracts from different extraction methods (water, boiling water, fermentation, and ethanol) from various plant parts (leaves, stems, fruits, and roots) in 48 species from 28 families. The plant species used in this study were selected after considering potential controlling effects on crop diseases and insects by a literature investigation and a question investigation of the farm. Controlling effects on the above diseases and insects were also determined by using various emulsifiers.
Effect of plant extracts and emulsifiers on control of rice blast (Pyricularia oryzae) and brown plant hopper. Rice blast was completely suppressed by 3% boiling extracts in Rheum palmatum roots, Camellia spp stems, Pittosporum tobira leaves, and Styrax japonica leaves among 20 plant species from 11 families in the laboratory test.
Additionally, in a seedling test rice injury against rice blast was reduced 77%, 62%, and 69% by 3% boiling extracts in Camellia spp stems, Pittosporum tobira leaves, and Styrax japonica leaves, respectively, compared with non-treated controls. Rice blast was 100% suppressed by 5% loess sulfur or 5% Natural emulsifier-B in a laboratory test. The order of effects on suppression of rice blast is loess sulfur > natural emulsifier-B > powder soap > natural emulsifier-A > brown rice vinegar. Rice leaf injury against rice blast in the rice seedling test was reduced 38∼66%, 51∼66%, 66∼75%, and 43∼63% by natural emulsifier-A (1, 5, 10%), loess sulfur (0.5, 1, 3%), brown rice vinegar (0.5, 3, 5%), and natural emulsifier-B (0.5, 1, 3%), respectively, compared with non-treated controls. Synergistic effects on suppression rates of rice blast by combination applications of plant extracts and emulsifiers in a laboratory test occurred in treatments of loess sulfur (0.05%) + Rheum palmatum (0.5%), loess sulfur (0.05%) + Pittosporum tobira leaves (0.1%), loess sulfur (0.05%) +Camellia spp stems (0.75%), and natural emulsifier-B (0.1%) +Rheum palmatum (0.05%), but other treatments did not show any synergistic effects. Rice leaf injury against rice blast was reduced by 67% by combination treatments of extracts of Camellia spp stems + loess sulfur (0.01%) compared with non-treated controls in an organically produced rice field. Rice growth was not reduced by 0.5-3% Rheum palmatum, Camellia spp, Pittosporum tobira, and Styrax japonica extracts and 0.5-10% natural emulsifier-A, loess sulfur, brown rice vinegar, and natural emulsifier-B.
Brown plant hopper was over 47% controlled by boiling water or fermentation extracts of Polymnia sonchifolia leaves, boiling water extracts of Chrysanthemum zawadskii above ground parts, Angelica gigas roots, and Pittosporum tobira leaves among 26 plant species from 15 families in a green house test. Brown plant hopper was 61% controlled by extract (1%) of Pittosporum tobira leaves + loess sulfur (0.05%) in an organically produced rice field. Thus, the plant extracts and emulsifiers may be used for controlling rice blast and brown plant hopper in organically produced crop fields.
Effect of plant extracts and emulsifiers on control of anthracnose and two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae). Fermentation extracts of Torilis japonica roots and Portulaca oleracea above ground parts, ethanol extracts of Rheum palmatum roots, and Cinnamomum cassia barks among 47 plant species from 27 families were more effective on suppression rate of anthracnose, and anthracnose was over 83% suppressed by 10% of the plant extracts in the laboratory test. Anthracnose was 100% suppressed by 3% brown rice vinegar, 3% powder soap, 5% loess sulfur, and 5% natural emulsifier-B in a laboratory test. The order of effects on suppression of anthracnose is natural emulsifier-B > loess sulfur > powder soap > brown rice vinegar > natural emulsifier-A. Synergistic effects on suppression rate of anthracnose by combination applications of plant extracts and emulsifiers occurred in treatments of natural emulsifier-A (1%) + Torilis japonica (1%), loess sulfur (0.1%) +Torilis japonica (1%), brown rice vinegar (0.1%) +Torilis japonica (1%), brown rice vinegar (0.1%) +Rheum palmatum (1%), powder soap (0.1%) +Portulaca oleracea (1%), brown rice vinegar (0.1%) +Cinnamomum cassia (1%), and powder soap (0.1%) +Cinnamomum cassia (1%), but other treatments did not show any synergistic effects. In the treatment of plant extracts alone, anthracnose was 63% and 51% reduced by 5% fermentation extract of Torilis japonica and 5% ethanol extract of Rheum palmatum, respectively, in an organically produced persimmon tree field. However, in combination treatments of plant extracts and emulsifiers, anthracnose was 79.2%, 67.3%, 62.7% and 55.7% reduced by 5% fermentation extract of Torilis japonica + natural emulsifier-B (1%), 5% fermentation extract of Torilis japonica +loess sulfur (1%), 5% ethanol extract of Rheum palmatum +natural emulsifier-B (1%), and 5% ethanol extract of Rheum palmatum +loess sulfur (1%) compared with non-treated control, respectively, in an organically produced persimmon tree field. Persimmon leaf injuries did not show by treatments of 10% fermentation extract of Torilis japonica, 10% ethanol extract of Rheum palmatum, 5% natural emulsifier-B and 5% loess sulfur.
Boiling water extracts of Chrysanthemum zawadskii, Mentha arvensis, Rehmannia glutinosa, and Coptis japonica among 47 plant species from 28 families were more effective on acaricidal activity of two-spotted spider mite, and two-spotted spider mite was 57-75% controlled by 10% of the plant extracts in a laboratory test.
Two-spotted spider mite was 100% controlled by 5% power soap and was over 88% controlled by 5% loess sulfur or 5% natural emulsifier-B. The order of effects on acaricidal activity of two-spotted spider mite is powder soap > natural emulsifier-B > loess sulfur > natural emulsifier-A > brown rice vinegar. In combination treatments of plant extracts and emulsifiers, acaricidal activity of two-spotted spider mite was higher in combination application of 5% plant extracts (Chrysanthemum zawadskii, Mentha arvensis, Rehmannia glutinosa, and Coptis japonica) and 1 % emulsifiers (natural emulsifier-B, loess sulfur, powder soap) than plant extract applications alone in a laboratory test. In treatment of plant extracts alone, two-spotted spider mite was 60.4% and 44.0% controlled by 5% extracts of Chrysanthemum zawadskii and Rehmannia glutinosa), respectively, in an organically produced persimmon tree fields.
However, in the combination treatments of plant extracts and emulsifiers, two-spotted spider mite was 55.5-77.9% controlled by Chrysanthemum zawadskii extract (5%) +naturalemulsifier-B (1%), Rehmannia glutinosa extract (5%) +natural emulsifier-B (1%), Chrysanthemum zawadskii extract (5%) +powde rsoap(1%), and Rehmannia glutinosa extract (5%) +powder soap (1%) compared with non-treated controls. Persimmon leaf injuries did not show by treatments of 10% ethanol extracts of Chrysanthemum zawadskii and Rehmannia glutinosa, and 5% natural emulsifier-B and powder soap.
Thus, the plant extracts and emulsifiers may be used for controlling anthracnose and two-spotted spider mite in organically produced crop fields.
Effect of plant extracts and emulsifiers on control of powdery mildew(Erysiphe graminis). Ethanol extracts of Eclipta prostrata whole leaves, Xanthium strumarium fruit, and Rheum rhabarbarum roots and boiling extracts of Coptis japonica roots among 47 plant species from 27 families were more effective on suppression rate of powdery mildew, and powdery mildew was over 53% suppressed by 10% of the plant extracts in a greenhouse test. powdery mildew was 100% suppressed by 3% powder soap, 5% loess sulfur), 5% brown rice vinegar, or 10% natural emulsifier-B in a greenhouse test. The order of effects on suppression of powdery mildew is loess sulfur > powder soap > brown rice vinegar > natural emulsifier-B > natural emulsifier-A. In combination treatments of plant extracts and emulsifiers, powdery mildew was over 90% suppressed by loess sulfur (0.5%) + Rheum rhabarbarum (10%), loess sulfur (0.5%) + Coptis japonica (10%), and powder soap (0.5%) + Coptis japonica (10%). However, cucumber leaf injuries did show by treatments of 5% Rheum rhabarbarum and Coptis japonica extracts, and 0.5% powder soap and loess sulfur.
The cucumber leaf injuries were reduced by increasing growth stages (14, 28, and 42 days after seeding) of cucumber plants.
In the treatment of plant extracts alone, powdery mildew was 73-84% reduced by 10% ethanol extracts of Eclipta prostrata, Xanthium strumarium, and Rheum rhabarbarum and 10% boiling extract of Coptis japonica an organically produced cucumber field. However, in combination treatments of plant extracts and emulsifiers, powdery mildew was 98% and 92% reduced by 10% ethanol extract of Rheum rhabarbarum + powder soap (0.5%) and 10% boiling water of Coptis japonica + powder soap (0.5%) compared with non-treated control, respectively, in an organically produced cucumber field. Thus, the plant extracts and emulsifiers may be used for controlling powdery mildew in organically produced crop fields.
Plant extracts have been used as bio-control materials for organic farming in South Korea. However safety evaluation on the plant extract were not properly tested. So the aim of this study was to evaluation safety on cultivating rice, persimmon and cucumber with the extracts from various plants.
First, this study was to evaluate safety of the extracts from Chrysanthemum coccineum, Melia azedarach, Nerium indicum, and Coptis chinensis on cultivating rice.
To investigate the damage to cultivating rice against four plant extracts, we sprayed the 100, 300, 500-fold diluted plant extract on cultivating rice. The damage to rice not detected any diluted plant extracts. And then, plant extracts 300-fold diluted were treated on rice, and residues of C. coccineum, M. azedarach, N. indicum and C. chinensis were determined. The analytes from the rice samples were detected by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The method was validated, and good linearities (r2=0.995-0.998), specificity, and recoveries were obtained. Limits of detection were 0.01 mg/kg for all of the target compounds.
Recoveries were 79.3-118.3% at 0.1 mg/kg and 75.2-111.5% at 0.5mg/kg. The extracts of C. coccineum, M. azedarach, N. indicum and C. chinensis contained pyrethrin, azadirachtin, oleandrin and berberine as an active ingredient, respectively. The residue levels were below 0.0mg/kg for pyrethrin, 0.030 mg/kg for azadirachtin, 0.320 mg/kg for oleandrin and 1.460 mg/kg for berberine. The residue of four active ingredients dramatically decreased after treatment in all fruits, stems and roots of rice.
Safety test of the extracts of C. coccineum, M. azedarach, N. indicum and C. chinensis were carried out as for oral toxicity, dermal toxicity, and fish toxicity to submit to public-announcement list as environment-friendly organic agricultural materials. Fish toxicity was evaluated as III grade, LD50 values in acute oral toxicity and dermal toxicity were determined as below 5,000 and 4000mg/kg, respectively, which indicated the extracts of C. coccineum, M. azedarach, N. indicum and C. chinensis were safe comparing to registration standard value. And these extracts were measured to skin safety testing such as primary skin irritation test, eye irritation test.
The results of the primary skin irritation test and eye irritation test in vitro showed that these extracts included in the nonirritating area.
Second, we tested to evaluation safety of the extracts from Rheum undulatum, Curcuma aromatica, Cinnamomum verum and Ginkgo biloba on cultivating persimmon.
To investigate the damage to persimmon against four plant extracts, we sprayed the 100, 300, 500-fold diluted plant extract on persimmon. The damage to persimmon not detected any diluted plant extracts. And then, plant extracts 300-fold diluted were treated on persimmon, and residues of R. undulatum, C. aromatica, C. verum and G. biloba were determined. The analytes from the persimmon samples were detected by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The method was validated, and good linearities (r2=0.996-0.999), specificity, and recoveries were obtained. Limits of detection were 0.004 mg/kg for all of the target compounds.
Recoveries were 96.10-117.33% at 0.04 mg/kg and 79.87-109.53% at 0.2mg/kg. The extracts of R. undulatum, C. aromatica, C. verum and G. biloba contained emodin, curcumin, t-cinnamic acid and bilobalide as an active ingredient, respectively. The residue levels were below 0.030 mg/kg for emodin, 0.020 mg/kg for cuecumin, 0.010 mg/kg for t-cinnamic acid and 0.010 mg/kg for bilobalide. The residue of four active ingredients significantly decreased after treatment in fruits, leafs of persimmon. To investigate the safety evaluation of ecology, the extracts of R. undulatum, C. aromatica, C. verum and G. biloba were measured to fish toxicity. These results showed these extracts didn’t detect toxicity against fishes.
Third, in cucumber, we investigated the safety of the extracts from Angelica gigas, Cnidium monnieri, Pulsatilla koreana and Lycoris squamigera. We sprayed the 100, 300, 500-fold diluted plant extracts on cucumber. The damage against cucumber wasn’t detected any treated conditions. And then, plant extracts 300-fold diluted were treated on persimmon, and residues of A. gigas, C. monnieri, P. koreana and L. squamigera were determined. The analytes from the cucumber samples were detected by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The method was validated, and good linearities (r2=0.995-0.999), specificity, and recoveries were obtained. Limits of detection were 0.004 mg/kg for all of the target compounds. Recoveries were 82.51-108.44% at 0.04 mg/kg and 85.70-119.41% at 0.2mg/kg. The extracts of A. gigas, C. monnieri, P. koreana and L. squamigera contained decursin, diethyl(2-methylallyl) phosphate, hederagenin and lycorine as an active ingredient, respectively. The residue levels were below 0.200 mg/kg for decursin, 0.0 mg/kg for diethyl(2-methylallyl) phosphate, 0.022 mg/kg for hederagenin and 0.020 mg/kg for lycorine. The residue of four active ingredients significantly decreased after treatment in fruits, leafs of cucumber. In the toxicity test for safety, the extracts of A. gigas, C. monnieri, P. koreana and L. squamigera were classified as the lowest level at acute oral, acute dermal and fish toxicity test. Acute oral administration in mouse of these plant extracts at a dose 5g/kg body weight did not produce any signs of toxicity. Then again, neither did acute dermal test. To investigate the safety evaluation of skin, these extracts were measured to skin safety testing such as primary skin irritation test and eye irritation test. These plant extracts did not induce the irritancy at skin but, the extract of L. squamigera showed a slight irritnacy at eye. This study indicated the extracts of A. gigas, C. monnieri, P. koreana be safe to used as bio-control materials in cucumber. However, the extract of L. squamigera was not appropriate to use as bio-control materials.
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