보고서 정보
주관연구기관 |
국립농업과학원 National Institute of Agricultural Sciences |
보고서유형 | 최종보고서 |
발행국가 | 대한민국 |
언어 |
한국어
|
발행년월 | 2015-02 |
주관부처 |
농촌진흥청 Rural Development Administration(RDA) |
등록번호 |
TRKO201500010362 |
DB 구축일자 |
2015-07-11
|
초록
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Ⅳ. 연구개발결과
□ 제1세부과제 : 무기영양성분 특이발현 유전자 선발 및 활용기술(‘12~’13)
○ 탄수화물 생합성 관련 효소 : Sucrose-P synthase, Sucrose synthetase, Invertase
- 양분결핍 → 효소활성 증가 → 탄수화물 축적 → 해당과정을 통한 탄수화물분해 및 대사산물 합성 저해 유도
○ 영양진단을 위한 생리활성지표물질
- 질소 : 아미노산 (Glutamine, Asparagine), 탄수화물 (Glucose, Fructose)
- 인산 : 아미노산 (G
Ⅳ. 연구개발결과
□ 제1세부과제 : 무기영양성분 특이발현 유전자 선발 및 활용기술(‘12~’13)
○ 탄수화물 생합성 관련 효소 : Sucrose-P synthase, Sucrose synthetase, Invertase
- 양분결핍 → 효소활성 증가 → 탄수화물 축적 → 해당과정을 통한 탄수화물분해 및 대사산물 합성 저해 유도
○ 영양진단을 위한 생리활성지표물질
- 질소 : 아미노산 (Glutamine, Asparagine), 탄수화물 (Glucose, Fructose)
- 인산 : 아미노산 (Glutamine), 탄수화물 (Glucose, Starch)
- 칼륨 : 아미노산 (Valine), 유기산 (Malate), 탄수화물 (Sucrose)
□ 제2세부과제 : 온도변화에 따른 작물영양관리 기술개발 (‘12~’14)
○ 작물생육에 대한 온도 및 양분처리 효과
- 고온/저온 : 토마토 (15∼31% 생육저해), 상추 (약 60% 생육저해)
- 고온/저온 내습 시 양분공급효과 小(상추 : 고온 시 양분추가공급은 생육저해)
○ 온도조건별 무기양분함량
- 저온 : 적온범위 대비 낮은 경향을 보임 (토마토: N, K, Ca, Mg; 상추: N, K)
- 고온 : 토마토 (K, Ca → 감소; Mg → 증가), 상추 (모든 다량원소 증가)
○ 온도조건별 무기양분의 흡수저해도 및 양분공급효과
- 저온 : 토마토 (K>N>Ca>Mg>P), 상추(K>N>P>Mg>Ca)
- 고온 : 토마토 (K>Ca>Mg>N>P), 상추(K=N=Mg=Ca>P)
- 고온·저온 발생 시 작물생육 및 영양장애 최소화를 위한 양분의 추가적인 공급효과는 없는 것으로 나타남
- 양분흡수양상 : 질소는 생육중기, 인산/칼리는 생육중후기에 다량 흡수·이용
□ 제3세부과제 : 토양용액분석을 통한 시설재배 질소관리기준 확립 (‘12~’14)
○ 토양용액 채취를 위한 한계수분 설정
- 토성: 사양토, 미사질양토, 식양토
- 처리내용 : 0, 100, 200 mg L-1 NO3 -N 용액
- 조사내용
· 토성별 수분함량에 따른 토양용액 채취량 및 NO3 -N 농도
○ 토양용액을 활용한 시설오이 재배지 웃거름질소 기준 설정
- 공시작물 : 오이
- 시험장소 : 농가포장(천안시 병천읍 소재)
- 처리내용 : 질산태질소농도(5수준)
· 웃거름 NO3 -N 관비농도를 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 mg L-1
- 조사내용
· 웃거름 NO3 -N 농도에 따른 오이수량과 토양용액의 NO3 -N 농도변화
· 토양용액 NO3 -N 진단을 통한 웃거름 질소시비 기준 설정
□ 국제공동연구과제 : 유전자 발현특성 기반 작물영양 진단기술 (’12~’13)
○ 질소결핍에 따른 1차 대사산물의 생합성 대사변화양상
- 잎 : 대부분의 탄수화물, 유기산 및 아미노산 합성량 감소
※ glucose-6-P, fructose-6-P, sedoheptulose-7-P 축적 증가
- 뿌리 : 탄수화물 축적 유도 (질소동화 감소)
※ 아미노산 생합성↓ → 해당과정 활성↓ → fructose-6-P, sucrose↑
○ 인산결핍에 따른 1차 대사산물의 생합성 대사변화양상
- 잎 : 대부분의 탄수화물, 유기산 생합성↓, 일부 아미노산 생합성↑
※ 특히 인산결핍은 arginine 합성증가에 큰 영향을 미침
- 뿌리 : 아미노산 생합성↑ (단백질 합성감소에 의한 → 단백질 인산화↓)탄수화물 생합성 : 인산화 탄수화물↓ → Gln, Fru, Suc 축적↑
○ 칼리결핍에 따른 1차 대사산물의 생합성 대사변화양상
- 잎 : 대부분의 아미노산, 유기산 생합성↓, 탄수화물 생합성↑
※ 칼륨(효소활성화 보조인자) → 해당과정 대사저해
- 뿌리 : 아미노산, 탄수화물 생합성↑
※ 질소동화효소 활성↓ → 단백질 분해↑ → 아미노산, 탄수화물 축적↑
Abstract
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□ 제1세부과제 : 무기영양성분 특이발현 유전자 선발 및 활용기술(‘12~’13)
Xylem sap plays a major role in long-distance transport of water, nutrients and metabolites, however there is little information on the behavior of metabolites in mineral-deficient xylem sap. For this reason, the time coursed changes in selected metab
□ 제1세부과제 : 무기영양성분 특이발현 유전자 선발 및 활용기술(‘12~’13)
Xylem sap plays a major role in long-distance transport of water, nutrients and metabolites, however there is little information on the behavior of metabolites in mineral-deficient xylem sap. For this reason, the time coursed changes in selected metabolites (amino acids, organic acids and soluble sugars) from tomato xylem sap in response to N, P or K-deficient condition were performed. Tomato plants were grown hydroponically in liquid culture under three different mineral regimes: N-deficient (0.5mmol Ca(NO3 )2z4H2O and 0.5mM KNO3 , P-deficient (0.05mmol KH2PO4), and K-deficient (0.5mmol KNO3 ), respectively. Xylem sap was collected at 10:00am after 1, 5, 15 and 30 days, and the selected metabolites were analyzed with a liquid chromatography. All N, P or K deficiency led to a substantial increase in metabolites existed in the xylem sap. The predominant amino acid in the xylem sap was found in glutamine, and, interestingly, all mineral deficiency applied here accumulated a substantial amount of GABA. Additionally, organic acids (citrate and malate) and soluble sugars were strongly increased in all mineral deficiency, and, in particular, the level of shikimate was greatly affected by N deficiency. Based on these data, it is necessary to clearly elucidate an unknown event taking place in xylem sap in a variety of environmental impacts, and we are now studying to expand our knowledge on metabolicand proteomic-responses using GS-MS and LC-MS.
□ 제2세부과제 : 온도변화에 따른 작물영양관리 기술개발 (‘12~’14)
Plants possess inducible tolerance mechanisms that extend the temperature range for survival during acute temperature stress. The objective of the first study was to investigate crop growth, mineral uptake and photo-assimilate production against low and high temperature conditions and to know the effect of additional mineral supply for alleviating the physiological impacts of vegetable crops, tomato and Chinese cabbage. Temperature conditions was set up at low (15/8℃, 20/13℃), optimal (28/21℃) and high (36/26℃) for tomato, and low (15/8℃), optimal (22/15℃) and high (25/18℃, 28/21℃) for Chinese cabbage. The growth rates at low and high temperatures represented the reduction in 27∼31% and 15% for tomato, and 61% in both for Chinese cabbage, respectively. Furthermore, there was no effect on additional mineral supply to improve crop growth. Mineral uptake of macro-elements in tomato and Chinese cabbage was 50∼85% and 13∼36% at low temperature, and 63∼89% and 22∼30% at high temperature, respectively, compared to the optimal temperature. In particular, temperature stress was likely to lead to a significant reduction in the uptake of N and K, and it was also observed that an additional mineral supply didn’t play a role to improve crop growth and mineral uptake. The production of photo-assimilates, which represented 68∼76% for tomato and 28∼36% for Chinese cabbage compared to the optimal, was greatly influenced by temperature stress, and the respiratory energy (calorie) was estimated to be consumed 121∼144/℃ for tomato and 284∼371/℃ for Chinese cabbage. The objective of the second study was to examine the translocation and distribution of minerals (N, P, K) and carbohydrates as well as seasonal fluctuation of mineral uptake and carbohydrate production in cucumber plant grown under moderately high temperature. The temperature treatments consisted of 2-layers film houses (optimal temp.) and 3-layers (high temp.). Shoot growth of cucumber plants were linearly increased until 14 weeks after transplanting (WAT) without any significant difference between both temperatures, and the slowdown was observed from 16 WAT. The level of soluble sugar and starch was slightly greater in optimal temperature compared to the high. Cumulative accumulation of soluble sugar was significantly different before and after 12 WAT in both treatments, whereas starch level represented a constant increase. Monthly production of soluble sugar reached the peak between 12 to 16 WAT, and starch peaked between 4 to 8 WAT and 12 to 16 WAT. Total uptake of N, P and K in optimal and high temperature conditions was 18.4g plant-1 and 17.6 for N, 4.7 and 5.1 for P, and 37.7 and 36.2 for K, respectively, and the pattern of monthly N uptake between optimal and high temperatures was greater in early growth stage, whereas was greater in mid growth stage in both P and K. Thus, this study suggests that moderately high temperature influences much greater to photosynthesis and carbohydrate production than plant biomass and mineral uptake. On the basis of the present result, it is required to indentify analysis of respiration rates from plant and soil by constantly increasing temperature conditions and field studies where elevated temperatures are monitored and manipulated.
□ 제3세부과제 : 토양용액분석을 통한 시설재배 질소관리기준 확립 (‘12~’14)
Soil moisture is an important factor for the availability and circulation of nutrients in arable soil. The purpose of this study was to set thresholds moisture content on soil nitrate concentration in the solution for real-time diagnosis. Sandy loam, silt loam, and sandy loam was filled with 1.2 g cm-3 at Wagner pots, 0, 100, and 200 mg L-1 of KNO3 was saturated. Nitrate in standard solution was recovered about 95% by passing the porous cup. Nitrate concentrations in sampling of soil solution were examined by using a porous cup. The soil solution was higher in accordance with sandy loam> silt loam> clay loam, limited water filled pore space for sampling soil solution was 33.7, 56.4, and 62.2%, respectively. Nitrate concentration in the soil solution was negligible at sandy loam and silt loam during sampling periods, which was decreased about 50∼82% in clay loam compared to the initial NO3 -N concentration in the saturated KNO3 solution. Over limitation of soil solution sampling, soil EC and NO3 -N content were increased with the saturated NO3 -N concentration, regardless of soil texture (p <0.05). Conclusively, soil solution by using a porous cup was possible, regardless of the soil texture, which was useful for the diagnosis in nitrate concentration of soil solution. However, because nitrate concentration of soil solution in a clay loam changes, it was necessary for careful attention in order to take advantage for the real-time diagnosis of nitrogen management in soil.
This study was investigated the effect of nitrogen fertilizer to determine the relationship between yield and nitrate concentration in soil solution for cucumber cultivation under plastic film house. Nitrogen as urea was applied 0, 120, 240, 360, and 480 kg N ha-1 as an additional fertilizer by trickle irrigation during cucumber cultivation. Monitoring of nitrate concentration in soil solution was investigated by using porous cups at 25 cm depth under soil surface. Nitrate concentration in soil solution was increased with increasing the rate of additional nitrogen. Correlation coefficient between EC value and nitrate concentration was positive in soil and soil solution(p<0.05). An additional nitrogen of about 300 kg ha-1 was shown The highest yield of cucumber, and was improved yield of 5% compared to N recommendation as 240 kg N ha-1. The highest yields was determined nitrate concentration of 82 mg L-1 in soil solution by regression equation (Y=74.2+0.73X+0.000504X, R2=0.629*). These results means that nitrate concentration in soil solution would be useful method to rapid determination for additional nitrogen during cucumber cultivation under plastic film house.
To evaluate the impact of nitrogen fertigation on crop growth and NO3 -N concentration in the soil solution, field experiment for cucumber cultivation during spring and fall season were carried out in on-farm located in Byeongcheon-myeon, Chunan-si, Chungcheonnam-do. Supplying nitrogen of 120-150 mg/L by fertigation device into soil per week reached to maximum yields of cucumber fruits. However, cucumber growth did not show any significant difference between nitrogen levels. Nitrogen supply of 400 mg/L, highest N levels, did not affect cucumber growth. Difference between green values of cucumber leaves using RGB scores were closely related with cucumber yields, and therefore, this results suggests that green values of cucumber leaves could be used as a way of determining the application rates of nitrogen for cucumber cultivation period under fertigation system.
□ 국제공동연구과제 : 유전자 발현특성 기반 작물영양 진단기술 (’12~’13)
Specific metabolic network responses to nutrient deficiencies are not well-defined. Here, we conducted a detailed broad-scale identification of metabolic responses of tomato leaves and roots to N, P or K deficiencies. Tomato plants were grown hydroponically under optimal (5 mM N, 0.5 mM P, or 5 mM) and deficient (0.5 mM N, 0.05 mM P, or 0.5 mM K) conditions and metabolites were measured by LC-MS and GC-MS. Based on these results, deficiency of any of these three minerals affected energy production and amino acid metabolism. N deficiency generally led to decreased amino acids and organic acids, and increased soluble sugars. P deficiency resulted in increased amino acids and organic acids in roots, and decreased soluble sugars. K deficiency caused accumulation of soluble sugars and amino acids in roots, and decreased organic acids and amino acids in leaves. Notable metabolic pathway alterations included; 1) increased levels of α-ketoglutarate and raffinose family oligosaccharides in N, P or K-deficient tomato roots, 2) increased degradation products of nucleic acids such as allantoin and β-alanine under P deficiency, and 3)increased putrescine in K-deficient roots. These findings provide new knowledge of metabolic changes in response to mineral macro-nutrient deficiencies.
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