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Kafe 바로가기주관연구기관 | 경상북도농업기술원 |
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보고서유형 | 최종보고서 |
발행국가 | 대한민국 |
언어 | 한국어 |
발행년월 | 2015-03 |
주관부처 | 농촌진흥청 Rural Development Administration(RDA) |
등록번호 | TRKO201500010466 |
DB 구축일자 | 2015-07-11 |
키워드 | Panax ginseng.diseases.pests.control.multi-bed.root rot.bed soil.quantum.tensiometer. |
Ⅳ. 연구개발결과
□ 시험1) 지역별 인삼 주요 병해충 발생 조사
○ 영농활용 9건 : 인삼 탄저병 발생 조기화와 적기 방제 등
○ 논문발표 11건 : 경북 지역의 기상과 인삼 병해충 방제 등
○ 논문게재 1건 : First report of powdery mildew caused by Erysiphe heraclei on Parsely in Korea
□ 시험2) 인삼 주산지별 병해충 방제 체계 확립
○ 영농활용 7건 : 인삼 병해충 발생 양상 및 효율적 약제 방제 요령 등
○ 논문발표 2건
Ⅳ. 연구개발결과
□ 시험1) 지역별 인삼 주요 병해충 발생 조사
○ 영농활용 9건 : 인삼 탄저병 발생 조기화와 적기 방제 등
○ 논문발표 11건 : 경북 지역의 기상과 인삼 병해충 방제 등
○ 논문게재 1건 : First report of powdery mildew caused by Erysiphe heraclei on Parsely in Korea
□ 시험2) 인삼 주산지별 병해충 방제 체계 확립
○ 영농활용 7건 : 인삼 병해충 발생 양상 및 효율적 약제 방제 요령 등
○ 논문발표 2건 : 인삼 병해충의 효율적 방제체계 개발 등
○ 논문게재 1건 : 석회보르도액 처리농도 및 시기가 4,5년생 인삼의 생육과 병발생에 미치는 영향
□ 세부과제 1) 친환경 인삼 우량 묘삼 안정생산 기술 개발
○ 영농활용 1건 : 미생물 제제를 활용한 묘삼 지상부병 친환경 방제 기술 등
○ 논문발표 5건 : 인공 상토를 이용한 묘삼 생산 연구 등
○ 논문게재 1건 : 상토 소독 방법에 따른 재사용 상토에서의 묘삼 생육 특성 등
□ 세부과제 2) 다단재배시설을 이용한 고년근 연속 생산 기술 개발
○ 산업재산권 1건 : 다단재배상을 이용한 유기농 인삼 연속 재배 시스템
○ 영농활용 3건 : 인삼 베드 재배시 적정 수분 관리 방법
○ 논문발표 4건 : 인삼 베드 재배용 인공 토양의 조성 및 생육 특성
□ 세부과제 3) 뿌리썩음병 방제를 위한 논 예정지 관리
○ 영농활용 2건 : 인삼 논재작시 직파 3년생 생산을 위한 담수처리 효과
○ 논문발표 1건 : 인삼 수확지 담수시 뿌리 썩음병 방제 효과 등
□ 세부과제 4) 토양병해 유래 근부병 원인균과 길항균과의 경합관계
○ 영농활용 7건 : 경기지역 인삼 본밭 병해충 최소 안전 방제체계 등
○ 논문발표 1건 : Difference of metagenomic microbial flora distribution in both soils with and without the outbreak of ginseng root rot disease
○ 논문게재 1건 : Biosynthesis, characterization, and antimicrobial applications of silver nanoparticles
□ 세부과제 5) 인삼 재배 관리 방법에 따른 수확 후 품질관리기술개발
○ 영농활용 2건 : 인삼 수확후 장기저장 부패 억제 저장 용기 선발
○ 논문발표 4건 : 인삼 재배 방법에 따른 무기 성분 및 진세노사이드 함량 비교
Title 1: Survey of ginseng disease and pest in Gangwon province and development of environmental-friendly production method to cultivate outstanding ginseng seedling Ginseng diseases and pests that occur in Panax ginseng were monitored from 2012 to 2014 to develop management system. As a result of d
Title 1: Survey of ginseng disease and pest in Gangwon province and development of environmental-friendly production method to cultivate outstanding ginseng seedling Ginseng diseases and pests that occur in Panax ginseng were monitored from 2012 to 2014 to develop management system. As a result of disease and pest occurrence investigation in Gangwon province, secondary diseases, damping off and gray mold, caused by abnormal weather were increased in 2012. Occurrence date of anthrax in 2013 was similar to the 2012 and steadily increased in september. Snail and leaf roller moth were occurred in may. In 2014, sporadic insect occurrence was especially increased due to warm and dry weather.
It is well known that yield of ginseng is closely related to the quality of ginseng seedling, and production of high quality ginseng seedling has been recognized to be important in the cultivation of ginseng. To evaluate the availability of artificial medium as a material for production of ginseng seedling, growth characteristics of ginseng seedling grown on artificial medium was analyzed. pH values of soil, peatmoss medium, mixed media of peatmoss and perlite were 7.56, 6.4 and 6.61, and EC values were 0.4, 1.4 and 0.6 ds/m, respectively. Germination percents of ginseng seedling grown on each artificial medium were not different from ginseng seedling grown on soil. The root length, root diameter and root weight of ginseng seedling grown on soil were 12.5cm, 0.38cm and 0.53g, and those of characteristics grown on mixed media consisted peatmoss and perlite were 13.2cm, 0.41cm and 0.49g, respectively. These results suggested that mixed media consisted peatmoss and perlite might be a soil-replacing medium for cultivation. To develop the reuse method of ginseng seedling medium for safe production of ginseng seedling and saving cost, the medium sterilized by steam or dazomet. The leaf length, leaf diameter, root length and root diameter of ginseng seedling at the medium sterilized by steam or dazomet were superior to control group. Moreover, disease incidences of damping-off and root rot were decreased at sterilized medium than control, and the densities of fungus and pythium sp. after cultivation of ginseng seedling at the medium sterilized by steam or dazomet were 0.3 ± 0.2×103 CFU/g medium, 1.6 ± 0.1×103 CFU/g medium and 0.7 ± 0.1×103 CFU/g medium, 2.4 ± 0.3×103 CFU/g medium, respectively. These results suggested that sterilization of medium using by steam or chemical could be used as proper method for reuse of ginseng seedling medium.
Title 2 : Survey of ginseng disease and pest in GyeongBuk Province and development of continuous cultivation of ginseng by multi-bed facilities.
Ginseng diseases and pests were surveyed in several major ginseng cultivating areas from 2012 to 2014 to develop the efficient management strategies. Anthracnose and gray mold were major diseases in Gyeongbuk province ginseng fields.
Incidence amount of Anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum panacicola was the highest in ginseng fields upper diseases of Gyeongbuk province. The first occurrence time was about the middle of May. The leaf lesion appeared a concentric circle spot of dark gray spots resulting in early defoliation. The peak period of anthracnose was September and the cumulated incidence degree of disease was 2.8 ~ 4.6. The disease in Sangju and Yecheon areas was observed at last May. However, the disease in Bonghwa and Yeongyang areas was developed at early June. It had higher incidence with ages, especially under raining conditions.
Gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea occurred on basal stem, leaf, seed berry, and sometimes rhizome site. Gray mold occurred on leaf is observed in August. However the disease was occurred from last May to September in 2013 and 2014. For this period, the disease amount and loss caused by gray mold were similar with anthracnose. Gray mold on basal stem was observed from May to July resulting whole plant body decay.
Alternaria blight was the most common disease in ginseng fields in Korea, but its amount of occurrence was little from 2012 to 2014. Alternaria panax attacked stem, leaf and leaflet of all ages. Leaf of stem blight progressed lesion with dark brown of irregular type in color on stem. The major incidence was in June but it was showed in September.
Damping-off of ginseng was caused by Rhizoctonia solani . The disease often progressed deep into the stem, causing the plant of all ages and the pathogen sometimes infected ginseng root with brown lesion. The disease continued from last April to late June in most surveyed areas with the degree of 0.1 ~ 1.2. It was showed high incidence in 2014 especially.
Phytophthora blight caused by Phytophthora cactorum was observed on petiole, leaflet and leaf. Infected tissue become watersoaked and dark green to black in color. The diseased plant wilted and turned downwards, showing a flail appearance. Occurrence of the disease was observed frequently at the middle and last of May. The disease was observed in Sangju and Yeongju areas. However its frequency and amount was very low.
Mulberry mealybug, Pseudococcus comstocky, appeared on seed berry, leaf and stem. It occurred in June, August and September. A rate frequency was low but it caused great damage. As the pest increases its population, infected plant was rapidly wilted and finally died. It was observed only one in forty fields surveyed.
Snail was frequently observed in ginseng fields of wet conditioned fields and created holes on leaves. The snail occurred from early June to late August in Gyeongbuk province. Other pests such as larva of moth and beetle, aphids, Paratlanticus ussuriensis were observed in low frequency in this study.
The new efficient control strategies were suggested to control ginseng disease using 12 fungicides including most of penetrating pesticides and 7 times sprays in a year. The control system showed the higher efficacy significantly than single use treatment system or existing low-input control system. Disease incidences of alternaria blight, anthracnose and gray mold was lower than other two control systems. Existing low-input control system had problem being unable to control the spread of anthracnose and gray mold from August to September. The new efficient control system included pesticides not causing residual problem.
Ginseng multi-bed cultivation is a method to grow ginseng by injecting clean soil for ginseng cultivation after installing cultivating bed of 2 or 3-stage in the facility, which was performed to examine improvement of repeated cultivation obstacle matter and stable production of raw hemp. This study conducted cultivating soil development, plant density, nutrient management, light management, water management test for ginseng multi-bed cultivation. In respect of cultivating soil development test, this research composed the soil material with the material to be used for ginseng seedling production, virgin soil, yakto, peat moss, perlite, vermiculite, etc. and soil improvement which can be used for organic farming. Regarding cultivating soil combination, ginseng growth and quantity appeared excellent at the treatment plot of virgin soil 55%, yakto 10%, peat moss 25%, perlite 5%, and vermiculite 5%. In respect of plant density test, quantity of 8×9 hill/1.62m2 treatment plot appeared excellent, and in nutrient management test, growth and quantity of 15% treatment plot among yakto treatment plot appeared excellent. Regarding light management, ginseng growth appeared excellent at the light supply of 50㎛ol for 3-year and 70㎛ol for 4-year, since light demand was different according to the age of ginseng. Since light control was available within the facility, it was possible to supply proper light for ginseng cultivation. In respect of water management test, ginseng growth and quantity appeared excellent at the water management of watering start point –15kPa when using cultivating soil produced for multi-bed cultivation. Since stable and continuous supply of water required by the plant was available at the facility cultivation, regarding water management, ginseng cultivation is available without water stress than the field culture. Based on ginseng cultivation test based on multi-bed facility this research concluded that stable cultivation of ginseng is available, also, this cultivation system can be suggested as an innovative alternative plan for ginseng cultivation if it is complemented and improved henceforth.
Title 3: Survey of ginseng disease and pest in Chungnam Province and Development of paddy soil Management Technique for control of ginseng root rot
This study first looked into how outbreaks of diseases and insect pests would be influenced by meteorological changes to improve the productivity of ginseng and then, aimed not only to design this meteorological change-based disease and insect pest control calendar but also to work on what would intervene repeated cultivations of ginseng, which eventually led the study to come up with ideas to shorten production periods. As for the most obvious changes in weathers for the latest three years, the study confirmed that basically, average temperatures of May and July were higher than those of the other months throughout a year and that the high temperatures seemed to continue until October. In terms of precipitation, compared to what had been observed in the other months of the different years, the lowest rates of precipitation were recorded between May and July but in these months from August to October, the rainfalls much above the average were noticed.
The study investigated the outbreaks of diseases and insect pests of ginseng between year 2012 and year 2014 and found out that the productivity of ginseng was damaged the most by anthracnose, and in 2012 and in 2014, more than 30% of the outbreaks originated from the same disease. In 2015, the figure decreased to 15.7%. The weakest periods for ginseng against anthracnose turned out to be the middle of August and the beginning of September. In addition, as many as 15% up to 40% of leaves of ginseng got harmed by gray mold rot and, the study learned that both the low rates of precipitation and the high temperatures between May and July had been the greatest causes of the damage.
Regarding harms by harmful insects, the meteorological changes brought about these two damaging factors in the productivity of ginseng, Thrips tabaci and metcalfa pruinosa, and in case of the metcalfa pruinosa, ginseng was blighted by the insect around the middle of June while in regard to the Thrips tabaci , it harmed the cultivation of ginseng from early August to the end of September. The study also figured out that crickets gave severe damages to some of ginseng packages in late August of 2013.
The study examined diseases and insect pests control tests on a basis of processing system and learned that System 1 and System 2 prevent spotting disease and anthracnose as effectively as how farms have been always controlling such diseases. About seven to eight times of processing would be good enough to prevent the diseases and in particular, when it comes to August of the highest rate of precipitation, the systems would satisfactorily control even gray mold rot.
In terms of a test to control root rot using flooding in ginseng fields, the study packed cultivated ginseng harvesting and cutting rice, corns and sudan grass by the end of July. The study did rotary mixing so that they got blended into soils and for 60 days from August to September, it let the soils in water. During the watering period, the soil temperatures 10cm and 20cm below the surface were 30℃ and 25~27℃ respectively till the middle of September. During the no-watering period, the rate of root rot occurrence was reported to be 27.0%, but during the flooding periods with rice, corns and sudan grass, each period came up with an occurrence rate of 7.0%, 5.6% and 5.3% which proved that the flooding processing would work favorably against the outbreak of root rot. Besides rice, both corns and sudan grass could be included in stagnant water to control root rot.
The study worked on 40, 60 and 80kg per 10a to understand effects of a fumigant (Dazomet) for ginseng fields. As more of the fumigant was added, a level of pH kept reducing, but at the same time, organic matters and EC increased. However, the study found no significant differences in other ingredients. With regard to amounts of harvest, this section processed with a 60kg fumigant produced two-year direct seeding of 841g/3.3 ㎡ and three-year direct seeding of 2,045g/3.3㎡, and the figures were confirmed to be quite satisfactory. As for a possibility of the three-year-old being suffered from root rot, the study came up with 27.0% when no fumigant was used, but the lowest figure was presented by the section processed with the 60kg fumigant, and that was 10.2%.
Title 4: Development of management strategies for control of ginseng disease in Gyeonggi area and diagnosis of soil-borne disease
Ginseng disease and pests were monitored in 3 major ginseng cultivating counties from 2012 to 2014 to develop management strategies by reducing spraying times and increasing control efficacy(Experiment 1 and 2). Intensive rainfall patterns from July in Gyeonggi region were found in summer season which made a decisive effect on the severe occurrence of ginseng disease. There were total 7 diseases in Gyeonggi area including Alternaria blight and damping off of Panax ginseng from May to September. Disease incidence of anthrocnose caused by Collectotrichum sp. increased especially under conditions of average temperature above 24℃ and rainfall above 30mm for recent 6 days. The new minimum control strategies were suggested to control ginseng disease using 12 fungicides and 7 times sprays in a year. Seven times sprays model showed the significantly higher efficacy than other models in the two field test. Disease incidences of Alternaria blight in Yeoncheon and Paju were 0.2% and 1.4%, respectively. Disease incidences of anthrocnose in Yeoncheon and Paju were 0.8% and 3.6%, respectively. Occurrences of gray mold by Botrytis cinerea in Yeoncheon and Paju were 0.2% and 2.0%, respectively. Residues of chemicals, boscalid, were detected in the root of ginseng showing 0.282 ppm close to the maximum residue levels, 0.3ppm. Under consideration of these results, boscalid was eliminated from these suggested model.
Experiment 3 was conducted to survey soil microorganism in cropping field of ginseng using metagenomics approach and to determine the appropriate soil microbial conditions which are suitable for ginseng cultivation or not. The population of Ascomycota and Hypocreales on phylum and order level including root rot pathogen in diseased soil was significantly higher than healthy soil from ginseng field. In healthy soil suitable for ginseng cultivation, three bacteria including Solirubrobacterales sp. were found and four fungi including Balansia henningsiana were found. Distribution of specific bacteria and fungi were not correspond to results from testing of healthy or diseased soil collected from field soil samples. 33 Antagonistic bacterial strains were selected and 4 bacterial strains were identified for control of ginseng root rot disease. The control efficacy showed 67.5% using antagonistic bacterial strains GG4 for suppress the root rot disease by Cylindrocarpon destructans under in vitro test. In small pot test, mixed treatment of Bacillus GG4(106 cfu/ml) with rice bran showed 60.2% and in green house test, single test using Bacillus GG4(106 cfu/ml) also showed 62.5% for control of root rot disease in ginseng.
Experiment 4 was conducted to find out the proper kinds of organic materials(OM) by confirm the relationships between the soil density of root rot pathogen and both the applied OM resources and their application rates for the management of ginseng replanting field. We treated bean by-product, rye, sudan grass, cow manure in root rot infected soil by drying. The application of soybean by-product and rye stalk increased the soil EC and cow manure showed high supply capacity of OM, Av.P2O5, Ca, Mg, Na to soil. and rye stalk readily released K compared with the other OM sources. It exhibited that the more OM sources supplied, the more microbe DNA extracted from soil. And the extracted microbe DNA (EMD) from soil gradually decreased by the lapse of time. Rye stalk treatment resulted in the highest increase of EMD among treatments. The soil density of root rot pathogen decreased by the application of soybean by-product, sudangrass and rye stalk, especially in rye stalk treatment, and also by the increase in application rate, while increased dramatically by cow manure application. The effect of cow manure on the increase of root rot pathogen in soil became greater as the increase of its application rate and the lapse of time, resulting much more density of root rot pathogen even than in untreated control plot soil. In view of the results achieved, rye stalk was very recommendable as a organic sources for the management of ginseng replanting field, while cow manure was needed to use caution in its application for ginseng growing field.
Titel 5 : Survey of ginseng disease and pest in Jeonbuk Province and development of the quality control technique of postharvest ginseng according to cultivation management technique
This study was conducted to investigate disease and insect pest that occur in Panax ginseng and to research disease and insect pest control in Jinan, Muju, Jangsu, Imsil, Goschang(chief producing district of Jeonbuk ginseng) from 2012 to 2014.
For the quality control of ginseng after harvest we investigated the treatment effect according to the type of storage containers and storage vinyl required for long-term storage and separated the corruption pathogens that occur during storage and investigated the characteristics of corruption pathogens.
The test results for the suppression of the corruption pathogens during storage are as follows.
The climate of chief producing district of Jeonbuk province ginseng was that the average temperature of May to August was 0.6℃ higher than normal years, rainfall was less 237.7mm but rainfall of July to September increases 195.5mm. Major disease occurrence degree of Jeonbuk Province was leaf Alternaria blight> Anthracnose> Gray mold> stem Alternaria blight, Phytophthora blight> Damping-off in order.
The first time of disease occurrence was that Anthracnose, leaf Alternaria blight occurred in the middle of June and stem Alternaria blight, Phytophthora blight, Gray mold occured in end of July. The time of maximum disease occurrence was that Anthracnose and leaf Alternaria blight increased rapidly from mid-August, continued to increase more than 10% until late September. Gray mold disease occurred in late July at first and showed a 1.4% incidence of Gray mold in late September. Phytophthora blight occurred less than 0.5% from July to September.
The occurrence time of vermin was that Leaf roller moth gave the damage in mid-july, snails and chafers gave the damage from May to August but the damage degree was less than 0.2%. Mealybugs showed a 0.3% incidence, began to occur from mid-june and continued in September.
The degree of rot after harvest ginseng according to the storage period did not cause until 30 days of storage, when the storage period was 60 days, corruption occurs. The degree of rot during 150 days of storage showed a 7.3% in cardboard box and a 4.0% in styrofoam box. Styrofoam box was reduced 54% compared to the cardboard box.
The degree of rot according to the type of vinyl was 7.3% in normal vinyl and 5% in perforated vinyl at 150 days of storage period. Perforated vinyl decreased 31% compared to normal vinyl in the degree of rot. The total saponin content in accordance with the storage container was that styrofoam box was higher than cardboard box.
The degree of rot in accordance with cultivation method during 150 days of storage period was 6.0% in greenhouse cultivation and 6.3% in cultivation practices. Reduction rate in accordance with cultivation method during 150 days of storage period was 7.6% in greenhouse cultivation and 9.0% in cultivation practices. Saponin content according to cultivation methods Rg1, Rf, Rh1, Rc etc. showed a high content in greenhouse cultivation.
Ginseng rot symptoms during long-term storage did not show by 30 days of storage . Soft rot symptoms by Mucor.sp ,Fusarium. sp began to appear in 60 days of storage and soft rot symptoms by Mucorsp., Fusarium sp., Trichoderma. sp. began to appear in 90 days of storage. For the suppression of corruption pathogens during storage of ginseng , when ginseng preserved for 60days at 5℃ after immersing in plasma-aqua, the degree of corruption was 0.5%. However, the degree of corruption in the control group was 35%.
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