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Kafe 바로가기주관연구기관 | 국립농업과학원 National Institute of Agricultural Sciences |
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보고서유형 | 최종보고서 |
발행국가 | 대한민국 |
언어 | 한국어 |
발행년월 | 2015-02 |
과제시작연도 | 2014 |
주관부처 | 농촌진흥청 Rural Development Administration(RDA) |
등록번호 | TRKO201500010771 |
과제고유번호 | 1395035923 |
사업명 | 국책기술개발 |
DB 구축일자 | 2015-07-11 |
DOI | https://doi.org/10.23000/TRKO201500010771 |
□ 과제명 : 농기계산업 수출확대 지원방안에 관한 연구
▶ 연구목적 : 농기계 산업 수출 애로요인 개선 및 동남아 3개국(베트남, 캄보디아, 인도네시아) 농기계 수출확대 전략 제시
▶ 주요연구내용
○ 제1세부과제명 : 국내 농기계 수출 애로요인 조사연구
- 수출농기계 저금리 할부금융 제공 :
· 국내 농기계 제조업체가 수출시장에서 당면하고 있는 가장 큰 애로사항의 하나는 과도한 할부금융(GE Capital 등을 통한 할부금융 금리는 8~10%) 비용으로 자체 금융기관을 운영하고 있는 구보다 등의 경쟁 제품
□ 과제명 : 농기계산업 수출확대 지원방안에 관한 연구
▶ 연구목적 : 농기계 산업 수출 애로요인 개선 및 동남아 3개국(베트남, 캄보디아, 인도네시아) 농기계 수출확대 전략 제시
▶ 주요연구내용
○ 제1세부과제명 : 국내 농기계 수출 애로요인 조사연구
- 수출농기계 저금리 할부금융 제공 :
· 국내 농기계 제조업체가 수출시장에서 당면하고 있는 가장 큰 애로사항의 하나는 과도한 할부금융(GE Capital 등을 통한 할부금융 금리는 8~10%) 비용으로 자체 금융기관을 운영하고 있는 구보다 등의 경쟁 제품에 비하여 3-5% 정도 높아 국산 농기계의 가격 경쟁력을 약화시키는 주요 원인임.
· 농식품부에 농기계수출 할부금융 제도 도입 및 운영을 위하여 해외에 진출한 국내 은행과의 MOU체결 및 이자율 등을 지원. 해외진출 국내은행(농협 등)은 GE Capital 및 Ag. Credit와 공동으로 출자하여 조인트 벤처를 설립하고, 국내 농기계 제조업체의 외국 현지법인에 저리의 할부금융을 제공할 수 있도록 정책적 지원.
- 농기계 및 부품 품질향상을 위한 연구지원 강화 :
· 국산 농기계는 수입농기계에 비해 전반적으로 품질이 불안정 하다는 관계 전문가의 의견이며, 특히 트랙터는 수평제어장치, 배속턴 장치, 콤바인은 전기콘트롤러(마이콤)가 불안정하여 전체에 영향을 미치고 있다는 의견임.
· 농림수산식품기술기획평가원(IPET)의 수출용농기계 R&D 지원사업에서 수입산 농기계에 비해 품질이 낮다고 평가되는 농기계 핵심 요소기술 개발을 위한 R&D예산 편성이 요구되고 연구비 지원을 확대필요
- 수출농기계 해외 대상국 현지적응성 시험연구 지원 :
· 국산 수출농기계가 대상국가에서 문제가 된 사례는 현지 국가의 토양 및 기후, 또는 사용시간 과다로 고장이 빈번하거나 부품 조기손상에 의한 비용과다 또는 수출을 중단으로 이어지고 있음
· 농림수산식품기술기획평가원(IPET)의 Golden seed 프로젝트 사업에서 수출용 종자개발을 위하여 해외 적응성 시험포장 조성 및 연구지원을 하는 바와 같이 수출용농기계 R&D 지원사업에서 수출 농기계 해외 현지 적응성 시험연구를 하도록 연구비 지원필요.
○ 제1협동과제명 : 동남아 주요국가 농업기계화 실태 및 시장전망에 관한 연구
- 동남아 3개국 농기계 시장전망 :
· 베트남과 캄보디아는 산업화가 빠르게 진행되면서 농업인구의 도시 유출과 공업 부문으로의 이동이 더욱 가속화할 것으로 예상되며, 이는 농촌 노동력의 부족과 노임 상승을 초래하여 농업기계화가 가속화 될 것으로 전망됨
· 해당국가에서 생산한 농기계는 대부분 쟁기, 로터리, 파종기, 탈곡기 등 트랙터부착 작업기와 기술 수준이 낮은 단순 구조의 기계이며, 엔진, 트랙터, 콤바인 등은 대부분 수입에 의존하고 있음.
· 농기계 시장의 40% 정도는 자국산 농기계가 차지하고 있으며, 60%는 수입 농기계가 차지하고 있다. 수입 농기계의 70-80%는 중국산임. 중국산 제품은 품질이 낮아 선호도가 낮고, 트랙터 콤바인 등 대형 농기계는 일본의 구보다 제품이 시장을 지배하고 있는 상태에서 일본의 얀마, 인도의 마힌드라, 벨라루스의 MTZ, 미국의 존디어, 다국적 기업 CNH 등이 다양한 판매경쟁을 벌이고 있음.
· 농기계 구입을 지원하기 위한 정부의 대농민 지원정책은 거의 없으며, 베트남은 융자금에 대한 이자 지원 정책, 인도네시아는 농기계 임대 정책을 실시하고 있으나, 농민들의 담보 능력 부족과 심한 경쟁으로 실질적인 효과는 크지 않는 것으로 판단됨.
· 베트남, 캄보디아, 인도네시아 농기계 시장은 농업 기계화에 따라 더욱 확대될 것으로 예상되며, 자국의 농기계 산업이 시장의 수요를 따르지 못하는 상태에서 수입 농기계 판매 경쟁은 더욱 치열해 질 것으로 전망됨.
- 국내 농기계 산업의 경쟁력 제고 및 수출확대 전략
· 동남아 시장으로 국산 농기계의 수출을 확대하기 위해서는 일본의 구보다 제품과 값싼 중국산 제품보다 우위의 기술경쟁력 및 가격 경쟁력을 확보하여야 함.
· 트랙터의 주 고객은 대형 농장주 및 임작업자들이며, 이들은 80마력 이상의 대형 트랙터를 선호하은데, 트랙터 판매에는 구매자에 대한 융자지원이 필요
· 수출 기종은 파종, 이식, 수확 작업 및 저장 시설의 기계화를 위한 기종이 바람직하며, 수출 전략 기종으로는 현지 적응성이 높은 보통형 콤바인과 장기간 품질을 유지할 수 있는 벼 또는 쌀 저정 시설이 적절한 것으로 판단됨. 또한 경운작업기는 3련 또는 7련 디스크 플라우의 수출 가능성이 높은 것으로 판단됨.
· 또한 부품과 소재 산업이 취약하기 때문에 현지 생산보다는 당분간 활부금융지원과 함께 완성품 수출을 기본으로 한 전략이 필요할 것으로 판단되며, 장기적으로는 합작투자를 통한 기술지원과 적정 기종 개발이 적절한 것으로 판단됨.
1. Improvement Measures for Difficulties in Exports for the Domestic Agricultural Machinery Industry
Korean agricultural machinery exports reached $100 million (USD) in 2000 and increased by an average annual rate of 16.4% until it reached $750 million in 2012. Analyzing the 2012 figures for agri
1. Improvement Measures for Difficulties in Exports for the Domestic Agricultural Machinery Industry
Korean agricultural machinery exports reached $100 million (USD) in 2000 and increased by an average annual rate of 16.4% until it reached $750 million in 2012. Analyzing the 2012 figures for agricultural machinery exports, plowing and harrowing machinery accounted for the majority of the exports at 70.8%. The U.S. and Asian regions accounted for 43.5% and 18.4% of the exports, respectively. The domestic market shares of imported agricultural machinery (imported finished/assembly products, engine mounts) in 2012 were 60.0% for tractors, 99.5% for riding-type transplanters, and 80.9% for combine harvesters. The figures show 33.1%p, 42.0%p, and 53.6%p increases, respectively, compared to 2003. This trend is expected to continue into the near future due to the frequent failures, design changes, and weak price competitiveness in domestic agricultural machinery.
Domestic agricultural machinery distributors and service specialists were generally of the opinion that the quality levels of domestic agricultural machinery were lower than their imported counterparts. In regards to main components, only 7.1% to 24.0% of the respondents expressed that the quality levels in domestic agricultural machinery were higher than their imported counterparts, while a significant 36.0% to 79.2% of the respondents expressed that they were of lower quality.
The following per-machinery components were determined to be in urgent need of technological improvements:
Tractors: Driving transmissions, hydraulics, electrical components, and engines.
Riding-type transplanters: Planting cases and arms, electrical components, hydraulics, and level control devices.
Combine harvesters: Electrical and cutting components.
When examining cases of export agricultural machinery issues in foreign countries, the machineries were determined to be inappropriate for the soil and climate of the corresponding local country/region. In addition, frequent failures and premature parts failures were attributed to excessive machine hours, leading to stop exports or parts improvement measures due to excessive costs. As a result, local adaptability testing of agricultural machinery for the target export country is interpreted to be critical. The results also indicate difficulty in exporting agricultural machinery for which parts supply is inadequate.
In terms of systems improvement and policy support for expanding agricultural machinery exports, proper budget support for data gathering and trade exhibition participation is needed to pioneer emerging markets. In addition, international financial support and policy funding support by agricultural cooperatives for the establishment of local manufacturing plants or sales subsidiaries were deemed necessary. The results showed that an organization for testing and assuring the reliability of components is necessary to improve the quality of domestic agricultural machinery. Research support was also found to be necessary for local adaptability testing of export agricultural machinery for the target export country as well as improving quality levels of agricultural machinery and parts.
2. Strategy for export promotion and status of agricultural machinery mechanization of Vietnam, Cambodia, Indonesia
A. Vietnam
(1) Status of agricultural mechanization
Seven major crops in Vietnam are rice, corn, sugar cane, casaba, coffee, cashew nut, and rubber. Major rice-growing areas in Vietnam are Red River Delta in North and Mekong River Delta in South. About 80% of rice in Vietnam is produced in Mekong River Delta area.
Population of water pumps is 218,000 which is the largest number. Followings are power tillers, agricultural engines, and rice milling machines. However, the number of units per 100 farm households are mostly less than 5 except that for the water pump. Small-sized tractors in a 25-35 hp range are widely used in Red River Delta, Mekong River Delta, North Central and Central Coast Area, and North Midland and Mountainous Area while large-sized tractors more than 50 hp are used mainly in Central Heights and Southeastern Area. Types of attachments also differ depending on the regions. 3-bottom disc plows are mainly used in Central Heights and Southeastern Area while 7-bottom disc plows are mainly used in Mekong River Delta, North Central and Central Coast Area. In South, disc plows are common while moldboard plows are more popular in Red River Delta, North Central and North Midland and Mountainous Areas. For pulverizing operations, harrows are used in Mekong River Delta while rotovators are more common in North. Rice combines produced by Kubota are most widely used as a rice harvester in South, particularly, Mekong River Delta, and North Central and Central Coast region while reapers and threshers are mainly used in Red River Delta, and North Midland and Mountainous region.
Vietnam government has adopted an interest-waiver policy. The interest-waiver policy is to exempt from 100% of the first and second year interests and 50% of the third year interest on the loans to purchase agricultural machines which satisfy the quality standards and bear the quality label specified by the government. However, it is difficult for farmers to get the loans due to their limited collaterals. Quality of agricultural machines manufactured in Vietnam is also not still good enough to satisfy the quality standards.
(2) Status of agricultural machinery industry
Agricultural machinery manufacturers in Vietnam produce seeders, threshers, water pumps, rice milling machines, dryers and attachments for power tillers and tractors such as plows, rotovators, and trailers which are simple in their structures and need less high technologies in manufacturing.
Except several state-owned companies, most of private agricultural machinery manufacturers in Vietnam are like small-scaled ironworks equipped with outdated production facilities and low technologies in designing and manufacturing. Their products, therefore, are not good enough to satisfy with the quality standards required by the government.
Due to poor parts and material industries, a large portion of agricultural machinery parts is imported, which results in high prices of locally-made agricultural machines and difficulty in cost reductions. In addition, since agricultural mechanization is not demanded strongly at the moment, there are not much incentives to attract large investment to the agricultural machinery industry.
(3) Status of agricultural machinery market
Vietnamese agricultural machinery market is growing rapidly and the sales of power tillers, engines, tractors over 35 hp and their implements are also increasing. However preference for the locally-made agricultural machines is not higher than the imported machines due to their poor quality and 15-20% more expensive than the imported ones. The market share of the local products is about 40% and 60% is taken by the imports. The countries from which agricultural machines are mainly imported are China, Japan, Korea and US. New machines are usually from China, Korea and US, and used-machines are mainly from Japan.
The import tariffs on agricultural machinery have been 0% since 2010 for ASEAN countries. In special cases 5% has been applied. About 20,500 units of tractors including power tillers are annually supplied to the Vietnamese market. About 2,000 units of combine harvesters are also annually supplied. Out of which 1,500 units are produced by Kubota. Annual supply of reapers and threshers are respectively 1,500 and 1,000 units. Those of engines, disc plows, rotovators and harrows are respectively 50,000, 60,000, 16,800, and 32,000 units.
Market share of Kubota tractors in Vietnam is about 70% although they are mostly used ones. The price range of the used tractors is from $3,500 to $7,000 depending on the PTO power. John Deere tractors have lower market share due to their high prices, $383-416/hp for 60 hps and $222-266/hp for 45 hps. The market share of Belarus tractors is very low at the moment but increases gradually. The prices of Belarus tractors are about $200-222/hp per PTO power. The tractors customers in Vietnam are mostly large farmers and custom-workers. They prefer large tractors more than 80 PTO horse power.
B. Cambodia
(1) Status of agricultural mechanization
Farm operations in Cambodia is still performed mainly by human and animal powers. Agricultural machinery is utilized in part for plowing, harrowing, water pumping, harvesting and threshing operations. However large tractors and harvesters are utilized in large farms growing industrial crops like rubber, sugar cane, etc. There is also an increasing trend for custom-workers to buy large tractors more than 80 PTO horse powers.
Agricultural mechanization in Cambodia is under way and its ratio for the rice production is estimated to be 44.6%. Mechanization for rice production are taking place mainly in plain areas and that for upland crops in large farms usually more than 20 ha. In addition to the mechanizations of plowing, harrowing, spraying, threshing, and milling operations, mechanization of harvesting operation is also under way fast due to increased labor shortages during the harvesting period. However, the mechanization is very slow in the regions where the land holding per farm household is small and the infra-structures like roads, sales and repair services, etc are poor. Although rice transplanters and direct seeders were introduced recently in Cambodia, it is not clear yet whether or not they will be successfully adapted to the Cambodian conditions because paddy fields in Cambodia are not flat and the water management is difficult.
Cambodian government has selected mechanization method, technology development, intensification of related crops, improvement of policy and environment regulations as 4 key projects for the promotion of agricultural mechanization and developed the strategic plans for implementing each projects. However, they did not include any subsidy and loan programs to support farmers to purchase agricultural machinery.
(2) Status of agricultural machinery industry
Agricultural machinery industry in Cambodia is comprised of small-sized, family-operated private manufacturers which produce less than 100 units, mostly in a range of 20-50 units a year. They produce their products on the basis of the customer orders or seasonal demands and sell them in the local markets. They do not have any long-term plans for production and supply.
Agricultural machinery manufacturers also produce other machines or equipments to operate their firms throughout the year. Agricultural machinery manufacturers should be registered with Cambodian government. However, official statistics on the number of agricultural machinery manufactures is not available.
(3) Status of agricultural machinery market
Agricultural machinery market in Cambodia is growing gradually as the demand for agricultural machinery increases. The government policy to export a million tons of rice also affects the market growth positively. The stake-holders in the market are importers, dealers, farmers, and manufacturers. Dealer networks are well established for imported machines. However, the local products are sold directly by the manufacturers.
Deals provide loans of up to 40-70% of the purchase price with an interest rate of 1-2% and repayment periods from 6 months to 4 years depending on the kinds of machines. Belarus dealers provide loans of 80% of the purchase prices with no interests for 3 months.
Cambodian government applies no tariff but 10% of VAT to imported agricultural machinery. The custom duty will be reduced to 0% on goods imported from ASEAN countries by 2015.
C. Indonesia
(1) Status of agricultural mechanization
Large portion of farm operations in Indonesia is still performed by the traditional manner using animal power. However, Large farms and plantations conduct mechanized operations using large-sized agricultural machines. Agricultural machines being widely used in Indonesia are power tillers, tractors, water pumps, sprayers, powered threshers, rice milling units, etc. More than 2 million units of manual sprayers are utilized for disease controls. Population of power tillers has increased steadily and is expected to increase annually by 4% by 2025. Mechanization ratios differ depending on the regions. The ratios in Java island are greater than those in other regions.
Indonesian government has operated agricultural machinery rental programs. The government has bought and leased agricultural machinery such as power tillers, transplanters, water pumps, forage cutters, cultivators, etc to groups of farmers, organizations for joint-utilizations, and UPJA etc according to the criteria set by the government. This program was designed to fulfill a goal of an additional production of 10 million tons of rice and to accelerate the supplies of power tillers, transplanters, irrigation water, and animal feeds.
There are no government subsidies and loans to aid the purchase agricultural machinery. Farmers can acquire loans individually from the banks or private financial company like FIF. However, the high interest rate makes it difficult for farmers to use such loan services.
(2) Status of agricultural machinery industry
Agricultural machinery industry in Indonesia is comprised of more than 1,000 small-sized, 30 medium-sized, and 3 large-sized manufacturers. Out of them 33 manufacturers are members of the Indonesian Agricultural Machinery Association (IAMA). There are 3 types of ownerships of agricultural machinery manufacturers; private, state-owned and joint-venture. Most of IAMA Members are private.
Indonesia produces locally 60% of the market demands for agricultural machinery. Annual demand for power tiller is about 200,000 units, 60% of which, that is 120,000 units, are produced in Indonesia. Although the domestic market is dominated by the Indonesian agricultural machinery industry, only 60-70% of agricultural machines being utilized in Indonesia are locally manufactured.
Local products are competing with Chinese ones in domesticmarket. The growth of Indonesian agricultural machinery industry is suffering from unfavorable tariff policy, expensive prices of agricultural machinery, high interest rate, and no government subsidy and loan supports to farmers and the industry.
(3) Status of agricultural machinery market
Value of Indonesian agricultural machinery market is 470 million dollars which is the largest in the ASEAN countries and expected to grow by 12% until 2016. An average 2,780 million dollars was annually invested for the development of the agricultural machinery industry in 2007-2013 period.
Indonesian agricultural machinery market is dominated by several companies among which CV. Karya Hidup Sentosa joint-ventured with Kubota, PT. Yamindo joint-ventured with Yanmar and PT. Rutan have the largest impact on the market.
Major imports are small and medium-sized tractors having more than 1.1 liter engine displacement which constitute about 44% of the total import in value. Major competitors in the tractor market are Yanmar, John Deer, Kioti, Komatsu, and Kubota tractors. Power tillers and tractors having more than 1.1 liter engine displacement are imported mainly from China, Brazil, Taiwan and Japan. Implements for soil preparation and weeding are imported from Taiwan and China. Reapers and walking-type transplanters are imported from Kubota and Yanmar in Japan.
Competitiveness of Chinese products comes from cheap prices and line-up models of the products. However their performance, quality and durability are evaluated to be lower than those of the other imported machines. Korean agricultural machinery is evaluated to have better quality but expensive when compared with Chinese products and equivalent quality but less expensive when compared with Japanese products.
Indonesia applies 0-5% of import tax and 10% of VAT to imported agricultural machinery and equipment. 15% of import tax and 10% of VAT are applied to imported power tillers and agricultural tractors of which engine size is more than 1.1 liter.
D. Outlook of Vietnamese, Cambodian and Indonesian agricultural machinery markets
It is expected that rapid developments of industries in Vietnam and Cambodia will accelerate the outflow of rural labor forces to the cities and industrial sectors, causing shortage of labor forces and consequent wage increase in rural area. These changes will work positively for agricultural mechanization in those countries.
Except for small number of state-owned and joint-ventured companies, most of agricultural machinery manufacturers are small in size and family-operated private companies. There is little possibility that this form of agricultural machinery industry can be reformed to improve the current situations in the near future.
Most of locally-made agricultural machines are attachments to power tillers or tractors like plows, rotovators, seeders and threshers which are simple in structures and need not high manufacturing technologies. Engines, tractors and combines are mostly imported. About 40% of the market demands is taken by the locally-made agricultural machines while 60% by the imported ones. Around 70-80% of the imported agricultural machinery are known as Chinese made.
Farmers’preference to Chinese products is decreasing due to their low quality. Current tractor market is dominated by Kubota while Yanmar, Mahindra, Belarus, John Deere, and CNH tractors are competing with each other.
There are no government subsidies and loans available to farmers for the purchase of agricultural machinery. Although Vietnamese government is running an interest-wavier policy on the loans for the purchase of agricultural machinery and Indonesian government is operating an agricultural machinery rental services, those policies do not provide actual benefits with farmers due to their limited collaterals.
Agricultural machinery markets in Vietnam, Cambodia and Indonesia are expected to grow gradually as the agricultural mechanization is progressed. Since the agricultural machinery industries of each country can not meet their market demands, imported agricultural machines will share the remains under the severe sales competition.
E. Strategy for expanding export market and strengthening competitiveness of Korean agricultural machinery
To increase the export of Korean agricultural machines to Southeast Asian market, they must have both the price competitiveness against Chinese products and the quality competitiveness against Japanese products.
Large farms and contract-workers are key tractor buyers. They prefer large-sized tractors of more than 80 PTO horse power. Favorable financing is required to sell tractors.
Exports need to be focused, at the beginning stage, on agricultural machines for seeding, transplanting, and harvesting, and storage facilities for agricultural products, particularly rice. Rice combines and long-term storage facilities of rice or paddy highly adaptable to local conditions are recommended for the strategic exports. 3-bottom and 7-bottom disc plows are thought to have a high potential for export.
Since local part and material industries are poor, exporting assembled machines together with financing seems more strategic than constructing local production facilities. However, joint-venture with local manufacturers is more preferable in long-term basis.
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