[보고서]화산지진을 이용한 화산활동 감시 및 분화 예측 연구

보고서 정보

주관연구기관

강원대학교
Kangwon National University

보고서유형

1단계보고서

발행국가

대한민국

언어

한국어

발행년월

2015-05

과제시작연도

2014

주관부처

기상청
Korea Meteorological Administration(KMA)

등록번호

TRKO201500013524

과제고유번호

1365001927

사업명

지진기술개발사업

DB 구축일자

2015-08-15

키워드

화산지진.분화.감시.예측.메커니즘.자동감지.진원위치.volcano earthquake.eruption.monitoring.prediction.mechanism.automatic detection.source location.

DOI

https://doi.org/10.23000/TRKO201500013524

표 A map showing locations of active volcanoes (red triangles) and monitoring observatories (green circles) in Japan. Numbers indicate locations of volcanoes; 1 = Meakan, 2 = Asama, 3 = Aso, and 4 = Sakurajima. Alphabet symbols indicate locations of observatories; A = Sapporo VOIC, B = Sendai VOIC, C = Tokyo VOIC, and D = Fukuoka VOIC.
표 A Map showing locations of active volcanoes (red triangles) and monitoring observatories (green circles) in United States of America. Numbers indicate locations of volcanoes; 1 = Redoubt, 2 = Augustine, and 3 = St. Helens in USA. Alphabet symbols indicate locations of observatory; A = AVO, B = CVO, C = YVO, D =CalVO and E = HVO.
표 An example of (a) RSAM and (b) SSAM records from the station WIZ, located near White Island in New Zealand.
표 Maps showing locations of active volcanoes (red triangles) and monitoring observatories (green circles) in Italy. Numbers indicate locations of volcanoes; 1 = Stromboli, 2 = Etna, 3 = Campi Flegrei, 4 = Ischia, and 5 = Vulcano in Italy. Alphabet symbols indicate locations of observatory; A = OV and B = OE.
표 Maps showing locations of active volcanoes (red triangles) and monitoring observatories (green circles) in New Zealand. Numbers indicate locations of volcanoes; 1 = White Island, 2 = Tongariro, 3 = Ngauruhoe, 4 = Ruapehu, and 5 = Auckland Volcanic Field. Alphabet symbols indicate locations of observatory; A= Wairakei Research Centre in New Zealand.
표 Four typical waveforms of volcanic earthquakes classified by Minakami (1974): (a) A-type, (b) B-type, (c) explosion earthquake, and (d) volcanic tremor (modified from McNuctt, 1996).
표 Elevation map showing locations of seismic stations WSRZ and WIZ (inverted triangles) and the main crater (star) on White Island, New Zealand. The inset map shows the location of White Island (arrow) to northeast of the North Island.
표 Location map of the NGZ, OTVZ, and WTVZ seismic stations (inverted triangles) around the Ngauruhoe volcano edifice (solid triangle) in the North Island, New Zealand. Contour interval in this elevation map above sea level is 50 m.
표 (a) Ray paths of the major P-to-S converted phase and multiples, for a horizontal layer over a half-space (V2>V1) and (b) the corresponding canonical receiver function (modified from Ammon et al., 1990).
표 The epicenters of 72 teleseismic earthquakes (open circles) used for the study. The concentric circles centered at seismic station WIZ (triangle) are at 30-degree intervals of angular distance.
표 Receiver functions of 71 teleseismic data recorded at WIZ station. The back-azimuths are in two groups; 275.14°~345.10° and 128.96°~131.27°.
표 Radial component of receiver functions (gray curves) and their stacked trace (black curve) derived from 71 teleseismic events recorded at the WIZ station.
표 The stacked result (thick solid) of independent results for the inversion of radial receiver functions. The dashed line indicates the initial velocity model. The initial velocity model is indicated with a dashed line. A low velocity layer (LVL) at depths of 18 to 22 km is evident in the lower crust. The Moho of  = 4.35 km/s is at a 24±1 km depth.
표 Average P-wave ( ) and S-wave velocities ( ) using the result of receiver function inversion.
표 (a) Ray paths for converted and multiple phases in the model having a low velocity layer and (b) the stacked receiver function as previously shown in figure 4-6. Six different paths in (a) may correspond to the phases in (b).
표 Comparison of observed arrival times () for each phase on the stacked receiver function in figure 2-7b and computed arrival times () using  and  in Table 4-1.
표 H-κ stack of the radial receiver functions. The maximum coherence (cross) at the WIZ station indicates a Moho depth of 24.5 km and the / ratio of 1.64.
표 Pierce points (solid circles) at the Moho for PS raypaths arriving at the WIZ station (solid triangle).
표 The stacked trace (thick curve) of radial receiver functions (thin curves) derived from 21 teleseismic events recorded at the OTVZ station.
표 The epicenters of 21 teleseismic earthquakes (gray circles) used for the inversion. The concentric circles centered at the seismic station OTVZ (triangle) are at 30-degree intervals of angular distance.
표 (a) An average 1-D  model (thick line) obtained from the 10 best-fit models. The model was derived from the inversion using the stacked receiver function in the Fig. 4-11. The thin lines and chain lines indicate the standard deviation between the 10 models and prescribed velocity ranges. The Moho is at a 14 km depth, and low-velocity layers (LVLs) are evident in the lower crust and upper mantle. (b) The stacked receiver function (solid line) is compared with the synthetic receiver function (dashed line).
표 The stacked traces (thick curves) of radial receiver functions (thin curves) in (a) Group 1, (b) Group 2, and (c) Group 3.
표 Piercing points of Groups 1 (open circles), 2 (crosses), and 3 (open triangles) at the Moho for raypaths arriving at the OTVZ station (inverted triangle). The interval in this elevation map is 50 m. (Ng = Ngauruhoe; To = Tongariro)
표 Average 1-D  models (thick lines in the upper figures) obtained from the 10 best-fit models for (a) Group 1, (b) Group 2, and (c) Group 3. The models were derived from the inversion using the stacked receiver functions (solid lines in the lower figures). The thin lines and chain lines in the upper figures indicate the standard deviation between the 10 models and prescribed velocity ranges, respectively. The dashed lines in the lower figures indicate the synthetic receiver functions for each group.
표 Source geometries for (a) crack and (b) pipe models. θ, ϕ, and  denote dip, strike, and normal vector, respectively.
표 (a) Seismic records of 24-hour period at seismic station WIZ (a) before and (b) after application of band-pass filtering (10-100 s). A seismic event (down arrow), which was used in moment tensor inversion, preceded the signal of surface explosion (up arrow) by about four hours.
표 Three bandpass filtered (10-100 s) components of displacement at station WIZ showing the deep-sourced event that preceded surface explosions by approximately four hours. These filtered data were input to moment tensor inversion. The east, north, and downward components are labeled E, N, and Z, respectively.
표 Waveform fits obtained by the waveform inversion using bandpass-filtered three-component seismograms. Observed (solid) and synthetic (dashed) waveforms of the best-fit solutions are compared for (a) sphere, (b) crack, and (c) pipe models. The crack model provides the best fit. From top to bottom, the east-, north- and vertical displacement components are shown. The indicated θ and φ, are defined in figure 2-4.
표 Least five residual errors for corresponding strike and dip of a crack at depths of 400, 800, 1200, 1600, and 2000 m.
표 Source time function of the moment tensor inversion yielding the best-fit crack model. Rapid pressurization and subsequent depressurization may indicate expansion and contraction of a crack that has been invaded by magma.
표 Structural map near White Island superimposed on bathymetry contours (modified from Wright, 1990). The area is dominated by extensional faulting while a complex zig-zag arrangement of White Island Canyon may be related to volcanism in this area.
표 Frequency (Hz) band compared with background noise and SNR (dB) of four eruption events.
표 Vertical component seismogram and acoustic data recorded at stations (a) WIZ and (b) WSRZ on August 19.
표 Vertical component seismogram and acoustic data recorded at stations (a) WIZ and (b) WSRZ on October 3.
표 Vertical component seismogram and acoustic data recorded at stations (a) WIZ and (b) WSRZ on October 8.
표 Vertical component seismogram and acoustic data recorded at stations (a) WIZ and (b) WSRZ on October 11.
표 Amplitude spectra of acoustic data (blue) and background noise (red) recorded on (a) August 19, (b) October 3, (c) 8, and (d) 11 recorded at station WIZ.
표 Vertical component seismogram and filtered acoustic data recorded at stations (a) WIZ and (b) WSRZ on August 19.
표 Vertical component seismogram and filtered acoustic data recorded at stations (a) WIZ and (b) WSRZ on October 3.
표 Vertical component seismogram and filtered acoustic data recorded at stations (a) WIZ and (b) WSRZ on October 8.
표 Vertical component seismogram and acoustic data recorded at stations (a) WIZ and (b) WSRZ on October 11.
표 Acoustic data recorded at stations WIZ and WSRZ for 200 days were correlated. A blue box indicated false positive detections and red boxes represented detection of eruptions.
표 Acoustic data detected at stations WIZ (black) and WSRZ (red) on August 19 and relative arrival times (△t) associated with the peak values of their waveform cross correlation.
표 Location map of the seismic stations WSRZ and WIZ (inverted triangles) on White Island, New Zealand, the location where surface eruption was observed (asterisk) and the epicenter of the VLP event (star) determined in this study. The inset map shows the location of White Island (arrow) to the northeast of the North Island and Hikurangi trench (HT) (modified from Han and Kim, 2014).
표 Vertical component seismograms of 1,000 s length and their spectrograms calculated using 1-s sections without overlapping of the volcanic tremors recorded at stations WSRZ and WIZ on August 19, 2013 (a and b) and a VLP and LP events on October 3, 2013 (c and d), respectively.
표 Particle motions of the 50 s long (a) volcanic tremor, (b) VLP event, (c) LP events, and (d) background noise recorded at station WIZ. The vertical (V) and horizontal (R) axes are the relative amplitudes of ground motions to the upward and southeast directions, respectively.
표 Polarization attributes comprising instantaneous phase difference,  , instantaneous reciprocal ellipticity,  , and instantaneous rise angle,  , and vertical displacement,  , for the volcanic tremor recorded at stations (a) WSRZ and (b) WIZ.
표 Polarization attributes comprising instantaneous phase difference,  , instantaneous reciprocal ellipticity,  and instantaneous rise angle,  , and vertical displacement,  , for the VLP and LP events recorded at stations (a) WSRZ and (b) WIZ.
표 Polarization attributes comprising average phase difference,  , average reciprocal ellipticity,  , and average rise angle,  , and vertical displacement,  , for the volcanic tremor recorded at stations (a) WSRZ and (b) WIZ.
표 Polarization attributes comprising average phase difference,  , average reciprocal ellipticity,  and average rise angle,  , and vertical displacement,  , for the VLP and LP events recorded at stations (a) WSRZ and (b) WIZ.
표 Polarization attributes comprising average phase difference,  , average reciprocal ellipticity,  and average rise angle,  , and vertical displacement,  , for the low-pass filtered VLP event of 60 s length recorded at stations (a) WSRZ and (b) WIZ.
표 Statistical summary (mean ± standard deviation) for the time-averaged phase difference,  , reciprocal ellipticity,  , and rise angle,  , of the volcanic tremor, filtered VLP signal, LP events, and seismic background noise.
표 (a) Plane view showing the location of derived hypocenter (star) (b) Cross-sectional and across two seismic stations WSRZ and WIZ (inverted triangles). The surface distance (Δx) between the location of the surface eruption occurred (  ) and the newly determined epicenter in this study using the particle motions (  ), and focal depth (H) were approximately 0.2 and 0.9 km, respectively. Inset figures in (a) and (b) show map and cross-sectional views for particle motions of the filtered VLP event, respectively.
표 Similarity matrix of 77 LP events for the selection of master events. Orange to red indicates highly similar waveforms, and the diagonal represents the auto-correlation. By their repeatability, the thirteen families (R1-R13) along the diagonal line were reorganized into six families; [R1], [R2, R4], [R3, R5, R7, R9, R10], [R6], [R8, R13], and [R11, R12]. Six mater events (M1-M6) representing each family indicate red arrows.
표 Difference in first arrival time among stations OTVZ, NGZ, and WTVZ for the six master events (M1-M6).
표 Six amplitude spectra of the stacked waveforms correspond to Families F1–F6. The peak frequencies of the spectra are (a) 3.90, (b) 1.04, (c) 1.38, (d) 1.38, (e) 1.40, and (d) 2.44 Hz, respectively.
표 The occurrence date of Families F1–F6 recorded from 2005 to June 2010.
표 Source locations ( , ) of the master events with UTM zone 60.
표 Distance among the epicenters of the master events (M1-M6).
표 Location map of the seismic stations (inverted triangles) and epicenters of the families (F1–F6; black circles).
표 Location map epicenters of the families (F1–F6; black circles) corresponding to the piking errors of ±1 (red circles), ±2 (orange circles), ±3 (green circles), ±4 (blue circles), and ±5 samples (violet circles). The seismic stations WTVZ, NGZ, and OTVZ (inverted triangles) are also indicated.
표 Location map of source locations of the families (F1–F6) depending on the velocity changes: 2.5 (red circles), 3.0 (yellow circles), and 3.5 m/s (blue circles). The seismic stations WTVZ, NGZ, and OTVZ (inverted triangles) are also indicated.
표 Differences in horizontal distance between the epicenters of the master events (M1-M6) in case of 2.5 km/s and 3.5 km/s.
표 Similarity matrixes for the Families F1–F6.
표 The number of long-period volcanic events that were extracted from 2005 to mid-2010.

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화산지진을 이용한 화산활동 감시 및 분화 예측 연구
Seismic monitoring of volcanic activities and prediction of volcanic eruptions 원문보기

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화산지진을 이용한 화산활동 감시 및 분화 예측 연구 Seismic monitoring of volcanic activities and prediction of volcanic eruptions 원문보기

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화산지진을 이용한 화산활동 감시 및 분화 예측 연구
Seismic monitoring of volcanic activities and prediction of volcanic eruptions 원문보기

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