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Kafe 바로가기주관연구기관 | 강원대학교 Kangwon National University |
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보고서유형 | 최종보고서 |
발행국가 | 대한민국 |
언어 | 한국어 |
발행년월 | 2015-04 |
과제시작연도 | 2014 |
주관부처 | 산림청 Korea Forest Service |
등록번호 | TRKO201500014237 |
과제고유번호 | 1405002349 |
사업명 | 임업기술연구개발사업(보조포함) |
DB 구축일자 | 2015-08-15 |
키워드 | 산불.시설물 보호.산불위험성 평가.연료모델.안전진단.Forest Fire.Facility Protection.Assesment of Forest Fire Danger Rate.Fuel Model.Safety Diagnosis. |
DOI | https://doi.org/10.23000/TRKO201500014237 |
Ⅰ. 연구개요
산림 내 주요 시설물들의 산불피해 저감을 위해 시설물 주변의 산불 환경 현황을 파악하고, 산불 환경의 위험 임계치를 분석․도출함으로써, 산불 환경을 고려한 산림 내 주요 시설물의 산불 안전 진단체계와 산불피해 저감 기술의 효율성 분석을 통한 종합적인 산림 내 주요시설물 지역의 산불피해 저감기술을 개발코자 함.
Ⅱ. 연구내용 및 범위
1. 시설 별 산불진화자원 현황 분석
2. 산림 내 주요시설물 산불안전진단 기법 개발
3. 산불확산 방지 기법(숲가꾸기) 효과분석 및 산물수집 중요성
Ⅰ. 연구개요
산림 내 주요 시설물들의 산불피해 저감을 위해 시설물 주변의 산불 환경 현황을 파악하고, 산불 환경의 위험 임계치를 분석․도출함으로써, 산불 환경을 고려한 산림 내 주요 시설물의 산불 안전 진단체계와 산불피해 저감 기술의 효율성 분석을 통한 종합적인 산림 내 주요시설물 지역의 산불피해 저감기술을 개발코자 함.
Ⅱ. 연구내용 및 범위
1. 시설 별 산불진화자원 현황 분석
2. 산림 내 주요시설물 산불안전진단 기법 개발
3. 산불확산 방지 기법(숲가꾸기) 효과분석 및 산물수집 중요성
4. 수관화 전이 및 확산방지를 위한 산림 내 주요 시설물 주변 임분밀도 조절 관리 기법개발
Ⅲ. 주요 연구결과
1. 시설 별 산불진화자원 현황 분석
가. 산림 내 주요시설물 지역 시설물별 산불진화자원 현황 조사
- 산림 내 주요시설물 지역 시설물별 산불진화자원 현황을 시설별, 사찰별 산불 피해유무, 사찰별 문화재 보유 유무에 따른 진화자원을 비교 분석함
2. 산림 내 주요시설물 산불안전진단 기법 개발
가. 산림 내 주요시설물 지역 산불피해시설물 현장조사 결과
- 진화여건 분석, 시설물의 위치, 건축재료, 시설물 주변 숲구조, 시설물 주변 여건 및 진화여건을 분석함
나. 산림 내 주요시설물지역 산불안전진단체계 개발
1) 산불위험요인 별 위험도 안전진단 체계 개발
- 현장조사와 GIS분석 결과를 바탕으로 지형형, 사면장 상의 위치, 지형요인에 의한 산림 내 시설물 산불 안전진단체계를 개발함
- 이격거리(30m 이내가 취약하며, 특히 10m 이내가 취약함)를 이용하여 이격 거리에 의한 산림인접지 내 시설물 산불 안전진단체계를 개발함
- 시설물 주변 산불피해 위험 요소 간의 가중치 적용을 위해 AHP분석을 실시하여 위험 요소별 가중치를 설정함
- 산림 내 시설물 주변 산불연료 조건의 산불 피해 위험요소를 침엽수 여부, 주변 임상의 밀도(수목간 간격 4m이내 위험), 주변 교목의 지하고(6.5m 이내 위험)를 선정함
2) 개발된 산불위험 요인 별 위험도를 총괄한 산불 안전진단 체계 개발
- 산림 내 주요시설물 지역 산불안전진단체계를 전문가용(100점 만점)과 일반 인용(예, 아니오)으로 구분함
3) 개발된 산불 안전진단 체계 개발의 현장적용 및 임계치 결정
- 산불안전진단체계를 임계치와 위험 단계를 구분하고, 대책 및 행동 요령을 제안함
3. 산림 내 주요시설물 주변 임분밀도 조절관리 활용 및 검증
가. 수관화 전이 위험성 평가를 위한 주요 인자 분석
1) 지표층 연료의 분석결과
- 소나무림, 리기다소나무림, 잣나무림, 곰솔림, 일본잎갈나무림의 영급별 평균 지표층 연료량, 발열량, 확산율을 추정함
나. 산림 내 주요 시설물 주변 수관화 전이 및 확산 방지를 위한 연료관리
1) 수관화 전이 위험성 평가와 산불방지를 위한 기준 지하고를 추정함
2) 우리나라 침엽수림의 수관화 확산 방지를 위한 임분밀도를 추정함
3) 산림 내 주요 시설물(사찰) 주변 연료특성 및 산불 위험성를 분석함
4. 수관화 전이 및 확산 방지를 위한 산림시업(숲가꾸기) 효과 및 산물수집의 중요성 분석
가. 산림시업(숲가꾸기) 후 산물수집 유·무에 따른 산불 위험성 분석결과
1) 지역별 소나무림의 지표층 연료량, 수관층 연료량 및 연료밀도, 처리구별 기준지하고, 처리구별 기준 수관연료밀도, 처리구별 산불 연소율을 추정함
Ⅲ. 연구결과 활용계획
1. 산림 내 시설물 주변 위험성 현황과 임분밀도 조절관리는 산불 위험지도 작성과 산불방지림 조성의 기초자료로 활용 가능.
2. 산불 지형, 이격거리의 특성에 따른 산불 안전진단 체계 개발은 향후 산불확산 방지 관련 지역 단위 산불방지 매뉴얼 제작과 시설물 지역 안전진단의 기본 자료로 활용 가능
Ⅳ. Results
1. The analysis of current forest fire suppression resources by facility class
가. The survey about forest fire suppression resources on facilities in forested area
1) The comparison according to facility class
- The number of person for forest fire response in natural recreati
Ⅳ. Results
1. The analysis of current forest fire suppression resources by facility class
가. The survey about forest fire suppression resources on facilities in forested area
1) The comparison according to facility class
- The number of person for forest fire response in natural recreation forest was most(16.4 people), the presence rating of fire protection manager was 80% in temple and 0% in pension.
- The number of dry chemical fire extinguisher were 38.9 EA in natural recreation forest. The rating of the installation of a sprinkler system was 83.3% in pension and the number of the installation of a hydrant system was 3.2 EA in temple.
2) The comparison by forest fire damage experience in temple
- In undamaged temple from forest fire, more training program and forest fire drill were operated(4.8times in a year).
- The damaged temple from forest fire had more dry chemical fire extinguisher(18.1EA), more hydrant systems(4.2 EA) and more drain gun(3.9EA).
3) The comparison according to cultural asset in temple
- The number of person for forest fire response in temple which had cultural assets were more than other temples(17.7 peoples). And the presence rating of fire protection manager was 91.7% in this temple.
- The number of dry chemical fire extinguisher in temple which had cultural assets were more than other temples(13.2 EA).
2. The development of forest fire safety inspection systems for major facilities in forested areas
가. The investigation of damaged facilities and location in forested area
1) The route condition
- The rate of paved route(road) was 93.5%. However, 91.9% of surveyed facilities had only one route connected to forest fire institution. 75.8% facilities had bridges and weight or width limits on the route.
2) The location conditon
- The distance between facility and main road was over 45m and 79% of surveyed facilities had no space for turning car. 53.2% of facilities had obstacles on the route or overall shaded on the route.
3) The roof material
- 88.7% of facilities used Asphalt Shingle, slate and wood planks as a roof material. Because these material were easily ignited, the improvement of roof material was needed for facility protection from forest fire.
4) The forest floor around facilities
- The main species within 30m radius was coniferous and the rate was 91.9%. 77.4% of surveyed facilities did not operated thinning or forest management around facilities. The presence rate of ladder fuel was 75.8%.
5) The neighboring building and combustibles
- The rate of distance within 10m between neighboring buildings were 66.1% and the rate of distance within 2m between combustibles were 38.7%. The distance between neighboring building and combustibles were very closed.
나. The development of forest fire safety inspection systems for major facilities in forested areas
1) The development of forest fire safety inspection system by forest danger factor
- As a results from field survey and GIS analysis, we discriminated a danger condition on topography type(Valley-chimney type), degree type(>30 degree) and the location of mountain (over 3/10 from ground to summit).
- As a results from field survey, we decided safety distance between the facility and forest. The distance within 30m would be danger to facility, especially within 10m more danger.
- As a results from field survey, we derived forest fire danger element. And we adjusted weights between these elements using AHP analysis. The results of AHP analysis were like that the combustibles management around facilities was most important(the weight was 0.28) and the parking space for fire engine was 0.28, the installation of firebreak and fire wall were 0.21, the width of route was 0.21 and the number of route was 0.12.
- As a results from forest fire fuel assessment method, The standard of forest density and canopy base height were indicated. Coniferous forest, under 4m distance between trees and under 6.5m canopy base height would be a stanndard as ‘danger’.
2) The development of overall forest fire safety inspection system
- The weight between forest fire danger factors were adjusted using Analytic Hierarchy Process(AHP) method. The results of AHP analysis was that the distance from forest had the highest weight(0.28). The weight of forest fire danger element was 0.21, the weight of the condition of topography was 0.18, The weight of the forest fire attack resources was 0.17 and the weight of forest fire fuel condition was lowest(0.16).
3) The application of developed systems and the determination of the threshold for forest fire danger
- As the results from analysis of developed systems application, we suggested activities for the protection of the facility according to class of forest fire safety inspection system and condition.
- We applied the forest fire safety inspection system for laymen to determine the threshold of forest fire danger rating for facilities in forested area. The results of this application said that the danger rating was ‘danger’ when the number of answer ‘NO’ was over 11.
3. Techniques for the development and validation to manage stand density of forest
가. Assessment of major factors that contribute to crown fire transition
1) Surface fuel
- This study was conducted to assess the probability of crown fire transition thru the estimation surface fuel load, heating value, surface fire rate of spread for coniferous species. Results indicated that the value of mean surface fuel load based on age class was highest on Pinus koraiensis while the lowest value was found on Larix leptolepis. The heating value of surface fuel showed high values in Pinus rigida, Pinu thunbergii, Pinus densiflora, Pinus koraiensis, Larix leptolepis, respectively.
The rate of spread for surface fire was estimated thru the result of study in surface fuel load and real surface fire rate of spread estimates.
나. Development of management techniques to prevent transition and spread of crown fire in forest
1) Estimation of target crown base height(CBH) to assess and prevent transition of hazardous crown fire.
- Target CBH was estimated based on fuel moisture, slope, wind speed, age class base on surface fuel load, heating value, and surface fire rate of spread for coniferous species.
- Also, target CBH in the different DBH classes was estimated combine utilizing the 5th national forest inventory data, mean DBH of coniferous species and target CBH.
2) Estimation of stand density to prevent spread of crown fire for coniferous species.
- Stand density in the different age classes for coniferous species to prevent spread of crown fire was estimated base on mean crown bulk density(CBD) and target CBD.
- Also, value of stand density in the different DBH classes for coniferous species was estimated utilizing the 5th national forest inventory data and value of stand density in the different age classes.
3) Analysis of fuel characteristics and forest fire hazard in forest with facilities such as temple.
- The critical values for surface fire intensity and surface flame length were highest in Wang ryong temple in Gyeong-ju. This means that the forest fire hazard was lowest in the forest around Wang ryong temple in Gyeong-ju.
4. Analysis of forest practices such as thinning and the product collected to prevent forest fire spread
가. Forest fire risk analysis of check whether or not collected check is true subsequence forest practice(thinning)
1) Estimation of surface fuel load
- The mean surface fuel loads of the uncollected product of Pinus densiflora after forest practice(thinning) were 2.212 kg/㎡ for Young-ju region, 2.180 kg/㎡ for Go-ryeong region, and 2.272 kg/㎡ for Seo-san region. Furthermore, the mean surface fuel load of the collected product for Pinus densiflora in three years were 1.436kg/㎡ for Young-ju region, 1.520 kg/㎡ for Go-ryeong region, and 1.649 kg/㎡ for Seo-san region. The average difference of the uncollected product to collected product were 0.686 kg/㎡.
2) Estimation of crown fuel load and fuel density
- The available CBD before forest practice(thinning) was 0.133 kg/㎡ for Young-ju region, 0.166 kg/㎡ for Go-ryeong region, and 0.121 kg/㎡ for Seo-san region. It was 0.086 kg/㎡ for Young-ju region, 0.109 kg/㎡ for Go-ryeong region, and 0.088 kg/㎡ for Seo-san region after the forest practice was conducted. The available CBD decreased with an average of 32.3%.
3) Estimation of target CBH by treatment plot
- If the average wind speed is 4 m/s and the slope is 15°∼25°, the target CBH before forest practice was conducted were 7.42m for Young-ju region, 8.32m for Go-ryeong region, and 6.77m for Seo-san region. Target CBH of product un-collected and collected of the Pinus densiflora (average wind speed : 3.5m/s and slope : 25°∼35°) after forest practice was conducted(thinning) were 8.81m and 6.58m for Young-ju region, 9.42m and 7.30m for Go-ryeong region, and 7.56m and 6.06m for Seo-san region, respectively.
4) Estimation of target CBD by treatment plot
- If the average wind is speed 4 m/s and the slope is 15°∼25°, target CBD before forest practice was conducted were to 0.113 kg/m³ for Young-ju region, 0.139 kg/m³ for Go-ryeong region, and 0.118 kg/m³ for Seo-san region. The target CBD of product un-collected and collected of the Pinus densiflora(average wind speed : 3.5m/s and slope : 25°∼35°) after forest practice was conducted were 0.087 kg/m³ and 0.159 kg/m³ for Young-ju region, 0.081 kg/m³ and 0.151 kg/m³ for Go-ryeong region, and 0.098 kg/m³ and 0.162 kg/m³ for Seo-san region, respectively. The target CBD of the collected product after forest practice(thinning) was higher as compared to the uncollected product before the forest practice was conducted.
5) Estimation of crown fuel consumption by treatment plot
- The crown fuel consumption before forest practice(thinning) were estimated to be 68% for Young-ju region, 78% for Go-ryeong region, and 70% for Seo-san region. Crown fuel consumption of the product un-collected and collected after forest practice (thinning) were estimated to be 58% and 89% for Young-ju region, 60% and 90% for Go-ryeong region, and 64% and 86% for Seo-san region.
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