초록 ▼

Ⅱ. 연구개발의 목적 및 필요성
○ 소규모 부업 형태에서 대규모 전업 형태로 오리산업 생산규모 급속히 증가[생산액 : 6,490억원(’05) → 10,451억원(’12); 사육수수 : 8,389천수(’05) → 15,053천수(’11)]
○ 국내 오리고기 생산에 이용되는 품종은 대부분이 백색오리로 전량 수입(791천수, ’11)에 의존하고 있는 실정이며, 국산종자 보유에 따른 종자 수입시 교섭력을 높일 수 있음
○ 우리의 입맛에 맞는 고품질의 차별화된 우수한 국산품종 개발 및 사육기술 연구의 필요성이 오리 사육농가를

Ⅱ. 연구개발의 목적 및 필요성
○ 소규모 부업 형태에서 대규모 전업 형태로 오리산업 생산규모 급속히 증가[생산액 : 6,490억원(’05) → 10,451억원(’12); 사육수수 : 8,389천수(’05) → 15,053천수(’11)]
○ 국내 오리고기 생산에 이용되는 품종은 대부분이 백색오리로 전량 수입(791천수, ’11)에 의존하고 있는 실정이며, 국산종자 보유에 따른 종자 수입시 교섭력을 높일 수 있음
○ 우리의 입맛에 맞는 고품질의 차별화된 우수한 국산품종 개발 및 사육기술 연구의 필요성이 오리 사육농가를 중심으로 요구되고 있음
○ 오리고기 소비 증가를 토종오리로 대체하여 오리 유전자원의 일부분을 국산화 하는 연구가 필요함[오리산업 내 토종오리 점유 예상 비율 : 10%(’12년) → 15(’15) → 20(’18)]

Abstract ▼

제1세부과제 : 백색 육용오리 종자 개발 및 계통 조성
This study was carried out to evaluate performance and uniformity of White Korean native ducks collected from two areas in Korea. White ducklings were selected from all ducklings that were hatched from hatchery eggs of Korean native ducks. A total of two hundred for

제1세부과제 : 백색 육용오리 종자 개발 및 계통 조성
This study was carried out to evaluate performance and uniformity of White Korean native ducks collected from two areas in Korea. White ducklings were selected from all ducklings that were hatched from hatchery eggs of Korean native ducks. A total of two hundred forty white ducklings (1-d-old) were used in this work and were divided into 4 groups (4 replicates/group, 15 birds/replicate) with 2×2 factors (2 groups, J, H; genders, male and female). Weekly body weight of H groups was higher than that of J groups (P<0.05). Also, weekly body weight of male ducks was higher compared to that of female at 6~8 wk old (P<0.05). Uniformity of J groups was higher than that of H groups at the age of 1 wks old (P<0.05), and that of female duck was higher than that of male at the age of 6 wks old (P<0.05). Body weight gain of H group was higher than that of J group (P<0.05), and that of male duck was higher compared to that of female at 6~7 wks old (P<0.05). Feed intake of H group was higher compared to that of J group (P<0.05), but there was no significant difference between male and female on feed intake. On feed conversion ratio, J group was higher than H group at 4~5 wks, 7~8 wks and 0~8 wks old (P<0.05), and feed conversion ratio of male duck was higher than that of female at 1~2 wks, 5~6 wks and 6~7 wks old. Finally, these results was tended to show that performance of H groups was higher than that of J groups. Further researches need to carry out to commercial White Korean native ducks on performance and uniformity as well as meat quality and genetic characteristic.

제2세부과제 : 토종오리 능력 개량 및 산업화
Duck production in Korea has rapidly developed in recent years and 2014 it is ranked at the ninth position of agricultural production. Due to the low cholesterol contents and high-unsaturated fatty acid content, duck meat is recognized as healthy animal food and its consumption has been continuously increasing. In spite of the growth of duck industry and increasing of duck meat consumption in Korea, it is facing the crisis due to the agricultural products imported by World Trade Organization (WTO) and the result of Free Trade Agreement (FTA). Also, Most of the parent stock(PS) of duck is imported, this research was conducted in order to develop a new duck breed using our own Korean native duck(KND). This study was carried out to investigate the growth performance of improved Korean native ducks (KND). A total of 480 day-old ducklings were divided into four treatments (four replicates/treatment, 15 birds/replicate) by strains (C1, C2, T1 and T2) and gender (male and female) in a 4×2 factorial arrangement under complete randomized design. They were fed corn-soybean meal based diets as suggested by Korean Feeding Standards for Poultry for 8 weeks as 0 weeks to 3 weeks (22.0% CP, 2,904 kcal/kg ME) and 3 weeks to 8 weeks (18.0% CP, 3,002 kcal/kg ME). Weekly BW of commercial duck(C1) is the highest, Weekly BW of improved Korean native duck(T1, T2) is more higher than that of indigenous Korean native duck(C2) (P<0.05). When body weight of commercial duck(C1), KND(C2) and improved KND(T1) treatments were compared, significant difference was observed from 3 weeks between gender(male and female)(P<0.05). Improved KND(T2) treatment was observed significant difference in 7 weeks between gender(male and female)(P<0.05). Weekly BWG is similar tendency with BW. Weekly FCR of commercial duck(C1) is usually appeared compared to other control (P<0.05), however when other control were compared, no significant difference was observed. As a result, growth performance of improved KND is low compared to commercial duck, but is higher than KND, these results have contended that it will be in good stead in domestic duck industry.

제1협동과제 : 백색육용오리 및 토종오리의 품종 식별 및 유전학적 분석
Total 329 duck samples, mainly for Korean native duck (KND), commercial duck (CD), For the breed discrimination analysis, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) D-loop control region sequences were initially investigated. A total of 145 duck samples (84 of Bangladesh ducks (Ba), 21 of white Korean native ducks (WKND), 20 of black Korean native ducs (KND_N), 20 of commercial Peking duck (CD)) were analyzed by Sanger sequencing method. Based on the sequence alignment, 20 nucleotide variations and 1 indel site were investigated and 30 haplotypes were identified. From Hap-1 to Hap-11 were shared haplotypes between KND with CD population and from Hap-12 to Hap-30 were shared haplotypes among 4 lines of Ba population. Especially, Hap-2 shared all the populations which indicated that these ducks have the same origin. In addition, KND and CD populations were not discriminated well using these mtDNA mutations and haplotypes. Consequently, mtDNA D-loop sequence is not suitable for breed discrimination analysis between Korean native ducks with commercial ducks.
The microsatellite (MS) markers were used for the duck traceability system in this study. Total 100 markers were tested and highly polymorphic 24 MS markers were selected for the discrimination analysis. These markers have high polymorphism information contents (PIC) values than other markers, indicating high discriminating power. Based on the further analysis, 14 MS markers were finally selected as suitable combination after the probability of identity (PI ) value calculation. These combination have enough PI values in random, half-sib, and full-sib population as 1.07E-16, 1.78E-12, and 1.60E-6, respectively. The result of genetic distance calculation using 14 MS markers, between KND with Ba population have longest genetic distance as 0.367. This MS marker combination have enough individual discrimination power with more than 99.99% of parentage score. Therefore, 14 MS marker combination can be use for duck traceability system through the further verification studies in the market.
Finally, four candidate genes (ASIP, DCT, MC1R, MITF) were investigated whether thaey have the relationships with feather colors in duck. The results indicated that total 83 nucleotide variants were detected by sequencing. Of this, 18 SNPs were located in exonic region, showing 6 non-synonymous and 12 synonymous SNPs. Especially, the genotype analysis of 4 MC1R SNPs (c.52A>G, c,376A>G, c.409G>A, c.649C>T) indicated that they are highly significant (P <0.01) between white and black feather colors. Further verifications, these SNPs can be helpful for genetic markers for duck feathers.

제2협동과제 : 오리고기 육질 특성 구명 및 가공체계 설정
The cooperative research project was conducted to examine the meat quality characteristics and to establish an appropriate processing system of Korean native duck. Totally, five experiments had been conducted in the present study. Exp. 1 was performed to investigate the actual condition of the present duck processing system. We collected different duck meat products from different distribution and sales conditions. Most of them were highly contaminated by microorganisms, suggesting that safety should be concerned as the priority during and after processing system of duck meat in Korea. In Exp. 2, male and female Korean native ducks and commercial ducks (Cherry Valley), and Woorimatori, newly developed Korean native duck, were analyzed for breed and/or sex effect on meat quality attributes in addition to bioactive compounds and taste-related compounds. Evaluation on meat quality of commercial duck stored with different packaging condition, temperature and time was also carried out in Exp. 3. Exp. 4 analyzed microbial contamination of Woorimatori and the effect of high hydrostatic pressure on microbial inactivation of the duck meat. High hydrostatic pressure at 400 MPa inactivated 12 microorganisms completely out of total 18 and decreased microbial population. On the other hand, commercial duck with different aging time prior to marination was investigated to see the aging effect on marination and meat quality in Exp. 5. From the series of experiments, we have elucidated the meat characteristics of Korean native ducks and Woorimatori. From the result, it is highly recommended to improve safety of commercial duck meat products and high hydrostatic pressure could be one of solutions to improve the safety of duck meat products.

제3협동과제 : 백색 육용오리 및 토종오리 사양관리 기술 개발
Lysine requirements of Korean native ducklings for three weeks after hatch
Dietary lysine content in poultry diet is critical to improve feed utilization efficiency, body protein deposition rate and carcass traits of growing and finishing poultry. The objective of the current study was to estimate the optimum digestible lysine requirements for maximum growth performance, efficient utilization of nitrogen and carcass traits of male Korean native ducklings for three weeks after hatch. A total of 720 one-day-old male Korean native ducklings were used in a completely randomized design having 8 dietary treatments to provide a range of digestible lysine content from 0.44-1.07%. Ducklings were randomly allotted to 24 floor pens (6 replicates per treatment and 15 ducklings per pen) and were offered the respective diets on an ad libitum basis for the period of study. Body weight and feed intake were measured weekly to calculate feed conversion ratio. At the termination of experiment, two ducklings per pen were euthanized via cervical dislocation to weigh empty body and drumsticks. Digestible lysine requirement was determined by taking a mean value after fitting the data to both a linear-plateau and a quadratic-plateau models. Digestible lysine requirements for Korean native ducklings for three weeks after hatch were estimated to be 0.71, 0.74, 0.65 and 1.01% for maximum body weight, daily gain, daily feed intake, and for minimum feed conversion ratio, respectively.

The apparent metabolizable energy requirement of male Korean native ducklings from hatch to 21 days of age
A study was conducted to determine the apparent metabolizable energy (AME) requirement of Korean native ducklings for hatch to 21 days of age. A total of 336 one-day-old male Korean native ducklings were used in a completely randomized design having 8 dietary treatments to provide a range of AME content from 2,600 to 3,300 kcal/kg (i.e., 100 kcal/kg disparity). Eight experimental diets containing varying levels of AME were formulated to meet the NRC (1994) nutrient specifications. Ducklings were randomly allocated to 48 pens (6 replicates per treatment and 7 ducklings per pen) and were offered their respective diets on an ad libitum basis for the period of study. Body weight and feed intake were measured weekly to calculate feed conversion ratio, energy intake and protein intake. Two ducklings per pen (n=6) were euthanized via cervical dislocation to weigh empty body and drumsticks at the conclusion of experiment. Data were fitted to both linear-plateau and quadratic-plateau models for estimation of the AME requirements for Korean native ducklings for hatch to 21 days of age. The estimated AME requirements were 2,953, 3,007 and 2,950 kcal AME/kg diet for maximum daily gain, daily feed intake, and for minimum feed conversion ratio, respectively.

Determination of dietary methionine requirement of male Korean native ducks for 21-day after hatch with a linear- and a quadratic-plateau-model
The present study is to determine the optimal dietary methionine requirement level for the maximum growth performance, efficient utilization of nitrogen and carcass traits of male Korean native ducklings (KND) from hatch to 21-day (d) of age. A dose-response experiment was conducted using a completely randomized design with 7 dietary methionine levels (0.40-0.90%). Body weight and feed intake were measured weekly to calculate feed conversion ratio. One duckling per pen (n=6) were euthanized via cervical dislocation to weigh empty body and drumsticks at the conclusion of experiment. Body weight (BW) generally improved in diets supplemented with methionine from 0.40 to 0.90 % compared to 0.30%, but decreased from 0.05% with increasing methionine content. Average daily gain (ADG) also increased in 0.40-0.90% methionine overall versus 0.30% supplementation, and decreasing patterns from 0.50% were shown with increasing methionine level. Average daily feed intake (ADF) did not differ (P>0.05) in all methionine levels, but greater ADF indicated in 0.40 and 0.50%, and such increasing tendency decreased (P<0.1) at higher levels of methionine. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) decreased (P<0.05) with increasing supplementation of methionine. Methionine requirement was analyzed by taking a mean value after fitting the data to both a linear-plateau and a quadratic-plateau models. Methionine requirements of KND for hatch to 21-d of age were estimated to be 0.40, 0.38, 0.38 and 0.38% for the maximum BW, ADG, ADF, and for the minimum FCR. In carcass characteristics, the weight of full body (FBW), empty body (EBW) and drumstick (DSW) was improved in 0.40-0.90% compared to 0.30% dietary methionine, and those weights showed decreasing patterns from 0.50 or 0.60% supplementation.
The proportion of empty carcass weight to FBW was increased in non-linear manner with increasing dietary methionine content. However, the proportion of DSW to EBW was not consistent with dietary methionine levels. In conclusion, the supplementation of dietary methionine affected the growth performance of male KND from hatch to 21-d of age, suggesting methionine levels estimated by a linear-plateau and a quadratic-plateau models.

Sulfur amino acid requirement of male Korean native ducklings from hatch to 21-day of age
A dose-response experiment was conducted using a completely randomized design with 7 total sulfur amino acid levels (n = 6 replicate pens per treatment and 8 ducklings per pen). A total of 336 one-day-old male Korean native ducklings were used in a completely randomized design. The 7 total sulfur amino acid levels used in this experiment were 0.62, 0.65, 0.68, 0.71, 0.74, 0.77 and 0.80%. A wheat/corn and soybean meal-based basal diet was formulated to meet the NRC (1994) nutrient specifications, and also to achieve an ideal amino acid pattern. Ducklings were weighed individually and were randomly allocated to 1 of 7 dietary treatments with varying dietary methionine levels based on live weight at arrival. Eight birds were housed in each pen and were offered the respective diets on an ad libitum basis for the period of study. Body weight and feed intake were measured weekly to calculate feed conversion ratio. One duckling per pen (n=6) were euthanized via cervical dislocation to weigh empty body and drumsticks at the conclusion of experiment. Total sulfur amino acid requirement was determined by taking a mean value after fitting the data to both a linear-plateau and a quadratic-plateau models. Total sulfur amino acid requirements for Korean native ducklings for hatch to 21 days of age were estimated to be 0.68, 0.68, 0.65 and 0.68% for maximum body weight, daily gain, daily feed intake, and for minimum feed conversion ratio.

제4협동과제 : 국산 오리고기 이용 레시피 개발
To invent the recipe, basic demands were determined from the survey conducted on citizens and experts in the food industry. 200 housewives utilizing large grocery stores were surveyed for the general consumer recipes, and 30 chefs and nutritionists were interviewed in depth for recipes intended for restaurants and food service facilities.
Based on the acquired information, prospective menus were nominated, pre-cooked 3-5 times, and finalized after evaluation by the selection committee including a chef, food journalist, food marketer, cooking instructor and food stylist.
60 recipes (30 general consumer and family recipes and 30 restaurant and food service facility recipes) were invented. General consumer and family recipes consisted three categories of korean side dishes, health foods, and special delicacies. Furthermore, restaurant and food service facility recipes differentiated between type of food and the level of cooking difficulty.
With professional styling and photography, the invented recipes were made into manual books composed of cooking directions, ingredient quantities, and cooking tips. This manual books can be used as a valuable resource to provide convenient duck dishes at home and a more professional and novel menu in restaurants and food service facilities.