[보고서]액화수소용기 건전성 평가 및 안전기술 개발

남승훈

액화수소용기 건전성 평가 및 안전기술 개발
Development of Safety and Integrity Evaluation Technology for Liquefied Hydrogen Storage Vessels 원문보기

보고서 정보
주관연구기관	한국표준과학연구원 Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science
연구책임자	남승훈
참여연구자	이해무 , 백운봉 , 박종서 , 김기복 , 백승욱 , 정재갑 , 한준희 , 탁내형 , 정인현 , 권수용 , 김대호 , 최병일 , 배동수 , 황병철 , 김재용
보고서유형	2단계보고서
발행국가	대한민국
언어	한국어
발행년월	2016-06
과제시작연도	2015
주관부처	미래창조과학부 Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning
등록번호	TRKO201700012196
과제고유번호	1711029159
사업명	첨단융합기술개발
DB 구축일자	2017-10-21
키워드	액화수소.수소취화.극저온소재물성.비파괴손상평가.사용적합성.Liquefied Hydrogen.Hydrogen Embrittlement.Cryogenic Mechanical Property.Nondestructive Defect Inspection.Life Time Assessment.
DOI	https://doi.org/10.23000/TRKO201700012196

초록

○ 극저온 소재물성 평가
○ 수소 저장용기 신뢰성 평가기술 개발
○ 액화수소 저장용기 적용을 위한 비파괴 초음파 탐상시스템 개발 및 평가
○ 비파괴적 손상검출기술 개발
○ 운용 환경조건하 내조소재 잔여수명 평가
○ 수소저장용기재료의 극저온 열팽창계수 측정기술 개발
○ 액체수소 저장시스템 안전설계 기술 개발
(출처:요약서 3p)

Abstract ▼

Ⅰ. Evaluation of mechanical properties at cryogenic temperatures
- Technology development of the evaluation of mechanical properties at 20 K for the selection of optimum materials used for liquefied hydrogen storage containers
- Evaluation of mechanical properties at 20 K on the materials (STS304, STS316L, Al6061, Mn-steel) to be used for liquefied hydrogen storage containers

Ⅱ. Evaluation technique for hydrogen storage vessel
- Evaluation of mechanical properties at room temperature in high pressure gaseous hydrogen environment
- A development of reliability assessment technology and the selection of optimum materials for liquefied hydrogen storage containers in high pressure gaseous hydrogen environment

Ⅲ. Fabrication and Assessment of ultrasonic NDE system for liquefied hydrogen storage vessels
- Development of the algorithm to detect defects based on analyzing the propagation of ultrasonic guided wave at the storage vessel
- Development of ultrasonic NDE inspecting system based on developed the detecting algorithms
- Application and evaluation of developed ultrasonic NDE system for liquefied hydrogen storage vessel

Ⅳ. Non-destructive defect detection technique
- Development of integrity evaluation method of hydrogen-embritlled using electrical resistivity
- Development of hydrogen damage evaluation technology using Barkhausen noise

Ⅴ. Assessment of residual life of hydrogen-exposed materials
- obtained the absorption and desorption behavior of hydrogen at varying conditions
- developed a residual hydrogen evaluation model considering the kinetic behavior of hydrogen and interaction of lattice-trapped hydrogen

Ⅵ. Development of measurement technique of the thermal expansion coefficient of hydrogen storage materials
- Establishment of thermal expansion coefficient measurement system in the range of -175 ℃ ~ 80 ℃
- Development of thermal expansion data of four materials (STS 304, STS 316L, Al 6061, Mn steel) of hydrogen storage vessel

Ⅶ. Development of the Safety Technology on the Liquid Hydrogen Storage System
- Leakage & Spreading Characteristics of Cryogenic Liquid
- Development of the Safety Design Technology for a Liquefied Hydrogen Storage System
- Development of the Qualitative Risk Assessment Technology for a Liquefied Hydrogen Storage System

Ⅷ. Analysis of hydrogen diffusion mechanism and structure for hydrogen embrittlement
- Interfacial studies on hydrogen permeation and structural analysis team provided the basic knowledge for structure and properties of facing materials by hydrogen permeation
- The SS304, SS316 and SS316L samples were hydrogen loaded at high temperature (350, 500 and 800 ℃) and at low temperature (20.27, 77.3 ℃)
- The structure of sample was analyzed from the XRD pattern. The crack was occurred on the surface of sample after hydrogen loading and the evidence of crack was found from the surface imaging
- From the XRD data, the mixture of austenitic phase (γ-phase) and ferritic phase (δ-phase) was found and the volume fraction of ferritic phase was increased after hydrogen permeation
- For the hydrogen permeation at low temperature, the crack and phase transition is lower than high temperature ones
- The structure, components, atomic position and atomic occupancy of samples were analyzed by Rietveld refinement method from the neutron diffraction pattern
(출처:SUMMARY 6~7p)

목차 Contents

표지 ... 1제 출 문 ... 2보고서 요약서 ... 3요 약 문 ... 4SUMMARY ... 6CONTENTS ... 8목차 ... 9제 1 장 연구개발과제의 개요 ... 10 1. 극저온 소재물성 평가 ... 10 2. 수소 저장용기 신뢰성 평가기술 개발 ... 10 3. 액화수소 저장용기 적용을 위한 비파괴 초음파 탐상시스템 개발 및 평가 ... 11 4. 비파괴적 손상검출기술 개발 ... 12 5. 운용 환경조건하 내조소재 잔여수명 평가 ... 14 6. 수소저장용기재료의 극저온 열팽창계수 측정기술 개발 ... 15 7. 액체수소 저장시스템 안전설계 기술 개발 ... 16 8. 초저온용 오스테나이트 스테인리스강의 수소취성특성에 대한 평가연구 ... 17 9. 저온인성용 고망간강의 수소취화 연구 ... 18 10. 수소취성에 따른 계면에서의 확산 메커니즘과 물성 및 구조 분석 ... 18제 2 장 국내외 기술개발 현황 ... 19 1. 극저온 소재물성 평가 ... 19 2. 수소 저장용기 신뢰성 평가기술 개발 ... 23 3. 액화수소 저장용기 적용을 위한 비파괴 초음파 탐상시스템 개발 및 평가 ... 24 4. 비파괴적 손상검출기술 개발 ... 25 5. 운용 환경조건하 내조소재 잔여수명 평가 ... 26 6. 수소저장용기재료의 극저온 열팽창계수 측정기술 개발 ... 28 7. 액체수소 저장시스템 안전설계 기술 개발 ... 28 8. 초저온용 오스테나이트 스테인리스강의 수소취성특성에 대한 평가연구 ... 30 9. 저온인성용 고망간강의 수소취화 연구 ... 31 10. 수소취성에 따른 계면에서의 확산 메커니즘과 물성 및 구조 분석 ... 32제 3 장 연구개발수행 내용 및 결과 ... 33 1. 극저온 소재물성 평가 ... 33 2. 수소 저장용기 신뢰성 평가기술 개발 ... 70 3. 액화수소 저장용기 적용을 위한 비파괴 초음파 탐상시스템 개발 및 평가 ... 86 4. 비파괴적 손상검출기술 개발 ... 195 5. 운용 환경조건하 내조소재 잔여수명 평가 ... 211 6. 수소저장용기재료의 극저온 열팽창계수 측정기술 개발 ... 222 7. 액체수소 저장시스템 안전설계 기술 개발 ... 230 8. 초저온용 오스테나이트 스테인리스강의 수소취성특성에 대한 평가연구 ... 300 9. 저온인성용 고망간강의 수소취화 연구 ... 329 10. 수소취성에 따른 계면에서의 확산 메커니즘과 물성 및 구조 분석 ... 337제 4 장 목표달성도 및 관련분야에의 기여도 ... 350 1. 극저온 소재물성 평가 ... 350 2. 수소 저장용기 신뢰성 평가기술 개발 ... 350 3. 액화수소 저장용기 적용을 위한 비파괴 초음파 탐상시스템 개발 및 평가 ... 351 5. 운용 환경조건하 내조소재 잔여수명 평가 ... 353 6. 수소저장용기재료의 극저온 열팽창계수 측정기술 개발 ... 354 7. 액체수소 저장시스템 안전설계 기술 개발 ... 354 8. 초저온용 오스테나이트 스테인리스강의 수소취성특성에 대한 평가연구 ... 355 9. 저온인성용 고망간강의 수소취화 연구 ... 356 10. 수소취성에 따른 계면에서의 확산 메커니즘과 물성 및 구조 분석 ... 357제 5 장 연구개발결과의 활용계획 ... 358 1. 극저온 소재물성 평가 ... 358 2. 수소 저장용기 신뢰성 평가기술 개발 ... 358 3. 액화수소 저장용기 적용을 위한 비파괴 초음파 탐상시스템 개발 및 평가 ... 358 4. 비파괴적 손상검출기술 개발 ... 359 5. 운용 환경조건하 내조소재 잔여수명 평가 ... 359 6. 수소저장용기재료의 극저온 열팽창계수 측정기술 개발 ... 359 7. 액체수소 저장시스템 안전설계 기술 개발 ... 359 8. 초저온용 오스테나이트 스테인리스강의 수소취성특성에 대한 평가연구재 ... 360 9. 저온인성용 고망간강의 수소취화 연구 ... 360 10. 수소취성에 따른 계면에서의 확산 메커니즘과 물성 및 구조 분석 ... 360제 6 장 연구개발과정에서 수집한 해외과학기술정보 ... 362 1. 극저온 소재물성 평가 ... 362 3. 액화수소 저장용기 적용을 위한 비파괴 초음파 탐상시스템 개발 및 평가 ... 363 4. 비파괴적 손상검출기술 개발 ... 363 5. 운용 환경조건하 내조소재 잔여수명 평가 ... 364 6. 수소저장용기재료의 극저온 열팽창계수 측정기술 개발 ... 365 7. 액체수소 저장시스템 안전설계 기술 개발 ... 365 8. 초저온용 오스테나이트 스테인리스강의 수소취성특성에 대한 평가연구 ... 367 9. 저온인성용 고망간강의 수소취화 연구 ... 368 10. 수소취성에 따른 계면에서의 확산 메커니즘과 물성 및 구조 분석 ... 368제 7 장 참고문헌 ... 370끝페이지 ... 383

표/그림 (300)

표 material, facility and operating information for assessing the fitness-for-service of an energy facility
표 Tensile cryostat developed by NASA
표 Low temperature materials testing system installed at MPA Stuttgart
표 Outline of the LH2 facilities installed at NSSMC
표 Turret disk type multi-specimen grip used at NSSMC
표 Tensile cryostat used at NIST
표 Turret disk type multi-specimen device used at Kobe Steel
표 Mechanical testing cryostat used at NIMS
표 A history of hydrogen embrittlement
표 Hydrogen safety building and facility in KRISS.
표 four categorized hydrogen-induced damage mechanisms.
표 기술별 선진국 대비 기술격차
표 저비중 고망간강 개발 (S.H. Kim, H. Kim, N.J. Kim, Nature, 2015)
표 고망간강 LNG 저장 탱크 개발 (국민일보, 2014. 03. 19)
표 Boiling point of liquefied gases and its application field
표 Structural materials in use at low temperatures and its limit of usage
표 Definition of tensile testing
표 Determination of yield strength
표 Comparison of standard tensile specimens used at RT and 4 K
표 Stress-strain diagram for determination of YS by the offset method
표 Notched and unnotched tensile properties of an alloy steel as a function of tempering temperature
$ISO 12135:2002 Metallic materials - Unified method of test for the determination of quasistatic fracture toughness$ 표 ISO 12135:2002 Metallic materials - Unified method of test for the determination of quasistatic fracture toughness
$Appearance of fracture surface and measurement of crack lengths on plain sided CT specimen$ 표 Appearance of fracture surface and measurement of crack lengths on plain sided CT specimen
$Characteristic type of force versus displacement records in fracture tests$ 표 Characteristic type of force versus displacement records in fracture tests
표 Typical fatigue crack growth behavior in metals
표 Constant ΔK test
표 Constant Kmax test
표 List of proficiency tests in which the KRISS participated.
표 Results of MS1209 proficiency test provided by ASTM
표 An example of certificates showing successful participation in the IfEP’s PT
표 Results of TA15MP proficiency test provided by CompaLab
$Tensile properties and fracture toughness of 304L stainless steel$ 표 Tensile properties and fracture toughness of 304L stainless steel
표 RDK-415D specification chart
표 Mechanical testing cryostat using a 4 K G-M refrigerator
표 Dimensions of 4 K G-M refrigerator (Model : RDK-415D)
표 Results of performance test on the developed cryostat
표 An example of test results obtained using the developed cryostat
표 Convergence in research on cryogenic mechanical testing and HGE evaluation
표 System for thermal precharging of pressurized hydrogen gas, which has been installed at KRISS
표 Smooth tensile specimen used at RT and 20 K
표 Notched tensile specimen used at RT and 20 K
표 CTOD specimen used at RT and 20 K
표 Fatigue crack growth specimen used at 20 K
표 Fatigue crack growth specimen used at RT
표 Charging times for common metals and geometries
표 Results of tensile tests on 304, 316L, Al6061 and Mn-Steel at RT
표 Results of tensile tests on 304, 316L, Al6061 and Mn-Steel at 20 K.
표 Results of CTOD tests on 304, 316L, Al6061 and Mn-Steel at RT and 20K
표 Fatigue crack growth rate vs. ΔK for uncharged STS304 at RT
표 Fatigue crack growth rate vs. ΔK for uncharged STS316L at RT
표 Fatigue crack growth rate vs. ΔK for uncharged Al6061 at RT
표 Fatigue crack growth rate vs. ΔK for uncharged Mn-steel at RT
표 Fatigue crack growth rate vs. ΔK for H-charged STS304 at RT
표 Fatigue crack growth rate vs. ΔK for H-charged STS316L at RT
표 Fatigue crack growth rate vs. ΔK for H-charged Mn-steel at RT
표 Comparison of fatigue crack growth rates measured at RT
표 Isometric drawing for tension specimen
표 Chemical compositions of ASTM A240 Gr 316L steel for tensile tests (analysis by ZSX-100E)
표 Geometry of modified tensile test specimen
표 Microstructure of ASTM A 240 Gr. 316L steel from korea
표 Microstructure of ASTM A 240 Gr. 316L steel from china
표 Example of grip using for tensile test.(Ref. Fig. 3-2-7)
표 Wedge and liner shape for tensile test
표 Test specimen set-up condition
표 Tensile test procedure
표 Purity requirements on CSA CHMC 1 code
표 Test gas purity measurement system
표 Calibration of Test gas purity measurement system using standard gas
표 Photo of the interior in H2 gas safety building
표 The flowchart for determination of material compatibility in gaseous hydrogen
표 Concept of multi-specimen system for fatigue crack growth rate measurement
표 Test specimen set-up procerure for material properties(multi-specimen fatigue crack growth) testing system in KRISS.
표 Results of tensile tests on STS304, STS316L, Al6061 and Mn-Steel in 10 MPa gaseous hydrogen
표 Results of CTOD tests on STS304 and STS316L in 10 MPa gaseous hydrogen
표 Fatigue crack growth rate vs. ΔK for STS304 at 10 MPa gaseous hydrogen
표 Fatigue crack growth rate vs. ΔK for STS316L at 10 MPa gaseous hydrogen
표 Schematic of ultrasonic transducer's structure
표 The transmission and reflection of an incident wave on the interface.
표 (a) Input impedance of a single wear plate (b) Input impedance of a double wear plate
표 1 Impedance of the front matching layer by KLM model
표 Changes of input resistance(-) and reactance (--) spectrums by impedance of backing materials
표 The equivalent circuit of an electrical matching transducer based on KLM model
표 An oblique incidence method for generating ultrasonic guided wave
표 Dispersion curve of phase velocity at SUS304 plate
표 Dispersion curve of group velocity at SUS304 plate
표 A free infinitely long pipe with the inner radius a and the outer radius b
표 Dispersion curve of phase velocity at SUS304 pipe
표 Dispersion curve of group velocity at SUS304 pipe
표 The received ultrasonic guided wave signal
표 The FFT result of the received signal
표 The STFT result of the received signal
표 Physical and electrical properties of piezoelcetric ceramics and PMN-PT single crystal
표 Characteristics of fabricated backing materials with various conditions
표 (a) Fabricated contacting ultrasonic transducer and (b) received signals at SUS304 pipe
표 (a) Fabricated immersion ultrasonic transducer and (b) received signals at mock-up
표 The two methods of generating ultrasonic guided wave (a) oblique incidence of ultrasound and (b) generation of array transducers by time delay
표 Received signals with noisy ultrasound by inappropriate wedge
표 Results of FEM simulation for minimizing noisy ultrasound in an wedge
표 Test specimen with artificial defects
표 The sizes of artificial defects
표 Directions between positions of defects and propagating ultrasonic guided wave
표 A storage vessel specimen and positions of artificial defects
표 The sizes of artificial defects at specimen 1st
표 The sizes of artificial defects at specimen 2nd
표 Transmitting and receiving of ultrasonic guided waves
표 Received ultrasonic guided wave and its time-frequency analysis by STFT at without defect
표 Received signal and its time-frequency analysis by STFT at surface defect (1.5mm width)
표 Received signal and its time-frequency analysis by STFT at back side defect (1.5mm width)
표 Received signal and its time-frequency analysis by STFT at surface defect (2.0 mm width)
표 Received signal and its time-frequency analysis by STFT at back side defect (2.0 mm width)
표 Received signal obtained by 2.25 MHz ultrasonic transducer and its time-frequency analysis by STFT at without defect
표 Received signal by 2.25 MHz ultrasonic transducer and its time-frequency analysis by STFT at surface defect (0.7 mm width)
표 Received signal by 2.25 MHz ultrasonic transducer and its time-frequency analysis by STFT at back side defect (0.7 mm width)
표 Received signal by 2.25 MHz ultrasonic transducer and its time-frequency analysis by STFT at surface defect (0.5 mm width)
표 Received signal by 2.25 MHz ultrasonic transducer and its time-frequency analysis by STFT at back side defect (0.5 mm width)
표 Received signal by 2.25 MHz ultrasonic transducer and its time-frequency analysis by STFT at surface defect (0.1 mm width)
표 Received signal by 2.25 MHz ultrasonic transducer and its time-frequency analysis by STFT at back side defect (0.1 mm width)
표 Deferences in STFT results between with and without defect (0.1 mm width)
표 Comparison of results of STFT between (a) without and (b) with defects
표 Results of appling Eq. (3-3-93)
표 The measuring angles among ultrasonic transducers and defects
표 Ultrasonic transducer fixing zig for transmitting and receiving guided wave
표 Components of housing in ultrasonic transducer fixing zig
표 Result of detecting algorithm(0°)
표 Result of detecting algorithm(45°)
표 Result of detecting algorithm(90°)
표 Results of detecting algorithm with LDA at S0 mode
표 Results of detecting algorithm with LDA at A0 mode
표 Average classification rates for defects by LDA at S0 and A0 modes
표 Classification results of training data set by LDA at S0 mode
표 Classification results of misclassified data of training data set by LDA at A0 mode
표 Classification results of STFT-LDA detecting defects algorithm model for training set by LDA at S0 and A0 modes.
표 Validations result of STFT-LDA detecting defects algorithm model for classifying the defects by test set
표 Classification results by LDA at mock-up specimens
표 Validations result of the STFT-LDA detecting defects algorithm model for classifying the defects
표 Water tank for immersion inspection
표 Schema of propagating ultrasonic guided wave at immersion inspection system
표 Received signals at 0.5mm -defect
표 Received signals at 1.0mm -defect
표 Comparison of amplitude between signals of none defect and circumferential defects
표 Comparison of amplitude between signals of none defect and axial defects
표 Ratio of decreasing amplitude according to directions of defect
표 Decomposition of received ultrasnoid guided wave signal by wavelet transform
표 Correlation analysis results between parameters
표 Classification results by PCA at traing data set
표 Classification results by PCA at test data set
표 Inspection of detecting defects of inner vessel
표 Results of inspection to detecting defects at inner vessel
표 Welded area of inner vessel
표 Inner vessel of LH2 storage vessel and inspection area
표 Axial inspection of inner vessel
표 Circumferential inspection of inner vessel
표 Results of applying mapping technique for inspecting vessels
표 Fixing zig for inspection system
표 Holder for fixing wedges with ultrasonic transducers at inspection of axial direction
표 Holder for fixing wedges with ultrasonic transducers at inspection of circumferential direction
표 Interface of the developed program
표 Control panel of NI USB Digitizer
표 Control panel of Pulser/receiver
표 Interface of experimental step
표 Interface of Normal detection
표 Interface of STFT detection
표 Schema of ultrasonic inpsection system for detecting defects
표 Specification of pulser/receiver and digitizer
표 Fabrication of ultrasonics inspection system
표 Results of Normal detection at inner vessel
표 Results of STFT detection at inner vessel
표 Results of Normal detection at inner vessel
표 Results of STFT detection at inner vessel
표 Interface of the developed program
표 Chemical composition of the API 5L pipeline steels
표 Mechanical properties of the API 5L pipeline steels
표 Optical micrographs of the API 5L pipeline steels
표 Schematic diagram of the experimental set-up
표 Electrical resistivity measurement system made by KRISS
표 Gas charging process
표 Hydrogen gas pressure and exposure time
표 Changes in the electrical resistivity with exposure time in hydrogen gas environment
표 Changes in the electrical resistivity with temperature in hydrogen gas environment
표 Changes in the electrical resistivity with gas pressure.
표 Changes in the electrical resistivity for times varying from 0-168 hin hydrogen gas environment
표 Changes in the electrical resistivity depending on the type of API 5L pipeline steels
표 Changes in the electrical resistivity for times varying from 0-1512 hin hydrogen gas environment
표 X70 pipeline steel microstructure after the 1512 h exposure in 10 MPa hydrogen gas environment
표 TDS curves at five different current densities
표 Changes in the hydrogen amounts with current density
표 Changes in the Charpy impact absorption energy with hydrogen amounts
$SEM fractographs of the specimens after Charpy impact test.$ 표 SEM fractographs of the specimens after Charpy impact test.
표 Changes in the Brakhausen noise characteristics with hydrogen amounts
표 Changes in the Rockwell hardness with hydrogen amounts
표 Relationship between remanence and impact absorption energy
표 Phase diagram of hydrogen
표 구축된 고압수소환경하 열싸이클 측정 장치
표 수소-결함 간 상호작용으로 인한 확산도 감소
표 격자 및 결함에 존재하는 수소 에너지
표 소재 내부 수소 거동 모식도
표 수소 거동 예측 모델 순서도
표 gas chromatography를 이용한 수소 분석 장치 모사도
표 316L 미세조직 사진(녹:오스테나이트, 적:말텐사이트)
표 열싸이클 중 시험편의 온도변화 곡선
표 (좌)열싸이클 이후 배출된 샘플, (우) 소형펀치 측정결과
표 열싸이클 대응 기게적 물성저하 거동 및 물리적 한계수명 유추
표 결함 특성에 따른 수소 거동 변화
표 시험편 두께에 따른 수소 거동 변화
표 장입기간에 따른 수소 데이터 및 시험편 두께에 따른 수소 승온탈착곡선
표 X70강 수소 승온탈착곡선의 실험값과 예측된 계산값과의 비교
표 Push-road type 열팽창계수 측정장치 모식도
표 구축된 극저온 열팽창계수 측정시스템
표 SRM의 열팽창계수 (from NETZSCH)
표 수소 취화 전(각 왼쪽 시편)과 후(각 오른쪽 시편)
표 열팽창계수 데이터 개발 현황
표 수소저장용기재료의 수소 취화 전과 후 시료에 대해 개발된 데이터
표 액체 풀로의 열유입량
표 풀 확산 비교 결과 [K. Verfondern and B. Dienhart, 2007]
표 액체 수소 확산 해석 결과 (순간 누출)
표 액체 수소 확산 해석 결과 (연속 누출)
표 Release rate for continuos release
표 Pool volume for continuous release in liquid pool spreading model with the friction resistance term
표 Pool radius for continuous release in liquid pool spreading model with the frictional resistance term
표 Vaporization time for continuous release in liquid pool spreading model with the frictional resistance term
표 Pool volume for continuous release in liquid pool spreading model without the frictional resistance term
표 Vaporization time for continuous release in liquid pool spreading model without the frictional resistance term
표 Pool radius for continuous release in liquid pool spreading model without the frictional resistance term
표 The description of the instantaneous release
표 Pool volume and radius for instantaneous release in liquid pool spreading model with the frictional resistance term
표 Pool volume for continuous and instantaneous release in liquid pool spreading model with the frictional resistance term
표 Pool radius for continuous and instantaneous release in liquid pool spreading model with the frictional resistance term
표 Pool volume and radius for instantaneous release in liquid pool spreading model without the frictional resistance term
표 Pool volume for continuous and instantaneous release in liquid pool spreading model without the frictional resistance term
표 Pool radius for continuous and instantaneous release in liquid pool spreading model without the frictional resistance term
표 액체 누출 실험 모사 장치 개략도
표 누출 단면적의 변화에 따른 유량계수
표 액체 누출 실험 모사 장치
표 액체 질소를 이용한 확산 실험 Case
표 누출유량변화에 따른 풀의 반경 변화
표 시간에 따른 공급량 및 증발량 변화
표 증발율
표 해석결과와 실험결과의 비교 (Case 1)
표 해석결과와 실험결과의 비교 (Case 2)
표 해석결과와 실험결과의 비교 (Case 3)
표 해석결과와 실험결과의 비교 (액체 수소)
표 Spill rate with time for the three nozzles
표 The evaporation velocity with pool radius
표 Comparison among experimental results
표 국외 수소 사고 사례 [Lee, F. P. and Mannan, S., 2005]
표 대표적인 수소 사고사례
표 US Nuclear Power Plant 사고 사례
표 NASA operation incidents
표 수소 사고 원인 분석
표 Published international hydrogen standards
표 EU Directives for hydrogen filling station and other infrastructures
표 Status of the US codes, standards and regulations for hydrogen
표 The US codes federal regulations (CFR) for hydrogen
표 Risk Assessment Procedure
표 가스 액화 플랜트 공정도의 예
표 Hazard identification for liquefaction plants
표 Scenario identification for liquefaction plants
표 Life-cycle
표 Safety Concept
표 Risk Reduction Concept
표 사고 방지 및 피해 저감 안전 시스템의 종류
표 Protection Layer
표 인벤토리에 각 safety layer 설치한 모습, PSV, BDV
표 안전시스템(Safety-Instrumented System)의 구성
표 사고 발생을 표현한 스위스 치즈 모델
표 소용량 (5 liter, 10 liter) 액체수소 액화 및 저장 시스템 개략도
표 소용량 (5 liter, 10 liter) 액체수소 액화 및 저장 시스템 설치 공간 개략도
표 저장탱크 파손에 의한 누출 유량
표 배관 파손에 의한 누출 유량
표 Accident scenario lists for the LH2 storage tank
표 FTA for the accident by the instantaneous release of LH2
표 FTA for the accident by the continuous release of LH2
표 Estimates of basic event probability and frequencies for the instantaneous release of LH2
표 Estimates of basic event probability and frequencies for the continuous release of GH2
표 Expected frequency for the instantaneous release
표 Expected frequency for the continuous release
표 ETA 수행 - 사고 전파 분석
표 Accident outcome frequencies
표 화재 전산 해석 결과
표 폭발 전산 해석 결과
표 사고확률 저감 안전설비 개선
표 개선된 시스템에 대한 FTA 실시 - Instantaneous release
표 개선된 시스템에 대한 FTA 실시 - Continuous release
표 개선된 시스템 - Estimates of basic event probability and frequencies for the instantaneous release of LH2
표 개선된 시스템 - Estimates of basic event probability and frequencies for the continuous release of GH2
표 개선된 설비에 대한 Expected frequency
표 개선된 시스템에 대하여 ETA 수행 - 사고 전파 분석
표 개선된 설비에 대한 Accident outcome frequencies
표 Critical over pressure
표 Critical heat flux
표 정량적 위험도 평가 결과
표 Schematic diagram of electrochemical device for hydrogen charging of stainless steel
표 Schematic diagram of ultrasonic test to evaluate the degree of hydrogen embrittlement for stainless steel experienced hydrogen charging
표 Typical waveform of ultrasonic test propagating the stainless steel experienced hydrogen charging
표 Schematic diagram of acoustic emission technique to evaluate the dynamic behavior of stainless steel experienced hydrogen charging
표 Typical waveform of acoustic emission and its parameters
표 Welding process of stainless steel for the specimens of tensile test and impact test
표 Fracture surface of stainless steel 304 with hydrogen charging
표 Fracture surface of stainless steel 304L with hydrogen charging
표 Optical microscopes from welded stainless steel at 200Хmagnification

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액화수소용기 건전성 평가 및 안전기술 개발
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