보고서 정보
주관연구기관 |
한국지질자원연구원 Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources |
연구책임자 |
김정찬
|
참여연구자 |
김구영
,
김태희
,
박용찬
,
박권규
,
송인선
,
염병우
,
이승구
,
이창현
,
이희권
,
채기탁
,
한래희
|
보고서유형 | 최종보고서 |
발행국가 | 대한민국 |
언어 |
한국어
|
발행년월 | 2011-12 |
주관부처 |
지식경제부 Ministry of Knowledge Economy |
등록번호 |
TRKO201800000531 |
DB 구축일자 |
2018-11-10
|
키워드 |
이산화탄소.지중저장.온실가스.처분능력.CO2.geologic storage.greenhouse gas.storage capacity.
|
DOI |
https://doi.org/10.23000/TRKO201800000531 |
초록
▼
□ 최종 목표
○ 이산화탄소 지중저장(CO2 geological storage) 실증을 위한 요소기술 개발
○ CO2 지중저장사업 정책개발, 홍보 및 국가사업화
□ 개발내용 및 결과
○ 이산화탄소 지중저장 실증을 위한 요소기술 개발
- 광역 지질자료, CO2 배출원 및 가스수송관 분포 자료수집/DB화
- CO2 처분능력 평가 프로토콜 작성
- CO2 지중저장 거동예측/모니터링 프로토콜 작성,
□ 최종 목표
○ 이산화탄소 지중저장(CO2 geological storage) 실증을 위한 요소기술 개발
○ CO2 지중저장사업 정책개발, 홍보 및 국가사업화
□ 개발내용 및 결과
○ 이산화탄소 지중저장 실증을 위한 요소기술 개발
- 광역 지질자료, CO2 배출원 및 가스수송관 분포 자료수집/DB화
- CO2 처분능력 평가 프로토콜 작성
- CO2 지중저장 거동예측/모니터링 프로토콜 작성, CO2 거동특성 수치모의 연구 및 CO2 코어유동시험 시스템 구축 완료
- CO2 지중저장 모니터링 프로토콜 작성
- CO2 지구화학적 관리를 위한 CO2-지질물질 반응 해석기법 개발
- 덮개암 및 저장암 안전성 평가 예비연구 수행
○ CO2 지중저장사업 정책개발, 홍보 및 국가사업화
- CO2지중저장 정책자료 작성, 기획 및 국가R&D사업 도출
- CO2지중저장 마일스톤/로드맵 작성 (2009, 2011)
□ 기대효과
○ CO2 거동 모니터링 요소기술 개발 및 고도화를 통해 향후 진행될 파일럿 및 상용화급 CO2 저장 실증에 기여
○ 기후변화협약 감축목표 달성 기여 및 감축 협상 기초 자료 제공
○ CO2 감축을 통해 지구환경 보전 및 녹색성장에 기여
○ CO2 지중저장 기술 확보를 통한 국외 기술수입 대체 효과
□ 적용분야
○ CCS (이산화탄소 포집 및 저장) 통합 실증 및 상용화 분야
○ 화력발전(특히 석탄화력), 제철산업, 시멘트산업 등 CO2 대량 배출 산업 분야
○ CDM(Clean Development Mechanism: 청정개발체재)산업분야
○ 화력발전소를 비롯한 플랜트 산업 분야
(출처 : 최종보고서 요약서 3p)
Abstract
▼
Geologic sequestration of CO2 is a promising technology for reducing greenhouse gas and global warming with current energy consumption. Geologic storage projects have already successfully stored millions of tons of CO2 throughout the world for many years without detectable leak
Geologic sequestration of CO2 is a promising technology for reducing greenhouse gas and global warming with current energy consumption. Geologic storage projects have already successfully stored millions of tons of CO2 throughout the world for many years without detectable leakage. This project (Basic research and planning of geologic CO2 sequestration) was planned to develope the technology for geologic storage of CO2 and to promote advanced research project in nationwide scale. The purposes of this project are to present the protocol for assessing CO2 capacity in geologic formation, to draw a map for CO2 capacity in nationwide scale, to suggest the protocol for CO2 monitoring around CO2 storage site, and to set up the laboratory for geochemical management of geologic storage of CO2.
The construction of GIS database is the first step in screening and selecting of potential CO2 storage sites. In this study, a variety of geological GIS databases (geological map, onshore sedimentary basin, ground water, fault, seismic event, volcanic activity) were collected and compiled. In addition to geological GIS database, several socio-industrial GIS databases were also collected and compiled, including nationwide distribution of CO2 emission sources and pre-existing transportation facilities.
The coreflood test system integrated with X-ray scanner is a multi-functional system for performing flow studies using a heated coreholder with X-ray scanning capabilities for saturation determination. The system is composed of fluid injection system, coreholder system, confining pressure system, back pressure system, X-ray scan system, recirculation system, and a control system. Relative permeability of Berea sandstone was measured under the CO2 storage conditions (10MPa, 40°C) with coreflood test system. 1D scan results show 14.5 % of a saturation change due to 0.1V variation. The brine saturation was 94%, 89%, 86%, 82%, 79% as the injection ratio of CO2 and brine was 1:9, 4:6, 6:4, 8:2, 9:1, respectively. The drainage test shows that the residual brine saturation is 60%.
It is of fundamental importance to determine in situ stress and pore pressure for the control of wellbore stability and CO2 injection pressure. Here we present a case study of technique and discussion for the determination of in situ stress and pore pressure in unconsolidated sedimentary formations in two distinct environments; the Ursa Basin, Gulf of Mexico (GOM), and the Kumano Basin near the Nankai Margin, SW Japan. We conducted uniaxial consolidation tests using a triaxial pressure vessel, in which a sample is subjected to uniaxial consolidation. The ratio of horizontal to vertical effective stress K0 differs markedly: K0 = ~0.41 for samples from Site C0001, whereas K0 = 0.60~0.64 for samples from Site U1324, with no dependence on depth. The uniaxial consolidation curves suggest that the formation fluid is significantly over-compressed in the Ursa region but in the condition of hydrostatic in the Nankai site.
Some rock formations, such as shale, exhibit directional strengths due to the presence of the weakness planes. A conventional wellbore stability model assuming a formation under consideration is isotropic in strength may not be applicable to the stability analysis of wells drilled into the anisotropic strength formations because it does not deal with the mechanism of borehole failure along the weak bedding planes. In this case a more complex wellbore stability model is required. We have developed a wellbore stability model in which the anisotropic rock strength is incorporated. Applying the model to two case studies shows that shear failure occurs either along or across the bedding planes depending on the relative orientation between well trajectories and bedding planes. Also the extent of failure region around the wellbore and safe mud weight are significantly affected by the well orientation with respect to bedding planes and in-situ stress field.
In order to understand (1) the effect of geological structures such as deformation bands on the fluid flow in reservoirs and (2) possible hydraulic fracturing of cap rocks and leakage of reservoir fluid which may be caused by the overpressurization in reserviors, we observed deformation bands in the Pohang basin and clastic dikes in the Dadaepo basin. Based on the attitude of the clastic dikes, they are thought to be produced under vertical s1, E-W-trending s3, and N-S-trending s2. Since the thickness of strata where the dikes are found is ~20-260 m, s1 may be -0.4-5.1 MPa. The intrusion pressure, which makes the dike open and is the difference between fluid pressure and horizontal stress, is estimated to be ~0.4 MPa, using some typical elastic properties of sediments, maximum width of the dike, and dike length. The natural deformation bands observed in two sand body outcrops of the Pohang basin have much smaller average grain size and more compact pore structure than undeformed host sediments. We conducted some rotary shear experiments on the undeformed host sediment to simulate the formation process of deformation bands, and we observed that very similar structure to the natural one can be produced experimentally. Both the natural and experimental deformation bands appear to have much lower porosity and permeability than the undeformed host sediments. From the observation, it is thought that deformation bands, if present, may have a significant effect on the fluid flow in reservoirs.
To assess the precision and accuracy of alkalinity and total dissolved inorganic carbon (TDIC) measurements for CO2-rich water with potential active CO2 degassing, different methods such as acid neutralizing titration (ANT), back titration (BT), gravitational weighing (GW), non-dispersive infrared-total carbon (NDIR-TC) methods were tested in this study. An artificial CO2_rich water sample (ACW: pH 6.3, alkalinity 68.8 meq/L, HCO3- 2,235 mg/L) was prepared for our experiments. If alkalinity was measured immediately after sampling, percent errors of all measurements were low and coefficients of variation were less than 4 %. As the result of alkalinity measurement, alkalinity can be accurately and precisely measured by any method when it is measured quickly after sampling. After CO2 degassing for 24 and 48 hours under open system condition at room temperature, alkalinity data obtained by ANT and NDIR-TC were not changed, likely due to the conservative nature of alkalinity. The pH values calculated by geochemical modeling with open system CO2 degassing are lower than those from direct measurement. This inconsistency results from the existence of degassed CO2 in remaining water as CO2(g) bubbles. Such CO2(g) bubbles do not affect direct pH and alkalinity measurements. Therefore, the alkalinity data measured by ANT and NDIR-TC are similar with the calculated values because CO2 bubbles are not considered in those methods. However, TDIC measured by ANT and NDIR-TC can be underestimated. This study shows that alkalinity and TDIC measurements for CO2-rich water should be performed very carefully. This study also provides technical information on the measurement of dissolved CO2 in CO2-rich water which represents a natural analogue of geologic sequestration of CO2.
Geochemical monitoring was performed on dilute CO2-rich water as a natural analogue study for geological CO2 storage. Field measurement (T, pH, EC, DO) and sampling for dissolved cation, anion analyses were carried out from July of 2009 to November of 2010. In the study area, 2 CO2-rich springs, 7 CO2-rich groundwater wells, 1 spring from relatively high altitude and 2 ordinary groundwater wells were monitored. As a result of monitoring, the minimum pH was 3.44 (average 4.6), and average EC was 150 μS/cm for dilute CO2-rich water, which are very low comparing those from CO2-rich water from other sites of Korea. In addition, there were 2 concentrated CO2-rich water were also observed. Among these two concentrated CO2-rich water DPW-8 could be a typical end member of CO2-rich water with pH of 6.3 and EC of 1812 μS/cm. On the other hand, DPS-3, spring of high altitude, was shown pH of 6.05 and EC of 113 μS/cm, and the average pH and EC of groundwater were 6.9 and 233 μS/cm, respectively. During the monitoring period, pH increased in early stage of sampling period and decreased rest of time and opposite trend was observed in free-CO2 concentration measured by alkali titration. EC and dissolved major ions were not changed noticeably. Low EC and dissolved ion contents of dilute CO2-rich water indicate that water-rock interaction has been took place in short period of time after input of dry CO2 though it reduced pH. Such result implies that shallow groundwater quality except pH could not change in the early stage of CO2 leaking from deep CO2 storage formation. Also, the water-rock reaction rate would not be fast enough in surface environment where dissolved CO2 can be degassed. In addition, EC and pH monitoring for shallow portable groundwater can be low-priced, time-saving method for CO2 leaking surveillance.
A batch experiment was carried out to investigate a variation of Sr concentration and 87Sr/86Sr ratio in the solution by water-rock interaction. The experiments were conducted at room temperature using two kinds of granites (biotite granite and garnet-bearing granite), de-ionized water and surface water. Water/rock ratio was 1:1. For comparison, we also performed another experiment under water/rock condition of 10:1. As a result, we could confirm that major cation and anion as well as 87Sr/86Sr ratio of the solution are changing continuously. Then, 87Sr/86Sr ratio of the solution moved to the 87Sr/86Sr ratio of the rocks. This indicates that the chemical component all in solution due to water-rock interaction do not reach equilibrium, yet. Then, such results suggest that stablity of 87Sr/86Sr ratio in the groundwater might be one of evidence which there is no connection between shallow ground water and deep ground water in the fractured aquifer. We also confirmed that 14C age of fracture-filling calite, which is a product due to precipitation of carbonate ion in the groundwater, is more than 50,000 yearsBP. This 14C age data may be considered as an indirect evidence which indicates equilibrium state of deep groundwater in the deep fractured aquifer.
(출처 : SUMMARY 12p)
목차 Contents
- 표지 ... 1
- 제출문 ... 2
- 최종보고서 요약서 ... 3
- 요약문 ... 4
- SUMMARY ... 12
- CONTENTS ... 17
- 목차 ... 19
- 제1장 연구개발과제의 개요 ... 22
- 1.1. 연구개발의 목적 ... 24
- 1.2. 연구개발의 필요성 ... 25
- 1.2.1. 연구개발의 과학기술, 사회경제적 중요성 ... 25
- 1.3. 연구개발의 범위 ... 27
- 제2장 국내외 기술개발 현황 ... 28
- 2.1. 국내 기술개발 현황 ... 30
- 2.2. 국외 기술개발현황 ... 31
- 제3장 연구개발수행 내용 및 결과 ... 38
- 3.1. CO₂ 지중저장 평가를 위한 GIS DB 구축 ... 40
- 3.1.1. 광역자치단체별 CO₂ 배출현황 ... 42
- 3.1.2. 국내 시군구별 온실가스(CO₂ 포함) 배출현황 ... 45
- 3.1.3. 국내 CO₂ 주요 고정 발생원 분포 ... 48
- 3.1.4. 국내 광역지질 정보의 GIS DB화 ... 51
- 3.1.5. 국내 수송관련 인프라 분포 ... 53
- 3.1.6. 해상 조건에 대한 기본자료 검토 ... 54
- 3.2. CO₂ 지중저장연구의 마일스톤과 로드맵 ... 56
- 3.2.1. CO₂ 지중저장 연구에 있어서 한국지질자원연구원의 아젠다(AGENDA) ... 56
- 3.2.2. CO₂ 지중저장을 위한 기술의 분류 ... 58
- 3.2.3. CO₂ 지중저장연구의 마일스톤과 로드맵 ... 59
- 3.3. 코어스케일에서의 CO₂ 거동특성 ... 61
- 3.3.1. 서언 ... 61
- 3.3.2. 시스템 구성 ... 62
- 3.3.3. 코어유동 실험 ... 64
- 3.3.4. 토의 및 결언 ... 67
- 3.4. 해저 미고결 지층에서의 초기 현장응력 및 공극압 산정 ... 68
- 3.4.1. 서언 ... 68
- 3.4.2. 연구지역 및 실험방법 ... 69
- 3.4.3. 실험결과 ... 72
- 3.4.4. 토의 ... 74
- 3.5. 투수계수 및 비저류계수 측정시 불확실도(uncertainty) 분석 ... 75
- 3.5.1. 서언 ... 75
- 3.5.2. 실험방법 및 이론적 배경 ... 75
- 3.5.3. 결과 및 토의 ... 77
- 3.6. 이방성 강도를 갖는 퇴적층에서의 관정 안정성 평가 모델 ... 81
- 3.6.1. 서언 ... 81
- 3.6.2. 모델 정의 및 가정 ... 81
- 3.6.3. 모델 수립 ... 82
- 3.6.4. 모델적용 및 결언 ... 87
- 3.7. 저장층 내 유체유동 및 덮개층 안정성과 관련한 지질구조의 영향 연구 ... 89
- 3.7.1. 연구배경 ... 89
- 3.7.2. 연구대상 및 방법 ... 91
- 3.7.3. 현재까지의 연구 진행결과 ... 92
- 3.8. 자연유사 고 함량 CO₂ 탄산수 연구 ... 103
- 3.8.1. 서언 ... 103
- 3.8.2. 연구방법 ... 106
- 3.8.3. 연구결과 ... 109
- 3.8.4. 결론 및 토의 ... 121
- 3.9. CO₂ 거동 모니터링 요소기술 프로토콜 ... 122
- 3.9.1. CO₂ 거동 모니터링의 정의 ... 122
- 3.9.2. CO₂ 지중저장 모니터링 기술 분류 ... 122
- 3.9.3. 모니터링 방법의 선정 ... 124
- 3.9.4. 모니터링 프로토콜(안) ... 127
- 3.10. 대심도 지하수 순환속도 추적 및 CO₂와 대수층 구성암석과의 반응에의 응용을 위한 요소기술개발 ... 130
- 3.10.1. 서언 ... 130
- 3.10.2. 물-암석반응에 따른 물에서의 Sr동위원소의 거동 실험 1 ... 132
- 3.10.3. 물-암석반응에 따른 물에서의 Sr동위원소의 거동에 대한 실험결과 2 ... 146
- 3.10.4. 단열암반내 단열면을 피복하고 있는 탄산염광물의 ¹⁴C 동위원소 연대 ... 153
- 3.10.5. 요약 및 결론 ... 154
- 제4장 목표달성도 및 관련분야에의 기여도 ... 156
- 4.1. 당해연도 연구성과 ... 158
- 4.1.1. 논문, 지재권, 기술이전 성과물 ... 158
- 4.1.2. 논문, 지재권, 기술이전 이외의 정량적 성과물 ... 160
- 4.1.3. 과제와 관련하여 창출된 기타 정성적 성과물 ... 161
- 4.2. 연구실적의 경제적 공공적 파급효과 ... 165
- 4.2.1. 정책적 측면 ... 165
- 4.2.2. 과학기술적 측면 ... 165
- 4.2.3. 경제 · 산업적 측면 ... 165
- 4.2.4. 국민생활과 사회 수준 향상에의 기여 측면 ... 165
- 제5장 연구개발결과의 활용계획 ... 166
- 5.1. 기대 효과 ... 168
- 5.2. 활용계획 ... 168
- 제6장 연구개발과정에서 수집한 해외과학기술정보 ... 170
- 6.1. South West Regional Partnership 정보 ... 172
- 제7장 참고문헌 ... 178
- 부록 : 수탁연구보고서 ... 190
- 끝페이지 ... 203
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