초록 ▼

□ 본 연구는 한강수계에서 기후변화에 취약한 서식지와 생물종을 선정하고 장기모니터링하여 그 보전을 위한 전략을 모색하기 위해 수행되었다.
□ 2010년 기후변화가 수생태계에 미치는 영향과 대응전략 1년차 과제에 선정된 기후변화 취약 담수역 22곳을 계절별 4회 모니터링 하였다.
□ 기후변화에 따른 대발생 가능 생물을 문헌검색한 결과 블루길, 큰입베쓰, 나일틸라피아, 물상추, 앵무새깃, 검정말, 왕우렁이, 큰이끼벌레등 이 국내 대발생 할 가능성이 있으며 이후 지속적인 모니터링이 요구된다 .
□ 국내 회유성 어류의 분석

□ 본 연구는 한강수계에서 기후변화에 취약한 서식지와 생물종을 선정하고 장기모니터링하여 그 보전을 위한 전략을 모색하기 위해 수행되었다.
□ 2010년 기후변화가 수생태계에 미치는 영향과 대응전략 1년차 과제에 선정된 기후변화 취약 담수역 22곳을 계절별 4회 모니터링 하였다.
□ 기후변화에 따른 대발생 가능 생물을 문헌검색한 결과 블루길, 큰입베쓰, 나일틸라피아, 물상추, 앵무새깃, 검정말, 왕우렁이, 큰이끼벌레등 이 국내 대발생 할 가능성이 있으며 이후 지속적인 모니터링이 요구된다 .
□ 국내 회유성 어류의 분석결과 수온의 상승으로 인한 전반적인 회귀율 감소를 보이고 있으며 대상종으로는 연어, 송어, 칠성장어가 속해 있다. 특히 칠성장어의 경우 멸종위기종으로 지정되어 보호받고 있는 실정이다.
□ 생식세포의 발생이 진행되는 기간 동안 수온이 증가될 경우, 생식세포의 퇴화 현상이 발생하였다. 수온증가에 대한 생식세포 퇴화 현상은 둑중개보다 금강모치에서 현저히 높게 나타났다.
□ 기후변화 취약종으로 부착조류 26 분류군, 저서성 대형무척추동물 37 분류군, 어류의 경우 금강모치가 선정되었다. 개발된 수생태 지표를 활용하여 기후변화에 대한 장기모니터링이 가능하며 수생태계 측정망과의 연계를 통해 그 효과과 극대화 될 것으로 전망 된다.

(출처 : 보고서 초록 317p)

Abstract ▼

IV. Resuts
1. Overview
"Climate Change Effects on Stream and River biological indicators: A Preliminary Analysis" (EPA,2008) are summarized as follows
□ Some potential indicators of climate changes in community
O Ratios of drought to tolerant to intolerant species
O Ratio of invertebr

IV. Resuts
1. Overview
"Climate Change Effects on Stream and River biological indicators: A Preliminary Analysis" (EPA,2008) are summarized as follows
□ Some potential indicators of climate changes in community
O Ratios of drought to tolerant to intolerant species
O Ratio of invertebrate response guillds that indicate hydrological status; and changes in community composition
- The invertebrate indicator EPT was assosiated with dissolved organic carbon(DOC), total phosphorus (TP), and conductivity, with the number of EPT taxa declining as the stressors increased
- onverwintering residentes that disperse passivley
- overwintering spring recruits that require water availability for reproduction
- overwintering summer recruits that only need saturated sediment for reproduction
- non-wintering spring migrants that generally require surface water for overwintering
O Indicators of changes in composition include shifts from cold - or cool-water species to warm-water species

□ State and tribal water quality agencies use biological indicators to assess ecosystem condition as required by the Clean Water Act. These assessments rely on comparisons of reference and non-reference sites, climate change, however, will affect organisms at the both sites, unlike traditional stressors, there for we need to recognize under description (EPA, 2008)
O Under standing how biological indicators respond to the effects of climate change
O What novel indicators may be available to detect effects
O How well current sampling schemes may detect climate - driven changes
O How likely it is that current sampling schemes will continue to detect impairment
"Climate Change Effects on Stream and River biological indicators: A Preliminary Analysis" (EPA,2008) are to provide managers and scientist working on biological indicators, bioassessment, and biocriteria with information on the potential effects climate change on indicator organism used

2. Research on Effects of climate change on aquatic invasive species
Invasive species are a major issue ecologically and economically. Invasive species threaten native species, sometimes to the point of extinction. The economic damages and losses attributed to invasive species in the United states are sizable, in response to these issues, the federal government coordinates research and other activities concerning invasive species throught the National Invasive Species Council(NISC) and the Aquatic Nuisance Species Task Force(ANSTF).
The movement of species into new areas is a natural phenomenon that has occurred throughout evolutionary history (Tinner and Lotter, 2001; Graham et al., 1996). In modem times the movement of species has been augmented by human operating in a globalized world.
AIS can cause a wide range of ecological impacts, including loss of native biodiversity, altered habitats, changes in water chemistry, alterd biogeochemical processes, hydrological modifications, and altered food wed(Dukes and Mooney, 2004; Ehrenfeld, 2003; Findlay et al., 2003; Simon and Townsend, 2003; Eiswerth et al., 2000; Gordon, 1998). To have potential invasive species in Korea are Pistia stratiotes, Myriophyllum aquaticum, hydrilla verticillata, Pomacea canaliculata, Pectiuatella magnifia, Oreochromis niloticus.

3. Pilot-survey of habitats and aquatic organisms vulnerable to climate change
(1) Periphytic algae
The research result of physico-chemical water quality for 6 sites of cold water areas in High-latitude site and High-altitude sites showed 9.0 ~ 21.4 °C temperature range, and low turbidity and conductivity. It showed low concentration of chlorophyll a, 1mg/m³, which indicates the standingcrop of phytoplankton, in all seasons and sites. Also, BOD was about 1mg/L; thus the organic matter seemed to have minimal effect on water quality.
The physico-chemical water quality of Buk-stream and Hangae-stream showed water temperature ranging 8.3~26.9°C. The water temperature of Buk-stream dropped 1.4°C(r²=0.893) per every upper 100 meters, and that of Hangae-stream dropped by 1.1°C(r²=0.964) per every upper 100 meters. The pH of Buk-stream was subacid in upper stream, while middle stream of Buk-stream and Hangae-stream ranged around 7.0.
Excluding the downstream of Buk-stream, all other sites had low chlorophyll a of 2mg/m³ or lower. Similar to chlorophyll a, BOD showed decent result, with value of 2mg/L or lower.
For the community of periphyton, totally 135 taxa, 2 orders 4 suborders 9 families 31 genera 121 species 14 varieties, appeared at total of 36 sites. 80 taxa in 6 sites of cold water areas in high-latitude site and high-altitude sites, 135 taxa in Buk-stream, and 59 taxa in Hangae-stream were found.

(2) Benthic macroinvertebrates
Benthic macroinvertebrates of 178 taxa (5 phyla 8 classes 19 orders 71 families 177 species occurred. Plecoptera occupied over 68% in the species number at sites beyond S.E.L 880m, 47% in the range of S.E.L. 500~700m, about 32% in the range of S.E.L. 200~500m, and under 5% at sites below S.E.L. 200m in Hangae-stream

(3) Fish
During the survey period, 7 species belonging to 4 families in Cheonin - stream and Odae mountain area, 21species 8 families in Buk-stream, 10 species 3 families in Hangae-stream and 20 species 8 families in Bangtae - stream were collected. Dominant species was Rhynchocypris kumgangensis and subdominant species was Zacco koreanus. And Zacco platypus, Coreoleuciscus splendidus, Microphysogobio longidorsalis, Cottus koreanus, Pungtungia herzi and Coreoperca herzi were superiority in number.

4. Physiological effects on fish
In both fishes, Oocytes start developing at around November and they are ovulated at around May. For water-increasing experiment, we collect the fishes and keep in the water tank. We divided into two groups. In control group, we adjusted water temperature same as that of fish collecting site. In experimental group, we adjusted water temperature over 7°C compare to temperature of collecting site. The water temperature was increased by 1 °C every day. As results, increased water temperature decreased significantly the ovary development and GSI in both fishes. Kumgang fat minnow has sensitive response against temperature than Yellow fin sculpin.

5. Artificial channel constructed in laboratory experiment
(1) Turbid-water experiment
At experiment 1 (EXP-1), introduction of turbid water increased dissolved oxygen, electric conductivity, pH and turbidity, but there were no differences between low - (100NTU, MTW) and high-turbid water (200NTU, HTW). However, experiment 2 (EXP-2) did not change any environmental parameters except dissolved total and inorganic nitrogen like EXP-1. MTW in EXP-1 strongly stimulated the growth of benthic diatom, while both MTW (150NTU) and HTW (300NTU) in EXP-2 did not increase or decrease the diatom abundance. Over the study, the dominant species was four, Aulacoseira ambigua, Cyclotella stelligera, Aulacoseira granulata and Achnathes minutissima. In EXP-1, two highest species in abundance, Aulacoseira ambigua and Aulacoseira granulata were highly grown in MTW, while Achnanthes minutissima high in HTW adversely. These results indicate that the introduction of turbid water can play an important role in the shift of water quality and benthic diatom community in stream ecosystem, especially inflow of soil water in low current velocity.

(2) Drought experiment
There were not significant differences in water quality parameters between light (LDT) and heavy drought treatment (HDT), but between no drought and drought. In particularly, the concentration of ammonium in HDT was significantly higher LDT. During a drought, concentrations of chlorophyll a and ash-free dry-matter (AFDM) was higher in LDT and HDT than NDT, but their differences gradually decreased after the termination of drought. Diatom abundances were highest in LDT, while dominant species Aulacoseria ambigua and Cyclotella stelligera effectively increased with drought compare to HCT. In benthic diatom community, their community indices such as diversity, richness, and eveness were bounded (increase or decrease) during a drought, moreover there were no significant differences between no drought and drought. However, dominant index was HDT〉LDT〉NDT in magnitude during a drought, and they changed as HDT〉LDT> NDT after the termination of drought period. These results indicate that an increasing drought in stream ecosystem will be changed in water quality and organic materials, and higher chlorophyll a and diatom abundance in light drought than that heavy drought.

(3) Carbon dioxide experiment
Increased carbon dioxide (MCT and HCT) increased water temperature, electric conductivity and turbidity, while they decreased pH and dissolved oxygen. For a carbon dioxide exposure, there were clear differences between nitrogen and phosphorus: nitrogen and phosphorus were increased and decreased, respectively. In addition, increased carbon dioxide (MCT) increased ash-free dry-matter (AFDM), chlorophyll a and total carbon content, while those in HCT were more decreased than MCT. These results indicate that increased carbon dioxide may play a crucial role to increased the level of organic materials in stream environment such as chlorophyll a or diatom density, as well as water quality such as pH and nutrients.
Above results totally indicate that various factors related climate changes at direct or indirectly, such as turbid water, drought and carbon dioxide, changed water quality and benthic diatom community. An obvious changes such as increase of diatom abundance and chlorophyll a with water quality were recorded in following conditions: 1) when the turbid water entered in lower current, 2) in one-half of suggested current (6ℓ / min), and 3) in two times concentration of carbon dioxide outdoor, respectively.

6. Aquatic organisms vulnerable to climate change
(1) Periphytic algae
Based on our research last year and papers review of domestic and international, 26 taxa of cryophilic and mountain periphyton were the expected species to be vulnerable to climate change. The tendency of appearance of these taxa will be analyzed at the research sites.
As a result, 18 taxa as Hannaea arcus var. subatrus, Diatoma mesodon, Gomphonema affine etc. were found among 26 taxa of cryo philic and mountain periphyton.
5 taxa of genus Eunotia and Gomphonema affine, Diatoma hyemalis and Diatoma tenui were found to be stenothermal algae which only appears in altitudes of 500 meters and above. Algae such as Hannaea arcus and Hannaea arcus var. subarcus, appeared frequently in altitudes of 300~400 meters.

(2) Benthic macroinvertebrates
37 taxa of benthic macroinvertebrates were selected as stenothermal species intolerant to high temperature; Oder Collembola 1 species (Collembola sp.), Oder Ephemeroptera 7 species (Ameletus costalis, Ameletus montanus, Cinygmula grandifolia, Heptagenia kihada, Heptagenia kyotoensis, Ephemera scpavigata, Drunella triacantha), Oder Plecoptera 17 species(Scopura laminata, Taenionema KUa, Taenionema KUb, Taenionema KUc, Amphinemura coreana, Amphinemura KUa, Amphinemura KUb, Protonemura KUa, Capnia KUa, Paracapnia recta, Rhopalopsole mahunkai, Yoraperla KUa, Isoperla KUa, Megarcys ochracea, Kiotina decorata, Alloperla joosti, Alloperla rostellata) Oder Diptera 3 species (Bibiocephala KUa, Philorus KUa, Philorus KUb), Oder Trichoptera 9 species (Rhyacophila articulata, Rhyacophila bilobata, Rhyacophila demens, Rhyacophila impar, Rhyacophila narvae, Apsilochorema KUa, Dolophilodes KUa, Arctopsyche ladogensis, Hydatophylax nigrovittatus)

(3) Fish
There were 16 Korean endemic species, and Hemibarbus mylodon are regarded as natural monument also found. Pseudopungtungia tmuicorpa, Gobiobotia brevibarba and Cottus koreanus endangered species also found.
In community analysis, dominant index was high in some stations and richness, diversity and evenness indices were low value.
The indicator fish species were collected Rhynchocypris kumgangmsis and Cottus koreanus for cold water fish, Rhinogobius brunneus, Lepomis macrochirus for warm water fish and Oncorhynchus keta for anadromous fish
For monitoring of fish, we selected 2 stations in mountain stream, 1 station in middle stream, 2 station in Lake area and 1 station in stream for anadromous fish.

(출처 : SUMMARY 27p)

목차 Contents

• 표지 ... 1
• 제출문 ... 2
• 요약문 ... 4
• SUMMARY ... 24
• CONTENTS ... 34
• 목차 ... 36
• 제1장 서론 ... 38
• 제2장 국내·외 연구 현황 ... 39
• 제1절 개관 ... 39
• 제2절 국외 동향 ... 40
• 제3절 국내 동향 ... 50
• 제4절 기후변화 대발생 가능 생물 검색 ... 54
• 제5절 회유 어종의 소하성 분석 ... 60
• 제6절 기후변화 취약 담수역 선정 배경 ... 61
• 제3장 조사연구 수행 내용, 방법 및 범위 ... 71
• 제1절 최종목표 ... 71
• 제2절 연차별 주요 사업 내용 ... 71
• 제3절 연구방법 ... 72
• 1. 기후변화 취약 담수역과 생물종 예비조사 ... 72
• 2. 어류의 생리적 영향도 ... 81
• 3. 인공하천생태계의 기후변화 영향조사 ... 82
• 4. 기후변화진단 수생태지표 개발 ... 94
• 제4장 연구결과 및 고찰 ... 101
• 제1절 기후변화 취약 담수역과 생물종 예비조사 ... 101
• 1. 조사지점의 특징 ... 101
• 2. 이화학적 환경요인 ... 107
• 3. 부착규조류 ... 113
• 4. 저서성 대형무척추동물 ... 124
• 5. 어류 ... 142
• 제2절 어류의 생리적 영향도 ... 165
• 1. 금강모치 및 둑중개의 산란시기 분석 ... 165
• 2. 수온증가가 생체지수 및 난자 성숙도에 미치는 영향 분석 ... 171
• 제3절 인공하천생태계의 기후변화 영향조사 ... 175
• 제4절 기후변화 취약종 선정 ... 210
• 제5절 기후변화진단 수생태지표 개발 ... 237
• 제5장 결론 ... 248
• 제6장 조사연구결과의 활용방안 ... 250
• 제7장 조사연구목표 달성도 및 대외기여도 ... 251
• 참고문헌 ... 252
• 부록 ... 265
• 부록 1. 경기도 및 강원도 6개 냉수역의 조사지점 특징 ... 265
• 부록 2. 북천 및 한계천의 고도별 생물구계 계절별 정밀조사지점 특징 ... 266
• 부록 3. 경기도 및 강원도 6개 냉수역의 조사지점 사진 ... 269
• 부록 4. 북천 및 한계천의 고도별 생물구계 계절별 정밀조사지점 특징 ... 270
• 부록 5. 경기도 및 강원도 6개 냉수역에서 출현한 부착규조류(2011.05) ... 272
• 부록 6. 경기도 및 강원도 6개 냉수역에서 출현한 부착규조류(2011.08) ... 273
• 부록 7. 경기도 및 강원도 6개 냉수역에서 출현한 부착규조류(2011.09) ... 274
• 부록 8. 경기도 및 강원도 6개 냉수역에서 출현한 부착규조류(2011.11) ... 275
• 부록 9. 북천의 고도별 13개 지점에서 출현한 부착규조류(2011.05) ... 276
• 부록 10. 북천의 고도별 13개 지점에서 출현한 부착규조류(2011.08) ... 278
• 부록 11. 북천의 고도별 13개 지점에서 출현한 부착규조류(2011.09) ... 280
• 부록 12. 북천의 고도별 13개 지점에서 출현한 부착규조류(2011.11) ... 282
• 부록 13. 한계천의 고도별 7개 지점에서 출현한 부착규조류(2011.05) ... 284
• 부록 14. 한계천의 고도별 7개 지점에서 출현한 부착규조류(2011.08) ... 285
• 부록 15. 한계천의 고도별 7개 지점에서 출현한 부착규조류(2011.09) ... 286
• 부록 16. 한계천의 고도별 7개 지점에서 출현한 부착규조류(2011.11) ... 287
• 부록 17. 저서성 대형무척추동물 1차 정량조사 지점별 출현종 및 개체수 ... 288
• 부록 18. 저서성 대형무척추동물 1차 정성조사 지점별 출현종 ... 292
• 부록 19. 저서성 대형무척추동물 2차 정량조사 지점별 출현종 및 개체수 ... 295
• 부록 20. 저서성 대형무척추동물 2차 정성조사 지점별 출현종 ... 297
• 부록 21. 저서성 대형무척추동물 3차 정량조사 지점별 출현종 및 개체수 ... 299
• 부록 22. 저서성 대형무척추동물 3차 정성조사 지점별 출현종 ... 302
• 부록 23. 저서성 대형무척추동물 4차 정량조사 지점별 출현종 및 개체수 ... 304
• 부록 24. 저서성 대형무척추동물 4차 정성조사 지점별 출현종 ... 307
• 부록 25. 방태천수계(8월) ... 310
• 부록 26. 방태천수계(9월) ... 311
• 부록 27. 방태천수계(11월) ... 312
• 부록 28. 방태천수계(8, 9, 11월 통합) ... 313
• 부록 29. 천인계곡 및 오대산(8월) ... 314
• 부록 30. 천인계곡 및 오대산(9월) ... 314
• 부록 31. 천인계곡 및 오대산(11월) ... 315
• 부록 32. 천인계곡 및 오대산(8, 9, 11월 통합) ... 315
• 부록 33. 부착조류증 기후변화 취약 예상종 및 출현종 ... 316
• 보고서 초록 ... 317
• 끝페이지 ... 318