초록 ▼

2011년 파로호, 춘천호의 유역환경, 생물상 및 먹이망 구조를 조사하고, 팔당, 청평, 충주, 소양, 의암호의 수질 및 동·식물플랑크톤을 조사하여 아래와 같은 결과를 얻었다.
O 북한강 수계 2개 호수인 파로호, 춘천호의 수생식물 조사결과, 44과 139종(파로호), 45과 131(춘천호)로 우점종은 파로호에서는 습생식물인 이삭사초와 버드나무, 애기메꽃, 달뿌리풀 등이 식물군집 면적의 대부분을 차지하였다. 춘천호에는 부엽식물인 연꽃, 습생식물인 버드나무 군집이 넓은 면적을 차지하였다.
O 2개 호수의 저서성 대형무척추동

2011년 파로호, 춘천호의 유역환경, 생물상 및 먹이망 구조를 조사하고, 팔당, 청평, 충주, 소양, 의암호의 수질 및 동·식물플랑크톤을 조사하여 아래와 같은 결과를 얻었다.
O 북한강 수계 2개 호수인 파로호, 춘천호의 수생식물 조사결과, 44과 139종(파로호), 45과 131(춘천호)로 우점종은 파로호에서는 습생식물인 이삭사초와 버드나무, 애기메꽃, 달뿌리풀 등이 식물군집 면적의 대부분을 차지하였다. 춘천호에는 부엽식물인 연꽃, 습생식물인 버드나무 군집이 넓은 면적을 차지하였다.
O 2개 호수의 저서성 대형무척추동물은 3문 4강 8목 11과 17종(파로호), 총 4문 7강 14목 28과 43종(춘천호)으로 우점종은 파로호는 대부분 실지렁이, 아가미실 지렁이가 차지하였으며, 춘천호는 빈모류와 깔따구류의 출현빈도가 높았다.
O 2개 호수의 어류상은 13과 41종 9,774개체(파로호), 13과 41종 6,457개체(춘천호)가 조사되었고 파로호는 피라미(개체수),잉어(생체량), 춘천호는 피라미(개체수)와 누치(생체량)로 나타났다.
O 2011년 한강수계 7개 호수의 식물플랑크톤상의 조사 결과, 팔당, 청평, 충주, 파로 춘천, 소양, 의암호에서 각각 157, 75, 105, 63, 63, 66, 89종이 발견되었으며 파로호를 제외한 모든 호수에서 분류군 별 현존량이 규조류가 높게 조사 되었으며, 여름철 남조류의 우점에 의해서 파로호는 남조류가 높았다.
O 2011년 한강수계 7개 호수의 동물플랑크톤상의 조사 결과, 연평균 우점종은 춘천, 청평, 소양, 의암호는 지각류 Bosmina longirostris가 우점하였고, 충주호는 지각류 Daphnia galeata가, 팔당, 파로호는 윤충류가 우점하였다.
O 7개 호수의 11년간 수위, 유입량과 방류량, 성층형성 여부 및 체류시간 변동 특성 분석 결과 파로호, 소양호 및 충주호는 호수 특성을 가진 호수로 나타났고, 춘천호, 의암호, 청평호 및 팔당호는 하천 특성을 가지는 호수로 구분되었다.
O 7개 호수의 4년간 수질 장기변동 조사 결과는 유기물, 인농도는 팔당호가 가장 높았고, 질소농도는 상류수계인 파로호, 소양호에서 낮았고, 충주호, 팔당호에서 높아 상류부터 하류로 갈수록 영양염류 농도가 증가되어 유역오염원의 영향으로 조사되었다.
O 7개호수의 수생식물은 출현종수는 팔당호와 청평호에서 각각 275종과 261종으로 많았고 파로호, 춘천호, 소양호 및 의암호에서는 각각 139종, 131종 141종 및 148종으로 적었다
O 7개호수의 저서성대형무척추동물은 종수가 팔당호에서 가장 높았으나, 수변 경사도가 크고 생물서식환경이 열악하였던 소양, 파로호는 낮게 나타나 종다양성은 수변식생대와 밀접한 관련이 있는 것으로 판단된다.
O 7개호수에서 어류의 우세종들은 몰개, 줄납자루, 피라미 등의 소형 잡식성 어류 등으로 먹이연쇄 단계의 하층을 차지하는 어류의 개체수 비율이 높게 나타나 안정적 구조를 가지는 것으로 평가되었다.
O 7개호수의 먹이망 구조는 호수의 크기에 따라 증가하였고 의암, 팔당, 충주호는 잘 반영되었고, 춘천, 파로, 소양호는 낮은 영양단계를 나타내었다.

(출처 : 보고서 초록 565p)

Abstract ▼

IV. Results
1. Lake Paro
A) The General Status of Lake Paro Watershed
O Lake Paro watershed area is about 3,901 km² except North korea areas is about 898.6 km². Populations on the watershed were 23,779 persons, livestock were 19,675. Two sewage treatment facilities worked by 2009 (treatment

IV. Results
1. Lake Paro
A) The General Status of Lake Paro Watershed
O Lake Paro watershed area is about 3,901 km² except North korea areas is about 898.6 km². Populations on the watershed were 23,779 persons, livestock were 19,675. Two sewage treatment facilities worked by 2009 (treatment capacity: 5,000 tons/day) in the watershed.
O The discharge loads in the basin of the Lake Paro are inquired as follows. BOD is 71% (1.1 ton/d) in the land uses system, TN is 85% (1.3 ton/d) in the land uses system, TP is 78% (0.1 ton/d) in the land uses system.

B) Water Quality of Lake Paro
O The elevation had fluctuated from min 162.5 m to max 173.6 m, and the elevation has increased and the precipitation was 68% in total precipitation from June to July during the heavy rainy season.
O Water temperature was the highest on September and this result was occurred by the change of precipitation pattern. The stratification of lake was observed from May to October in PR-L1 site and pH of water was in the range from 6.4 to 8.2 in lake Paro.
O The average of conductivity was 97.0 μS/cm. SS and turbidity was higher in all sites on August. In this season, the prominent organic matter was particulate organic matter. The most of organic matter was inflow at the heavy rainy season from the outside basin.
O The total nitrogen concentration was also increased at heavy rainy season and the most nitrogen was a dissolved nitrogen. The total phosphorus concentration was increased at heavy rainy season and the most phosphorus was a particulate phosphorus.
O The trophic state Index(TSI) of PR-L1 was the mean 38±6 as a oligo-meso trophic state. In TSI deviation analysis, the growth of phytoplankton in PR-L1 was inhibited by light and the phosphorus was act as the limit factor.

C) Biota of Lake Paro
a) Phytoplankton
O A total of 64 phytoplankton species (21 Bacillariophyceas, 23 Chlorophyceas, 13 Cyanophyceas, and 7 other species) was identified in Lake Paro and and inflow rivers. In general, the Phytoplankton in lake was bloomed 2 times at the spring and autumn, but that was largely increased at the autumn season of lake Paro in 2011.
O The percentage of diatom in phytoplankton community was highest in spring. The dominant species were Asterionella and Fragilaria of diatoms. In summer, by increasing water temperature and flowing in turbid water by heavy rain, Cyanophyceas was sharply increased. The dominant species were Microcystis and Aphanocapsa.
b) Zooplankton
O A total 42 zooplankton species (23 Rotifera, 5 Copepoda, 4 Cladocera, 10 Protozoa) was identified at the front of dam(PR-L1) site in Lake Paro.
O The annual average proportion of each taxon abundance with cell numbers was 52% for Rotifera, 5% for Copepoda, 13% for Cladocera, 30% for Protozoa. The dominant species were Synchaeta stylata, Polyatthra vulgaris of Rotifer from May to November. Expecially A Polyatthra vulgaris was comprised 37~76% of total abundances from Mat to October.
c) Macrophyte
O Tracheophytes were investigated 44 families 107 genera 139 species from May to September at the littoral in Lake Paro. Total 13 taxa of hydrophytes were identified emergent. Ratio of hygrophytes were up to 34% in the study areas and ratio of annual & biennial plants were 45%. And only in gentle slopes of watershed or along the stream inflow area, the number of ora was high. It shows that the characteristics of Lake Paro which has high water level fluctuation and most of watershed is steep.
O Vegetation structure in Lake Paro was influenced of altitude and water level change. In the high altitude area which was less affected by water level fluctuation, Salix, Phalaris arundinacea and Carex speceis were established. In the low altitude area where exposed by water level drawdown after spring season, some annual plants were existed such as Bidens frondosa, and Calystegia japonica, Persicaria species.
O Distribution of vegetation communities were limitedly appeared because of steep slopes of watershed and high water level fluctuation in Lake Paro. Phragmites communis was the only hydrophyte species which was formed community as 1000 m². Most of distribution areas were estimated such as Carex dimorpholepis, Salix species, Calystegia japonica, Phragmites japonica and Persicaria trigonocarpa.
O Biomass of vegetation community was as follows. The Scirpus Scirpus fluviatilis and Calystegia japonica had 1,689 g DM/m², 419g DM/m² biomass respectively.
d) Benthic macroinvertebrate
O Total 17 species of benthic macroinvertebrates in lake Paro occurred during the whole survey periods belonging to 11 families, 8 orders, 4 classes, and 3 phyla. However, only two taxa, oligochaetes and chironomids, showed high occurring frequency of at all sampling points. There was a clear decrease in species numbers as water depth increased, indicating maximum species numbers at littoral zones and minimum at profundal zones at each survey site.
O Density per square meter of both tubiflcids and chironomids at each sampling point were overwhelmed regardless of survey seasons, although some insects such as a mayfly Ephemera orientalis and a dragonfly Epophthalmia elegans yagasakii were dominant at littoral zones. The patterns of density indicated that a gradual increase of individual numbers (mostly due to oligochaetes) was shown according to increasing water depth.
O Mean biomass in lake Paro was measured as 0.091 gDW/m² for shell free dry weight. The smallest biomass was averagely estimated to
0.042 gDW/m² at the outlet PR05 and the largest to 0.143 gDW/m² at the middle zone PR02. Such macroinvertebrate biomass was inclined to be increased at higher water depth because of conspicuous individual numbers of oligochates at profundal zones.
O Benthic macroinvertebrate communities at lake Paro were generally characterized as low species diversity and richness with high dominance by one or two dominant species.
e) Fish
O The total 41 species of Fish belong to 13 families were collected in the lake and 7 tributaries of Lake Paro in 2011. The dominant species was Zacco platypus representing 56.4%, subdominant species was Squalidus japonicus coreanus representing 11.9% of collected fish, and Opsarichthys uncirostris amurensis (5.9%), Rhynchocypris oxycephalus (4.3%), Hypomesus nipponensis (3.8%) were superiority in number.
O There were 17 Korean endemic species (44.7% of collected species), and Hemibarbus mylodon, Gobiobotia brevibarba and Cottus koreanus were regarded as natural monument also found. Lepomis macrochirus and Micropterus salmoides which causes ecological disturbance were collecred. When we looked up the population dynamics of Lepomis macrochirus and Micropterus salmoides around the large lake, we predicted a rapid growth of 2 species in lake Paro.
O Total biomass of collected fish was 251.5 kg, and biomass of Cyprinus carpio were 93.5 kg (37.2%) andt had the highest biomass. In community analysis, dominant index was high and richness, diversity and evenness indices were low value.
f) Food web
O Food web structures of Lake Paro was identified with using carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratio. Food web structure at the dam site in lake Paro was that carbon stable isotope ratio of POM(<100um) was heavy at June and September but from October that was rapidly light.
O We supposed that the Opsariichthys uncirostris amurensis, and Hemibarbus labeo as collected fishes in lake Paro were upper feeders.The nitrogen stable isotope ratio of Cyprinus carpio and Pseudogobio esocinus was occured by the nitrogen stable isotope ratio was lighter because of the POM<100/㎛) in September.

2. Lake Chuncheon
A) The General Status of Lake Chuncheon Watershed
O Lake Chuncheon watershed area is about 4,7365 km² except North korea areas is about 1,021 km². Populations on the watershed area were 26,680 persons, and livestock were 24,036. Three sewage treatment facilities worked by 2009 (treatment capacity: 123,573 tons/day) in the watershed.
O The discharge loads in the basin of the Lake Chuncheon was inquired as follows. BOD is 57% (0.8 ton/d) in the land uses system, TN is 77% (0.9 ton/d) in the land uses system, TP is 64% (0.1 ton/d) in the land uses system.

B) Water Quality of Lake Chuncheon
O The elevation had fluctuated from 101.5 m to 103.1 m, and was rarely equal because of the same inflow and outflow in lake Chuncheon. The precipitation from June to July was 68.6% in total precipitation which was 2,029.3 mm.
O Water temperature had fluctuated as the season dynamics and temperature change. The stratification in Lake Chuncheon was not observed. SS and turbidity was the highest on July when the turbidity water was existed in total water column. BOD concentration dynamics was the same with Chl. a concentration, but turbidity and SS was highly increased at heavy rain season.
O The total nitrogen concentration was increased at heavy rainy season and the total nitrogen concentration in CC-L1 was affected by CC-In1 site. The total phosphores concentration was also increased at heavy rainy season and the most phosphores was a particulate phosphores.
O The trophic state Index(TSI) of Lake Chuncheon was the mean 40±5 as a mesotrophic state. In TSI deviation analysis, the growth of phytoplankton in Lake Chuncheon was inhibited by light, The inhibition was caused by paticulates for example of turbid water by heavy rain season at the summer and autumn.

C) Biota of Lake Chuncheon
a) Phytoplankton
O A total of 90 phytoplankton species (43 Bacillariophyceas, 30 Chlorophyceas, 6 Cyanophyceas, and 11 other species) was identified in Lake Chuncheon and the percentage of diatom in phytoplankton community was highest in every sites. The average concentration of Chlorophyll a was higher in CC-L1 site than any other sites.
O The dominant species were Asterionella (65%) of diatom at March, Stephanodiscus hantzschii of plactonic diatoms at April, June, September. The percentage of diatom in phytoplankton community was highest in at May, October and November as Fmgilaria crotonensis of diatom.
b) Zooplankton
O A total 27 zooplankton species(11 Rotifera, 7 Copepoda, 5 Cladocera, 4 Protozoa) was identified at the front of dam(CC-L1) in Lake Chuncheon. The zooplankton community density was about 2~83 Ind./L for abundance.
O The annual average dominant proportion of each taxon abundance was 15% for Rotifera, 38% for Copepoda, 46% for Cladocera and 1% for Protozoa. The annual dominant species was Bosmina longirostris belong to small cladocera and dominant rate was 38%.
c) Macrophyte
O Tracheophytes were investigated 45 families 102 genera 131 species from May to September at the littoral in Lake Chuncheon. The aquatic plants was appeared 23 speciess and hydrophyte was 46 species and hygrophyte was 62 species. The annual and biennial plants were inhabited in succession begging satge and distributed site which were 37% of total appeared plants. There was a Penthorum chinense as a rare plant appointed from Korean Forest service.
O As a results of Vegetation structure in Lake Chuncheon, we classifeied three groups as Salix species and emergent plants group, floating-leaved plants group and Phragmites japonica and the other emergent plants group.
O A Vegetation distribution was investigated in Lake Chuncheon that Nelumbo nucifera community was occupied the largest areas in the sites, there was occupied large areas in order of community(Salix koreensis, Nymphoides peltata, Nymphaea teragona, Nymphoides indica, Phragmites japonica community).
O The lake Chuncheon had a topography of steep slopes of waterfront. But along with tributaries, habitat for aquatic plants was limited in inflowded and low slope areas.
O As biomass of vegetation community, the Zizania latifolia community had the most 674 g DM/m² comparing with submerged plants and other emerged plants. The least biomass was Humulus japonicus which was meaured 135g DM/m² .
d) Benthic macroinvertebrate
O Total 43 species of benthic macroinvertebrates in lake Chuncheon occurred during whole survey periods belonging to 28 families, 14 orders, 7 classes, and 4 phyla. The Tubificidae and Chironomidae were showed the highest frequencies of all species. The patterns of lateral distribution as increasing water depth were exhibited maximum species numbers at littoral zones and minimum at profundal zones at each survey site.
O Total individual numbers of tubificids and chironomids in each site were prominent comparing with any other taxas. However, several species such as freshwater shrimps (e.g., Cardina denticulata denticulata and Palaemon paucidens) and a common burrower mayfly Ephemera orientalis were dominant at littoral zones.
O Mean biomass in lake Chuncheon was measured at 0.332 gDW/m² for shell free dry weight. The smallest biomass was estimated in average to 0.061 gDW/m² at center region CC02 and the largest to 0.897 gDW/m² in outlet CC04. Molluscs such as snails, mussels, and clams distributing around littoral zones below 4 m water depth contributed to such a large biomass at lake Chuncheon. The biomass at littoral zones was larger than that at profundal zones.
O The community structures of benthic macroinvertebrates generally showed high dominance and low species diversity indices through all survey sites, which meant simple community structures dependent on one or two major species.
e) Fish
O Total 41 species of Fish belong to 13 families were collected at lake Chuncheon in 2011. Dominant species was Zacco platypus representing 20.5%, subdominant species was Hemibarbus labeo representing 15.2% of collected fish, and Acheilognathus yamatsutae (13.2%), Zacco koreanus (11.2%), Rhinogobius brunneus (8.5%) were superiority in number.
O There were 15 Korean endemic species (36.6% of collected species), and the Pseiddopungtungia tenuicorpa，was found as a endangered species II level. Lepomis macrochirus and Micropterus salmoides which causes ecological disturbance were collected.
O Total biomass of collected fish was 171.90 kg, and the biomass of Hemibarbus labeo(16.7%), Carassius cuvieri(15.7%), Opsarichthys uncirostris amurensis (15.3%) and Carassius auratus(11.1%) were superiority in lake Chuncheon. In community analysis, dominant index was low and richness, diversity and evenness indices were high value.
f) Food web
O Food web structures of Lake Chuncheon was identified with carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratio. Food web structure at the dam site in lake Chuncheon was that carbon stable isotope ratio of POM was heavy at June and caused by phytoplankton mass proliferation, these ratio was rapidly light at September and November but nitrogen stable isotope ratio was of POM was heavy at the same times.
O Collected fishes were composed of three group by food source in lake Chuncheon. Most significant feeder was Micropterus salmoides among the collected fishes.

3. Lake Paldang
A) Water Quality
O In Lake Paldang, cumulative annual rainfall was 2,198.5 mm, the most rainfall were recorded 230.0 mm at July. A time of increasing rainfall frequency was recorded 60.8% proportion of annual precipitation from July to August.
O The water level at the dam keeps always 25 m or so, because Paldang Dam is a water reservoir features. The flow patterns were the same as the rainfall patterns. Inflows and outflows was recorded the most to July 2011 because of intensive rainfall.
O Water temperature had fluctuated as the season dynamics and temperature change. The stratification in Lake Paldang was not observed. pH increased around the surface during the phytoplankton growth in spring.
O Electrical conductivity was different in the waters, the Gyeongan River basin(PD-L4) and inflowing river(PD-In3) were the most polluted. SS and turbidity were changed depending on rainfall, in August highest concentrations.
O As a underwater organic matter concentration index, BOD and COD was changed by rainfall. BOD was increased by internal origin organic matter caused by phytoplankton. Since the rainfall, COD was increased by non-biodegradable organics which was increased by external inflows.
O As the other underwater organic matter concentration index, distribution pattern of DOC and POC was different from other lakes which DOC was higher than POC in lake Paldang.
O Nitrogen concentration was low in spring but increased in summer gradually. decreased in every sites. The Gyeongan River basin(PD-L4) and inflowing river(PD-In3) were investigated to have the most highest TN, PTN, DTN, NO₃-N concentrations by basin pollution source.
O Phosphorus concentration was increased in summer but gradually decreased in lake Paldang. The Gyeongan River basin(PD-L4) and inflowing river(PD-In3) was high PO4-P concentration to be used by phytoplankton growth.
O The trophic state Index(TSI) of Lake Paldang was over 50 as a eutrophic state. In TSI deviation analysis, the growth of phytoplankton in Lake Paldang was inhibited by light at July and September. The inhibition was caused by paticulates for example of turbid water by heavy rain season.

B) Phytoplankton
O A total of 159 phytoplankton species (71 Bacillariophyceas, 58 Chlorophyceas, 11 Cyanophyceas, and 17 other species) was identified in Lake Paldang and there were 110 species in PD-L1. The percentage of diatom in phytoplankton community was highest in every sites. The average concentration of Chlorophyll a was higher in April by increasing water temperature and high nutrient.
O The dominant species were Stephanodiscus, Cyclotella of plactonic diatom in lake and was Navicula of adhesive diatom in tributatry. Cyanobacteria was appeared to be relatively large abundances in 2008. By the frequent rainfall, theses didn't arisen after 2008.

C) Zooplankton
O A total 36 zooplankton species(22 Rotifera, 5 Copepoda, 6 Cladocera, 3 Protozoa) was identified at the front of dam(PD-L1) in Lake Paldang. The zooplankton community density was about 1~42 Ind./L for abundance.
O The annual average dominant proportion of each taxon abundance was 30% for Rotifera, 20% for Copepoda, 48% for Cladocera and 2% for Protozoa. The annual dominant species was Bosmina longirostris belong to small cladocera and dominant rate was 37%.

4. Lake Cheongpyeoung
A) Water Quality
O Lake Cheongpyeong was maintained 50m water level and precipitation from July to August was 60.8% in total precipitation which was 2,198.5 mm. In Lake Cheongpyeoung, the elevation was rarely equal because of the same inflow and outflow.
O Water temperature had fluctuated as the season dynamics and temperature change. The stratification in Lake Cheongpyeoung was not observed. SS and turbidity was the highest on August at heavy rainy season when turbidity and SS concentration was highest in CP-In1.
O BOD and COD concentration dynamics was influenced by increasing allchthonous organic matters. An organic matters concentration was relatively higher in lake sites than tributaries.
O The total nitrogen concentration was also increased at heavry rainy season because of influence from outside basin. The total phosphorus concentration was increased at heavy rainy season and the total phosphorus concentration in Lake Cheongpyeoung affected by CP-In1 site.
O In TSI, the trophic state of Lake Cheongpyeoung was the mean 46.1±4.7 and 49.8±4.2 in CP-L1 and L3 as a mesotrophic state, In TSI deviation analysis, the growth of phytoplankton in Lake Cheongpyeoung was inhibited by light at heavy rainy season and the phosphorus was act as the limit factor at the others season.

B) Phytoplankton
O A total of 75 phytoplankton species (40 Bacillariophyceas, 19 Chlorophyceas, 8 Cyanophyceas, and 8 other species) was identified in Lake Cheongpyeoung and the percentage of diatom in phytoplankton community was highest in every sites. The average concentration of Chlorophyll a was lower in CP-L1 site than any other sites.
O The dominant species was Asterionella formosa of diatom at March, Rhodomonas sp. of from April to June, and Fragilaria crotonensis of diatom in May, October and November.
C) Zooplankton
O A total 33 zooplankton species(17 Rotifera, 6 Copepoda，6 Cladocera 4 Protozoa) were identified in front of the dam(CP-L1) site of Lake Cheongpyeoung. The annual average of zooplankton community density was in the range of 1~55 Ind./L for abundance.
O The annual average dominant proportion of each taxon abundance was 21% for Rotifera, 31% for Copepoda, 44% for Cladocera, 4% for Protozoa in CP-L1 site. The annual dominant species was Bosmina longirostris belong to small cladocera and dominant rate was 35%.

5. Lake Chungju
A) Water Quality
O The elevation had fluctuated from min 124.5 m to max 139.3 m, and the elevation has increased and the precipitation from June to August was 64.9% in total precipitation which was 2,073.3 mm. Water temperature had fluctuated as the season dynamics and temperature change, the water temperature in CJ-L1 site was lower than other sites because of the stratification in CJ-L1 site.
O Water temperature was the highest on August which was occurred by the change of precipitation pattern. The stratification was observed from May to October in CJ-L1 site and the pH of water was in the range from 7.6 to 8.1.
O SS and turbidity was the highest on July when the turbidity water was existed in middle and low water column. The organic matter concentration was highest in CJ-In2 but the organic matter concentration in CJ-L1 was flucted by the concentration of organic matter in CJ-In1.
O The total phosphorus concentration was highly increased at heavy rainy season. The total nitrogen concentration was also increased at heavry rainy season and the most nitrogen was a dissolved nitrogen.
O In TSI, the trophic state of Lake Chungju was 40±3 and 48±5 in each CJ-L1, CJ-L3 site as a mesotrophic state. In TSI deviation analysis, the growth of phytoplankton in Lake Chungju was inhibited by light at heavy rainy season and the phosphorus was act as the limit factor at the others season.

B) Phytoplankton
O A total 121 species of phytoplankton(60 Bacillariophyceas, 35 Chlorophyceas, 15 Cyanophyceas, and 11 other species) was identified in Lake Chungju. The average concentration of Chlorophyll a was higher in April but was the highest in October by increasing dissolved nutrients for example of DTP, DTN etc.
O The percentage of diatom in phytoplankton community was highest in spring but increasing water temperature more than 20 °C Mycrocystis was lively proliferated. The percentage of cyanobacteria in phytoplankton community was over 70 % in July. The maximum value of phytoplankton community density was 7,819 cells/mL for abundance.
C) Zooplankton
O A total 29 species of zooplankton(15 Rotifera, 6 Copepoda, 6 Cladocera, 2 Protozoa) were identified in front of dam(CJ-L1) in Lake Chungju. The zooplankton community density was in the range of 1~43 Ind./L for abundance.
O The annual average dominant proportion of each taxon abundance was 9% for Rotifera，52% for Copepoda, 33% for Cladocera, 4% for Protozoa in Lake Chungju. The annual dominant species was Daphnia galeata belong to copepoda and dominant rate was 19%.

6. Lake Soyang
A) Water Quality
O Annual precipitation of Lake Soyang in 2011 was 1,605 mm and about 46%(737 mm) of the total annual precipitation was concentrated from July to September. The average elevation was 185 m and maximum elevation was 193 mm by increasing inflow in summer rainy season.
O Water temperature was fluctuated by seasonal dynamics and temperature change. The fluctuation of tributary sites were greater than lake site. In rainy season, lake Soyang and Paro was observed to have similar conductivity. The maximum pH of dam site was 7.8 at 0m and 5m the depth of water in September.
O The stratification was observed between 10 m and 20 m the depth of water from May to September in SY-L1 site. From June there was observed a low DO concentration section on the near ground of lake. Because those phenomenon was predicted to occur decomposition of organic matter near the sediments in lake.
O BOD concentration was steady in each sites and season but COD was declined until April, after that was no change. POC growth was similar dynamics of turbid and SS in lake Soyang.
O The total nitrogen concentration was a dissolved nitrogen and especially the most nitrogen was a nitrate nitrogen. The total phosphores concentration was increased the range from 0.003 to 0.019 at July in SY-L1 site. The most phosphores was a particulate phosphores.
O The trophic state Index(TSI) of Lake Soyang was the mean 36±4 as a oligo-meso trophic state. In TSI deviation analysis, the growth of phytoplankton in Lake Soyang was inhibited by nutrient except from June to September and November.

B) Phytoplankton
O A total of 70 phytoplankton species (20 Bacillariophyceas, 22 Chlorophyceas, 20 Cyanophyceas, and 8 other species) was identified in Lake Soyang. The annual mean depth in phytoplankton community was range from 436~28,619 cells/mL, abundance was minimum at June and maximum at September.
O The dominant species were Asterionella formosa and Fragilaria crotonensis of diatom at spring and Aphanocapsa sp., Microcystis flos-aquae, Microcystis aeruginosa of cyanobacteria from June to September. Asterionella formosa and Fragilaria crotonensis of diatom was dominated in November and December.
C) Zooplankton
O A total 48 zooplankton species(24 Rotifera, 5 Copepoda, 4 Cladocera, 15 Protozoa) was identified at the front of dam(SY-L1) in Lake Chuncheon. The zooplankton community density was about 17.5~145.6 Ind./L for abundance.
O The annual average dominant proportion of each taxon abundance was 50% for Rotifera, 10% for Copepoda, 8% for Cladocera and 31% for Protozoa. The annual dominant species were Kellicottia longispina, Keratella cochlearis var. tecta f. macracartha, Polyarthra vulgaris belong to Rotifera at SY-L1 site.

7. Lake Uiam
A) Water Quality
O Annual precipitation of Lake Uiam in 2011 was 2,029.3 mm and about 53.9%(1,093.6 mm) of the total annual precipitation was concentrated during Jul. ~ Aug. But the precipitation was largely decreased 9.2% of the total annual precipitation during Sep.~Dec. and residense time was largely increased.
O Water temperature had fluctuated as the season dynamics and temperature change. The average water temperature was high in UA-In3. The stratification in Lake Uiam was not observed. pH was lower along with depth of water as deepened gradually because carbon dioxide was consumed by phytoplankton growth.
O A BOD and COD concentration was decreased at UA-In3 site in rainy season. The BOD and COD concentration dynamics was the same with Chi. a concentration.
O The nitrogens was high concentration in UA-In3 comparing with in every sites. The UA-0 site was influenced with a nitrogen concentration of UA-In3. Those concentration was largely increased in winter by rainfall decline. So we need an urgent water quality management in UA-In3 site.
O The phosphorus was observed with similar dynamics in UA-In1 and UA-In2, The total phosphores concentration was increased during monsoon season.
O The trophic state Index(TSI) of Lake Uiam was the mean 48±5 as a mesotrophic state. In TSI deviation analysis, the growth of phytoplankton in Lake Uiam was inhibited by light.

B) Phytoplankton
O A total of 89 phytoplankton species (43 Bacillariophyceas, 26 Chlorophyceas, 9 Cyanophyceas, and 11 other species) were identified in Lake Uiam. The Chi. a concentrarion was measured over 60 mg/m³. Because Anabaena planktonica of cyanobacteria was observed over 7,000 cells/ml in lake Uiam.
O The dominant species were Asterionella formosa and Fragilaria crotonensis of diatom most of time. A Rhodomonas sp. of cryptophyceae was dominated from June to September and Cryptomonas sp. of cryptophyceae was dominated in November.
C) Zooplankton
O A total 30 zooplankton species(17 Rotifera, 5 Copepoda, 6 Cladocera, 2 Protozoa) was identified at the front of dam(UA-L1) in Lake Uiam. The zooplankton community density was about 1~74 Ind./L for abundance.
O The annual average dominant proportion of each taxon abundance was 22% for Rotifera, 19% for Copepoda, 54% for Cladocera and 5% for Protozoa. The annual dominant species were Bosmina longirostris belong to Cladocera and the proportion of each taxon abundance with cell numbers was 46% in UA-L1.

8. Lake Comparison
O We judged by trophic level of 7 lakes using TSI index in han river system. Lake Paro, Soyang was located the upper region of the Bukhan river as oligotrophic states and Lake Chungju, Chuncheon was located in the middle of the Han river system as mesotrhphic states and Lake Paldang, Cheongpyeoung, Uiam was euotrophic states.
O There was differences by Biota of lake. Lake Paldang was most rich in zooplankton and phytoplankton which was composed of substructure in aquatic ecosystem. Lake Paro had the least phytoplankton and lake Chungju was investigated the lowest number of zooplankton.
O The Aquatic and riparian vegetation was lived 275 species and 261 species in each lake Paldang and Cheongpyeoung of yearly low water level fluctuation. On the other hand, the number of species were few in the lake Paro, Chuncheon, Soyang, Uiam which was the upper region of the han river and lots of artificial interference.
O The macroinvertebrates was most rich in lake Paldang. Riparian vegetation didn’t developed in lake Paro and Soyang of high water level fluctuation.
O The Fish was investigated to be high proportions of small fish that were evaluated to have a stable pyramid structure.

(출처 : SUMMARY 45p)

목차 Contents

• 표지 ... 1
• 제출문 ... 2
• 요약문 ... 5
• SUMMARY ... 44
• CONTENTS ... 66
• 목차 ... 72
• 표목차 ... 84
• 그림목차 ... 89
• 제1장 서론 ... 101
• 제1절 연구의 필요성 ... 101
• 제2절 연구 목표 ... 102
• 1. 최종목표 ... 102
• 2. 당해연도 사업목표 ... 102
• 3. 연차별 주요 사업내용 ... 103
• 제2장 국내·외 연구현황 ... 103
• 제3장 연구내용 및 방법 ... 105
• 제1절 연구내용 ... 105
• 저2절 연구범위 ... 105
• 제3절 연구방법 ... 105
• 1. 호소환경 및 유역환경 조사 ... 105
• 가. 조사내용 ... 105
• 나. 조사방법 ... 106
• 2. 수질조사 ... 106
• 가. 조사지점 ... 106
• 나. 조사시기 ... 106
• 다. 조사방법 ... 106
• 3. 식물플랑크톤 조사 ... 110
• 가. 조사지점 ... 110
• 나. 조사시기 ... 110
• 다. 조사방법 ... 110
• 4. 동물플랑크톤조사 ... 111
• 가. 조사지점 ... 111
• 나. 조사시기 ... 111
• 다. 조사방법 ... 111
• 5. 수생식물 조사 ... 112
• 가. 조사지점 ... 112
• 나. 조사시기 ... 114
• 다. 조사방법 ... 117
• 6. 저서성 대형무척추동물 조사 ... 119
• 가. 조사지점 ... 119
• 나. 조사시기 ... 119
• 다. 조사방법 ... 120
• 7. 어류조사 ... 122
• 가. 조사지점 ... 122
• 나. 조사시기 ... 124
• 다. 조사방법 ... 124
• 8. 먹이망 구조 ... 126
• 가. 조사지점 ... 126
• 나. 조사시기 ... 126
• 다. 조사방법 ... 126
• 제4장 연구결과 및 고찰 ... 128
• 제1절 파로호 ... 128
• 1. 호소환경 및 유역환경 ... 128
• 가. 호소 이용현황 조사 ... 128
• 나. 오염원 및 환경기초시설 현황 조사 ... 129
• (1) 오염원 현황 ... 129
• (2) 오염부하량 현황 ... 130
• (3) 환경기초시설 현황 ... 133
• 2. 수질 ... 136
• 가. 호수개황 및 기상, 수리수문 ... 136
• 나. 이화학적 수질 변화 ... 137
• (1) 호 내, 유입수, 방류수의 수질 변동 비교 ... 137
• (2) 수온,DO, pH, 전기전도도의 수심별 변화 ... 141
• (3) 탁도, SS, BOD, COD, POC, DOC의 수심별 변화 ... 142
• (4) 질소의 수심별 변화 ... 144
• (5) 인의 수심별 변화 ... 145
• (6) 대장균군, 페놀의 분포 ... 146
• (7) 호수의 영양상태 평가 ... 147
• 다. 수리수문인자 및 수질 장기변동 ... 149
• 3. 생물상 ... 153
• 가. 식물플랑크톤 ... 153
• (1) 식물플랑크톤의 현존량 변화 ... 153
• (2) 식물플랑크톤의 군집구조 ... 154
• (3) 식물플랑크톤의 장기 변동 ... 158
• 나. 동물플랑크톤 ... 159
• (1) 동물플랑크톤의 군집 밀도 변화 ... 159
• (2) 동물플랑크톤의 군집구조 및 우점종의 변화 ... 160
• (3) 파로호 동물플랑크톤의 장기변동 ... 163
• 다. 수생식물 ... 164
• (1) 환경 특성 ... 164
• (2) 식물상 ... 165
• (3) 식생 구조 ... 175
• (4) 식생 분포 ... 184
• (5) 주요 식물군집의 특성 ... 186
• 라. 저서성 대형무척추동물 ... 187
• (1) 서식환경 ... 187
• (2) 저서성 대형 무척추동물상 ... 188
• (3) 출현종수 ... 190
• (4) 출현개체수 ... 192
• (5) 우점종 및 점유율 ... 196
• (6) 생체량의 변화 ... 199
• (7) 군집지수 ... 200
• 마. 어류 ... 204
• (1) 지점별 수환경 ... 204
• (2) 어류상 ... 205
• (3) 계절별 어류상 ... 213
• (4) 생체량 ... 214
• (5) 주요 어종의 전장빈도 분포 ... 216
• (6) 주요 어종의 체장-체중 관계식과 비만 ... 217
• (7) 파로호의 어류상 변화 ... 219
• (8) 군집분석 ... 220
• 바. 먹이망 구조 ... 223
• (1) 탄소 및 질소 안정동위원소비의 계절적 변화 ... 223
• (2) 먹이망 구조 ... 224
• (3) 영양 단계 ... 227
• 제2절 춘천호 ... 228
• 1. 호소환경 및 유역환경 ... 228
• 가. 호소 이용현황 조사 ... 228
• 나. 오염원 및 환경기초시설 현황 조사 ... 229
• (1) 오염원 현황 ... 229
• (2) 오염부하량 현황 ... 230
• (3) 환경기초시설 현황 ... 234
• 2. 수질 ... 236
• 가. 호수개황 및 기상, 수리수문 ... 236
• 나. 이화학적 수질변화 ... 237
• (1) 호 내, 유입, 방류수의 수질 변동 비교 ... 237
• (2) 수온, DO, pH, 전기전도도의 수심별 변화 ... 241
• (3) 탁도, SS, BOD, COD, POC, DOC의 수심별 변화 ... 242
• (4) 질소의 수심별 변화 ... 244
• (5) 인의 수심별 변화 ... 244
• (6) 대장균군, 페놀의 분포 ... 246
• (7) 호수의 영양상태 평가 ... 247
• 다. 수리수문 및 수질 인자의 장기변동 ... 249
• 3. 생물상 ... 252
• 가. 식물플랑크톤 ... 252
• (1) 식물플랑크톤의 현존량 변화 ... 252
• (2) 식물플랑크톤의 군집구조 ... 252
• (3) 식물플랑크톤의 장기변동 ... 256
• 나. 동물플랑크톤 ... 257
• (1) 동물플랑크톤의 군집밀도 변화 ... 257
• (2) 동물플랑크톤의 군집구조 및 우점종 변화 ... 257
• (3) 동물플랑크톤의 장기변동 ... 260
• 다. 수생식물 ... 261
• (1) 환경특성 ... 261
• (2) 식물상 ... 262
• (3) 식생 구조 ... 273
• (4) 식생 분포 ... 279
• (5) 주요 식물 군집의 특성 ... 281
• 라. 저서성 대형무척추동물 ... 282
• (1) 서식환경 ... 282
• (2) 저서성 대형무척추동물상 ... 283
• (3) 출현종수 ... 286
• (4) 출현 개체수 ... 289
• (5) 우점종 및 우점율 ... 292
• (6) 생체량의 변화 ... 295
• (7) 군집지수 ... 297
• 마. 어류 ... 300
• (1) 지점별 수환경 ... 300
• (2) 어류상 ... 302
• (3) 계절별 어류상 ... 310
• (4) 생체량 ... 311
• (5) 주요 어종의 전장빈도 분포도 ... 312
• (6) 주요 어종의 비만도와 체장-체중 관계식 ... 316
• (7) 춘천호의 어류상 변화 ... 316
• (8) 군집분석 ... 317
• 바. 먹이망 구조 ... 321
• (1) 탄소 및 질소 안정동위원소비의 계절적 변화 ... 321
• (2) 먹이망 구조 ... 323
• (3) 영양 단계 ... 326
• 제3절 팔당호 ... 328
• 1. 호수개황 및 기상, 수리수문 ... 328
• 가. 호수개황 ... 328
• 나. 기상 및 수리수문 ... 329
• 2. 수질 ... 330
• 가. 이화학적 수질 변화 ... 330
• (1) 호 내, 유입, 방류수의 수질 변동 비교 ... 330
• (2) 수온,DO, pH, 전기전도도의 수심별 변화 ... 335
• (3) 탁도, SS, BOD, COD, POC, DOC의 수심별 변화 ... 337
• (4) 질소의 수심별 변화 ... 342
• (5) 인의 수심별 변화 ... 345
• (6) 대장균군, 페놀의 분포 ... 347
• (7) 호수의 영양상태 평가 ... 349
• 나. 수리수문 및 수질인자의 장기변동 ... 351
• 3. 생물상 ... 354
• 가. 식물플랑크톤 ... 354
• (1) 식물플랑크톤의 현존량 변화 ... 354
• (2) 식물플랑크톤의 군집구조 ... 355
• (3) 식물플랑크톤의 장기변동 ... 360
• 나. 동물플랑크톤 ... 361
• (1) 동물플랑크톤의 군집밀도 변화 ... 361
• (2) 동물플랑크톤의 군집구조 및 우점종 변화 ... 362
• (3) 동물플랑크톤의 장기변동 ... 366
• 제4절 청평호 ... 368
• 1. 호수개황 및 기상, 수리수문 ... 368
• 가. 호수개황 ... 368
• 나. 기상 및 수리수문 ... 369
• 2. 수질 ... 369
• 가. 이화적인 수질 변화 ... 369
• (1) 호 내, 유입수, 방류수의 수질 변동 비교 ... 369
• (2) 수온,DO, pH, 전기전도도의 수심별 변화 ... 373
• (3) 탁도, SS, BOD, COD, POC, DOC의 수심별 변화 ... 375
• (4) 질소의 수심별 변화 ... 377
• (5) 인의 수심별 변화 ... 379
• (6) 대장균군 및 페놀의 분포 ... 381
• (7) 호수의 영양상태 평가 ... 382
• 나. 수리수문 및 수질인자의 장기변동 ... 384
• 3. 생물상 ... 387
• 가. 식물플랑크톤 ... 387
• (1) 식물플랑크톤의 현존량 변화 ... 387
• (2) 식물플랑크톤의 군집구조 ... 388
• (3) 식물플랑크톤의 장기변동 ... 390
• 나. 동물플랑크톤 ... 391
• (1) 동물플랑크톤의 군집밀도 변화 ... 391
• (2) 동물플랑크톤의 군집구조 및 우점종 변화 ... 392
• (3) 동물플랑크톤의 장기변동 ... 395
• 제5절 충주호 ... 396
• 1. 호수개황 및 기상, 수리수문 ... 396
• 가. 호수개황 ... 396
• 나. 기상 및 수리수문 ... 397
• 2. 수질 ... 397
• 가. 이화학적 수질 변화 ... 397
• (1) 호 내, 유입, 방류수의 수질 변동 비교 ... 397
• (2) 수온,DO, pH, 전기전도도의 수심별 변화 ... 402
• (3) 탁도, SS, BOD, COD, POC, DOC의 수심별 변화 ... 404
• (4) 질소의 수심별 변화 ... 406
• (5) 인의 수심별 변화 ... 408
• (6) 대장균군 및 페놀의 분포 ... 410
• (7) 호수의 영양상태 평가 ... 411
• 나. 수리수문 및 수질인자의 장기변 ... 413
• 3. 생물상 ... 416
• 가. 식물플랑크톤 ... 416
• (1) 식물플랑크톤의 현존량 변화 ... 416
• (2) 식물플랑크톤의 군집 구조 ... 417
• (3) 식물플랑크톤의 장기 변동 ... 420
• 나. 동물플랑크톤 ... 420
• (1) 동물플랑크톤의 군집밀도 변화 ... 420
• (2) 동물플랑크톤의 군집구조 및 우점종 변화321 ... 420
• (3) 동물플랑크톤의 장기변동 ... 425
• 제6절 소양호 ... 426
• 1. 호수개황 및 기상, 수리수문 ... 426
• 가. 호수개황 ... 426
• 나. 기상 및 수리수문 ... 427
• 2. 수질 ... 427
• 가. 이화학적 수질 변화 ... 427
• (1) 호 내, 유입, 방류수의 수질 변동 비교 ... 427
• (2) 수온,DO, pH, 전기전도도의 수심별 변화 ... 431
• (3) 탁도, SS, BOD, COD, POC, DOC의 수심별 변화 ... 433
• (4) 질소의 수심별 변화 ... 435
• (5) 인의 수심별 변화 ... 436
• (6) 대장균군의 분포 및 페놀의 분포 ... 438
• (7) 호수의 영양상태 평가 ... 439
• 나. 수리수문 및 수질인자의 장기변동 ... 441
• 3. 생물상 ... 444
• 가. 식물플랑크톤 ... 444
• (1) 식물플랑크톤의 현존량 변화 ... 444
• (2) 식물플랑크톤의 군집구조 ... 445
• (3) 식물플랑크톤의 장기 변동 ... 451
• 나. 동물플랑크톤 ... 453
• (1) 동물플랑크톤의 군집밀도 변화 ... 453
• (2) 동물플랑크톤의 군집구조 및 우점종 변화 ... 455
• (3) 동물플랑크톤의 장기 변동 ... 459
• 제7절 의암호 ... 461
• 1. 호수개황 및 기상, 수리수문 ... 461
• 가. 호수개황 ... 461
• 나. 기상 및 수리수문 ... 462
• 2. 수질 ... 462
• 가. 이화학적 수질 변화 ... 462
• (1) 호 내, 유입수, 방류수의 수질 변동 비교 ... 462
• (2) 수온,DO, pH, 전기전도도의 수심별 분포 ... 466
• (3) 탁도, SS, BOD, COD, POC, DOC의 수심별 분포 ... 467
• (4) 질소의 수심별 분포 ... 469
• (5) 인의 수심별 분포 ... 469
• (6) 대장균군, 페놀의 분포 ... 470
• (7) 호수의 영양상태 평가 ... 472
• 나. 수리수문 및 수질인자의 장기변동 ... 474
• 3. 생물상 ... 477
• 가. 식물플랑크톤 ... 477
• (1) 식물플랑크톤의 현존량 변화 ... 477
• (2) 식물플랑크톤의 군집구조 ... 478
• (3) 식물플랑크톤의 장기변동 ... 480
• 나. 동물플랑크 ... 481
• (1) 동물플랑크톤의 군집밀도 변화 ... 481
• (2) 동물플랑크톤의 군집구조 및 우점종 변화 ... 482
• (3) 동물플랑크톤의 장기변동 ... 484
• 제8절 호수별 비교 ... 486
• 1. 호소환경 및 유역환경 ... 486
• 2. 수리수문 및 수질 ... 490
• 3. 식물플랑크톤 ... 501
• 4. 동물플랑크톤 ... 505
• 5. 수생식물 ... 506
• 6. 저서성 대형무척추동물 ... 508
• 7. 어류 ... 514
• 8. 먹이망 구조 ... 519
• 제5장 결론 ... 521
• 제6장 조사연구결과의 활용방안 ... 551
• 제7장 조사연구목표 달성도 및 대외기여도 ... 552
• 제8장 참고 문헌 ... 560
• 보고서 초록 ... 565
• 끝페이지 ... 566