초록 ▼

동해에서 일어나는 다양한 시·공간 규모의 다학제적 해양과정의 이해와 미래 환경 변화 진단을 위하여 동해 전역을 대상으로 시계열 관측망을 구축하고 (TFT1) 첨단 해양관측 기술을 개발하여 (TFT2), 이를 바탕으로 4가지의 주요 다학제적 해양과정에 대한 연구와 (TFT3~TFT6) 동해 주요 어종을 대상으로 미래 환경변화를 고려한 어획량 변화를 재현하고 예측하는 모델을 시범적으로 개발하였다 (TFT7). 본 연구의 주요 결과로 동해 먹이망 구조 규명과 표층수의 산성화율 및 기후변화에 따른 상층과 심층의 해수특성 변화를 규명하는 등

동해에서 일어나는 다양한 시·공간 규모의 다학제적 해양과정의 이해와 미래 환경 변화 진단을 위하여 동해 전역을 대상으로 시계열 관측망을 구축하고 (TFT1) 첨단 해양관측 기술을 개발하여 (TFT2), 이를 바탕으로 4가지의 주요 다학제적 해양과정에 대한 연구와 (TFT3~TFT6) 동해 주요 어종을 대상으로 미래 환경변화를 고려한 어획량 변화를 재현하고 예측하는 모델을 시범적으로 개발하였다 (TFT7). 본 연구의 주요 결과로 동해 먹이망 구조 규명과 표층수의 산성화율 및 기후변화에 따른 상층과 심층의 해수특성 변화를 규명하는 등 10대 주요 발견을 이루었으며, 총 87편의 (SCI급 54편) 관련 논문을 산출하였다. 1, 2단계 사업 기간 중의 논문 출판 성과를 통해 전 세계 81종의 국제저널에 수록된 동해 관련 논문 대상 분석한 동해 명칭 병기율에 21%의 기여를 하였다. 과거 10년간 취득한 자료는 DB를 구축하여 관련기관에 이관하였으며, 주요 자료를 이용하여 동해 아틀라스를 발간하였다. 국제협력분야에서는 총 4회의 국제공동 관측과 총 9회의 국제워크숍 및 여름학교를 개최하였고, 북태평양해양과학기구 동해편 생태계보고서 작성을 연구진이 주도하였다.

(출처 : 보고서 요약서 5p)

Abstract ▼

Ⅳ. Results

1. Operation of Integrated Time-series Stations
To fulfill the objectives of the research, integrated time-series stations, which were initially established during its 1^st phase of EAST-I project, have been operated over the entire East Sea region. During the 2^nd

Ⅳ. Results

1. Operation of Integrated Time-series Stations
To fulfill the objectives of the research, integrated time-series stations, which were initially established during its 1^st phase of EAST-I project, have been operated over the entire East Sea region. During the 2^nd phase, attempts were made to advance the observational technology for various platforms and to acquire additional continuous biogeochemical parameters based on those platforms. The time series stations include ship-based observations, satellite-borne measurements, and highly-resolved continuous observations at fixed points. Discussion is on going to transfer three established platforms to national institution(s).

▪ Ship-based observations
- Korea-Russia joint surveys
‧ Total 4 times of the Korea-Russia joint surveys were conducted over a wide area of the East Sea using Russian research vessels at about 30~50 stations in the Japan and Ulleung basins of the East Sea. Through the surveys, CTD castings, measurements of biogeochemical parameters, and collection of planktons were made in October for the 1^st survey and in April for other 3 surveys.

- Surveys in the competent bodies of water
‧ Total 5 times of interdisciplinary surveys were conducted at 20~50 stations in the Ulleung Basin of the East Sea on board of the Haeyang 2000, which belongs to Korea Oceanographic and Hydrographic Agency. Major measured parameters include physical properties using CTD, biogeochemical properties, and zooplankton abundance. The first 3 surveys were made in March and other 2 surveys in November

▪ Satellite-borne observations
- Accuracy assessment and error characteristics of satellite SST data
‧ MCSST/NLSST in the East/Japan Sea from IR satellite tends to be underestimated than surface drifter with the correlation of 0.98/0.99 and negative bias of -0.12℃/-0.24℃ respectively for 5 years from 2005 to 2010.
‧ SST was underestimated as much as about –1℃ in winter and spring, and the result of the gradually increased error, it had difference of 2-3℃ in fall and summer.
‧ Comparing the SST error during the day and night, night time SST had 0.80-1.00℃ RMS error, which is greater than day time SST error in amount of 0.5℃.
‧ Accuracy of microwave satellite derived SST had a RMS error of 1.25°C, positive correlation(0.98), and positive bias(0.14°C) comparing to the buoy-SST from March 2014 to September 2015.
‧ Intensity of thermal-front has changed every year, but it has shown interannual variation and maximum(minimum) value in winter(summer) in common.
‧ The SST error (2003-2012) using NOAA/AVHRR in the East/Japan Sea had a negative correlation (-0.95) with the climatology wind field and showed the significant semi-annual frequency by EOF analysis.
‧ The sea water temperatures at 10-cm, 20-cm, 40-cm depth show distinct seasonal variation increasing during the period from March to August and decreasing after August. The sea water temperature difference between at 10 cm and 20 cm (10 cm and 40 cm) was 0.25℃(1.5℃) in maximum.

- Analysis of satellite ocean color data
‧ The frequency of speckles had a positive correlation with cloud cover of winter in the East/Japan Sea and after applying speckle removal process, significant abnormal chlorophyll-a concentration in winter data were reduced about 14%.
‧ Among four chlorophyll-a concentration average methods such as the simple average method, the geometric mean method, the maximum likelihood average method, and the weighted averaging method, maximum likelihood method was almost similar to the simple average method by demonstrating small variance and high correlation (0.9962) and weighted averaging method overestimated chlorophyll-a concentration compared with simple average method with positive bias of 0.0079.
‧ The mesoscale eddy scales in the East/Japan Sea showed dependency on the latitudinal variation of the internal Rossby radius of deformation and the average of mesoscale eddy radius was 1.64 times greater than Rossby radius of deformation.

- Development of sea surface height composite map from satellite altimeter
‧ Significant wave height composite map in the seas around Korea from satellite altimeter datasets, which is corrected by in-situ buoy data, was retrieved.
‧ The composite data of sea surface height anomaly calculated by OI method showed similar spatial distribution with the sea surface height anomaly from AVISO.

- Estimation of high-resolution satellite wind fields and its applicative techniques
‧ L-band SAR-derieved wind speeds and in-situ buoy measurement (11 August 2007) showed relatively small error of 0.67m/s in the East/Japan Sea.
‧ The sea surface wind speed and the difference between air-sea temperature had a significant positive correlation with a rate of 0.73 m/s/℃.

▪ Fixed-point continuous measurements
- Coastal buoy station (ESROB)
‧ The ocean buoy station ESROB has been in operation off the mid-east coast of Korea at 130 m deep water since 1999 including the entire period of the 2^nd phase of the EAST-I project. Major parameters measured since 1999 are meteorological variables, wave, and physical properties of seawater. In addition to these parameters, chlorophyll fluorescence at surface and subsurface, PAR, long - and short-wave radiation components, and skin temperature for the comparison with satellite-derived sea surface temperature have been measured during the 2^nd phase of the EAST-I project. Most of data are acquired on a real-time basis and are provided to KMA and Korea Navy for their applications. Data acquisition rate is higher than 90% (max. 98.9% in 2012), and the ocean buoy was refurbished and sensors were cleaned at least once a year. Measured chlorophyll fluorescence values are converted to total chlorophyll concentration based on chlorophyll determination of in situ samples, and a technology to remove quenching effects is established using simultaneously measured PAR values.

- Operation of HF radar observation network
‧ Three standard type of HF radar (13 MHz) stations established and operated during the 1^st phase of the project were maintained until 2012. Two long-range HF radar (5 MHz) stations then replaced with those standard type of HF radar stations and have been in operation since then. The long-range radars (both receiver and transmitter) were installed at the East Sea Marine Research Center of Research Institute of Oceanography of SNU (Mangsang) and the East Sea Research Institute of KIOST (Hupo).

- Long-term moored current measurements
‧ 1996년 A current meter mooring line has been in operation since 1996 at 2300 m deep location in a deep channel between Ulleungdo and Dokdo. Mooring line deployments made during the 2^nd phase of the EAST-I project correspond to its Leg XVI~XIX. EC1 became one of OceanSITES stations in 2013. The EC1 mooring typically carries current meters at 400, 1400, and 2200 m from the beginning. During the 2^nd phase of the project, it also carried ADCP to measure upper currents, and SBE 37 just above the current meter at 2200 m to measure bottom temperature and salinity accepting the recommnedation from OceanSITES Scientific Steering Committee.
‧ Moored current measurements were also successfully conducted in the Japan Basin during the 2^nd phase of the project by deploying an array of 2 current meter moorings north of the Yamato Rise in 2014 for one year, and an array of 3 moorings south of the Russian coast also for one year. The purpose of the moored current observation is to quantify the cyclonic gyre circulation in the Japan Basin with its temporal variability by measuring currents and temperature/salinity.

- Volume transport monitoring in the Korea Strait by submarine cable voltage measurement
‧ The total volume transport through the Korea Strait has been monitored since 1998 by measuring the voltage difference of the abandoned submarine cable between Songjung, Korea and Hamada, Japan. The volume transport based on the cable voltage measurement showed an abrupt decreasing trend between 2005 and 2011, but no appreciable trend since then. The reason for this abrupt variation is unknown. The linear trend seen in 2005~2011 is removed statistically, and resulting seasonal transport variation shows a similar pattern as compared with other estimate based on direct current measurements although the overall transport values are about 0.3 Sv smaller for the voltage-derived transport than that from the direct measurements.

- Registered station at an international observation network
‧ EC1 became one of OceanSITES stations in 2013.

▪ Establishment and maintenance of international cooperation network
- International cooperative surveys
‧ Korea-Russia joint surveys were conducted 4 times in the Japan and Ulleung basins for CTD castings, measurements of biogeochemical parameters, and collection of plankton samples at 30~50 stations.

- Activities in North Pacific Marine Science Organization (PICES)
‧ EAST-I project participants actively involved as authors in the production of Supplementary chapter for the East Sea (Kyung-Ryul Kim, Tongsup Lee, Dong Jin Kang, Guebuem Kim, Jeomshik Hwang, Taekheun Rho, Kyung-Il Chang). The Science Board of PICES finally endorsed its publication in May 2016.
‧ Acting as the national representative in the Science Board of PICES between 2011 and 2016 (Kyung-Il Chang)
‧ Co-chair of Advisory Panel for CREAMS of PICES since 2005 (Kyung-Ryul Kim) and members (Kyung-Il Chang, Dong Jin Kang)

- International workshops (Eight workshops during the 2^nd phase of the project)
‧ 2012 Ocean Observation Technology for Understanding the Environment Change in the East/Japan Sea in 2012
‧ Marginal Sea in Change: the East Sea and the Mediterranean Sea in 2012 and 2014
‧ OceanSITES 2013: 9^th Steering Committee and 6^th Data Management Team Meeting 2013
‧ 2013 CREAMS/PICES International workshop
‧ The 1^st Workshop on the Black and East Sea Comparison Study in 2014
‧ POI/SNU Workshop on CREAMS/PICES EAST-I Program – Results from 2012 Joint Cruise in 2014; The 2^nd Workshop on the Joint Cruise in the East/Japan Sea between Korea and Russia in 2015

▪ Management and visualization of data
- Production of DB
‧ Production of metadata and DB after collecting data acquired during the 1^st and 2^nd phases of the project spanning from 2006 to 2015
‧ Production of DB which contains total 20 data items (16 items from analyzing seawater samples, temperature/salinity/density recorded at every water sampling timings, zooplankton data) from 18 surveys (5 times of Korea-Russia joint cruises, 10 times of cooperative surveys with KHOA, and three times of other surveys)
‧ Preparation of separate files for 1 m interval CTD data
‧ DB transferred to an institution responsible for collecting data acquired through R&D projects

- Production of East Sea Atlas
‧ Production of an electronic marine atlas which contains oceanographic data obtained during the 26 surveys between 1994 and 2015 as a part of CREAMS program including those acquired during the 1^st and 2^nd phases of the project
‧ Included in the atlas are vertical sections of temperature, salinity, density, dissolved oxygen, nutrients (nitrate/nitrite, phosphate, silicate) along standard meridional and zonal lines

▪ Analysis of East Sea naming status in scientific papers published in international journals
- Analysis of the naming status in oceanography papers in 81 SCI-class international journals between 1965 and 2015
- The rate of double-designation of the East Sea is 40% for the entire search period. The rate becomes to be increased as 53%, higher than the rate of the single use of the Japan Sea (or Sea of Japan), for papers published during the 1^st and 2^nd phases of the project between 2006 and 2015.
- Papers supported by the EAST-I project accounts for 21% of total number of papers which used the double-designation between 2006 and 2015.
- Preparation of a list of papers on the East Sea oceanography published between 1965 and 2015

2. Development of Ocean-observation Techniques
▪ Improvement of Real-time Automatic Profiler(E-RAP) and operation
- Development of Mooring Line design for long period maintenance
- Improvement of E-RAP shape (ascending and descending speed balance)
- Development of Real-time Data Display System
- Development of smart phone app for real-time data service
▪ Contribution to the name of the East Sea through the comparison study of the East Sea and Black Sea with East-European country (Bulgaria). Studies on the biogeochemical characteristics and oxygen consumption were conducted in both the East Sea and the Black Sea.
▪ Development of Deep sea Benthic Lander: 3000m level and verification through real sea experiment
▪ Development of dissolve oxygen analyzer
▪ Development of underway extra low concentration phosphate analyzer
▪ Application, operational testing, and validation of underway CTD and wirewalker profiler measurements to the coastal/shallow seas

3. The Pelagic Ecosystem in the East Sea
▪ Understanding for the characteristics of temporal variation of the chlorophyll concentration in the surface layer off the east coast of Korea
▪ Comprehension for the relationship between emergence of low salinity water and episodic chlorophyll bloom in the surface layer in summer
▪ Identification for the affect of horizontal advection on the temporal variation of horizontal distribution of the chlorophyll concentration around the ESROB
▪ Improvement of the original vector geometry based eddy detection algorithm and its application to the satellite sea surface height data in the East Sea.
▪ Evaluation for the seasonal variation and the spatial distribution of the mesoscale eddies in the East Sea
▪ Evaluation for the average propagation direction and the life time of the mesoscale eddies in the East Sea
▪ The annual primary, new, and regenerated production in the Ulleung Basin were 273 g C m^-2yr^-1, 63 g N m-2yr^-1, 49 g N m-2yr^-1, respectively. Our estimated high f ratio (0.59) in the Ulleung Basin, indicated that the predominant nitrogen source for primary production was nitrate
▪ In summer, shallowing of the pycnocline depth as the current enters the East/Japan Sea facilitates nitrate supply from the nutrient-replete cold water immediately below the pycnocline through nitrate upward flux. A subsurface maximum in primary productivity at or above the pycnocline and a high f -ratio further support the importance of this source of nitrate for maintaining the high summer primary productivity in the Ulleung Basin ▪ Maximum PA was mostly found at the surface and subsurface (50 m)
▪ PA (0.2-3.1×109 cells/L) in the epipelagic zone was higher than that in the mesopelagi (0.01-0.6×109 cells/L)
▪ The qPCR results show that the relative abundance of bacteria was higher than archaea in the epipelagic (94.1% and 5.9%, respectively) and mesopelagic (76.2% and 23.8%, respectively) zones
▪ Analyses of prokaryotic community compositions using pyrosequencing for the 16S rRNA gene showed that Gamma-, Alpha-Proteobacteria and Flavobacteriia belonging to Bacteroidetes dominated in the epipelagic and mesopelagic zones of the East Sea
▪ As for Archaea, Nitrosopumilaceae belonging to Thaumarchaeota and Halobacteria belonging to Euryarchaeota dominated in the epipelagic zones, and Nitrosopumilaceae and Euryarchaeota other group dominated in the mesopelagic zones
▪ Water column stability and light–nutrient availability in the euphotic zone play a key role in determining phytoplankton the biomass as well as their diversity in size and taxonomic groups in the East/Japan Sea
▪ Copepod community structure may be influenced by the physio-chemical factors such as seasonal variation in subpolar front and eddy formation
▪ We measured trophic position of copepods based on the δ¹⁵N values of picoplankton. As a result, during the developmental progress in copepodid stages, the smaller copepods significantly changed their dietary preference from pico - to microplankton, while the larger copepods consistently fed on microplankton

4. Dynamics and Variability of East Sea Meridional Overturning Circulation
▪ Comparisons of MOC stream function obtained from 4 different data-assimilative ocean models in the East Sea suggest additional verification of the MOC is necessary due to their different patterns of MOC from each numerical model.
▪ From the long-term ocean buoy (ESROB) located off the mid-east coast of Korea where the North Korea Cold Current and the North Korea Cold Water emerge, the alongshore currents flow northward following offshore boundary current, i.e. the East Korea Warm current in non-summer season and also in an annual mean sense. In summer, however, the alongshore current reverses its direction to the southward which opposes the East Korea Warm Current and the local wind. The summertime southward current is a robust seasonal feature and considered as originating from the East Korea Bay. We named the current as the North Korea Surface Current (NKSC) which carries warm and fresh water from north to south. The NKSC is generated by the alongshore pressure, the source of which are alongshore gradients of wind stress curl and buoyancy due to river discharge.
▪ Based on 20-year-long observation at EC1 located in the Ulleung Interplain Gap (UIG) between Ullengdo and Dokdo, time series of deep water transport from the Japan Basin to the Ulleung Basin below 1500 m are reconstructed. Total mean transport is 0.14 Sv for entire observation period. Subseasonal variation on timescales of 10~50 days is dominant due to bottom trapped topographic Rossby waves. Annual variation of the transport shows maximum (minimum) in summer (fall) seasonally, and 3-year interannual variation is discernible. Besides low-frequency currents at EC1, strong near-inertial waves are occasionally observed in association with the passage of typhoon, and growth or decay of mesoscale eddies.
▪ Long-term variability of heat content in the upper 500 m in the East Sea from 1976 to 2007 is characterized by a decreasing (increasing) trend in the Ulleung Basin (eastern part of the East Sea). The heat content variations in the eastern part of the East Sea is correlated with the strength of the Siberian High, and appears to be affected by the development of Nearshore or Offshore Branch of the Tsushima Warm Current. The Western Pacific teleconnection pattern (WP) is shown to be correlated with the heat content variations in the Ulleung Basin through changes in wind-stress curl field in the northern East Sea. Weakening of the subpolar gyre due to weakening of positive wind-stress curl in the Japan Basin dictated by the positive WP appears to enhance the northward penetration of the East Korea Warm Current resulting in an increase of heat content in the Ulleung Basin.
▪ Observed physical properties of the East Sea Intermediate Water in the Ulleung Basin and its volume transport from numerical model results show the minimum temperature and maximum southward transport in summer with a secondary peak in spring. The springtime southward spreading of the East Sea Intermediate Water is important in triggering the spring bloom in the Ulleung Basin. Characteristics of the East Sea intermediate water varying at intradecadal and interannual scales associated with Arctic Oscillation and circulation in the Ulleung Basin. The relationship between the long-term variation of the East Sea Intermediate Water and the El Nino indicates the formation of the East Sea Intermediate Water is enhanced during the strong El Nino period, followed by the southward spreading, convergence in the Ulleung Basin, and the blocking by the shallow Korea Strait, resulting in the decadal (~14 years) fluctuations of its isopycnal.
▪ Changes in vertical profiles of potential temperature and dissolved oxygen collected in the central Japan Basin in the East Sea during 1994-2015 show that the benthic homogeneous layer has been maintained and a decreasing rate of dissolved oxygen has been slowed down since 2000. These results suggest the re-initiation of deep ventilation in the East Sea since 2000. When this recent trend is considered, it is conjectured that a three-layered deep water structure would be maintain by 2040.
▪ Accoring to the reanalysis and ocean general circulation model data, the relationship between SST and heat content variability over the western North Pacific including the East Sea is well explained by atmospheric circulation indices such as monsoon and NPO or air-sea heat flux during the strong monsoon and high correlation with NPO period before 1990. On the other hand, the variability of SST and heat content are well related to the heat advection, not atmospheric forcing, so that ocean dynamics play increasingly important role during the weak monsoon and low correlation with NPO period after 1990.
▪ The multi-decadal fluctuation in dissolved oxygen observed within mode water density class is mainly driven by the change in the rate at which oxygen-rich surface waters are subducted into the thermocline. On the other hand, a persistent decline of dissolved oxygen within intermediate water density class over the past half-century is largely attributed to a southward shift of the subtropical gyre, which induces southward intrusion of oxygen-depleted subpolar subsurface water to mid-latitudes.

5. Carbon Dioxide Absorption and Acidification
▪ Annual CO2 uptake rates estimated by a harmonic function fitting and a neural network mapping are compared. Both estimates are published in peer reviewed journals.

6. End-to end Food Web Structure and Organic Matter Cycling
▪ Stable C, N isotopes suggested that grazing of Euphausia pacifica changes with its growth and expanding of vertical migration
▪ To study tetracycline resistance genes of bacteria, 149 bacterial strains as well as the natural DNA from the 25 seawater samples were targeted for PCR. The results showed that none of the bacterial isolates seemed to carry both recognized - and putative-tet(B) and tet(C) genes. It was shown that only recognized-tet(C) was detected in all 25 seawater samples. Putative-Tet(C)s formed a robust clade within the efflux proteins and the putative-Tet(C) clade was homologous to a major facilitator superfamily. It seems that carbapenem resistant bacteria are widespread in the East Sea but at low level. Possibly, novel sequence of carbapenem resistance genes might be present in those bacteria. Some bacteria resistant to tetracycline and carbapenem seemed to be transferred from the surface to the deep sea via sinking particles
▪ Using the functional (meta)genomic approach, 48.9% of the total resistant genes obtained were resistant to ampicillin, 27.3% to polymyxin B, 17.3% to rifampicin and 6.5% to fosfomycin. Interestingly, fosfomycin resistance was found only in coastal areas (Gijang and TEB01)
▪ Sinking particles in the Ulleung Basin appeared to originate from various sources such as sediment resuspension and atmospheric input in addition to primary production in the overlying water column
▪ DOC in the East Sea appeared to derive from in-situ production based on stable carbon isotope signatures. DOC mainly consisted of three chromophoric components. Comparison of each component with apparent oxygen utilization implied a process of anaerobic production of chromophoric DOM
▪ Respiration processes using various electron receptors in the sediment of the Ulleung Basin were quantitatively studied
▪ Rates and pathways of benthic organic carbon (C_org) oxidation were investigated in surface sediments of the Ulleung Basin (UB) characterized by high organic carbon contents (>2.5%,drywt.), very high concentrations of Mn oxides (>200 μmol cm^-3) and Fe oxides (up to 100 μmol cm^-3). Mn and Fe reduction were the dominant C_org oxidation pathways in the center of the UB, comprising 45% and 20% of total C_org oxidation, respectively. By contrast, sulfate reduction was the dominant C_org oxidation pathway accounting for 50% of total C_org mineralization in the continental slope. High benthic mineralization resulting from the high organic content in the sediment implied that the UB is a biogoechemical hotspot where significant turnover of organic matter and nutrient regeneration occur.
▪ Feasibility of alkenones and long-chain diols were examined for paleo-temperature reconstruction utilizing sediment trap samples. Based on this, paleo-temperature recorded in sediment cores was analyzed for the last several hundred years
▪ Analysis of sediment cores collected from the Yamato Rise and the Japan Basin revealed temporal variation in oxidation state in glacial-interglacial time scale

7. Integration and Prediction of Multidisciplinary Process in Ocean
▪ Modelling of fisheries resources structure by simplifying food web relationship in the Ulleung Basin
▪ Development and validation of squid catch model that is one of important fisheries resources in the East Sea ecosystem
▪ The annual squid catch in 2017 is shown to be predictable (r ² = 0.9) with the formation obtained until December 2016.
▪ Providing a snapshot of the ecosystem structure in the Ulleung Basin ▪ Time variation of mixed layer depth with typhoon is primarily caused by vertical turbulent mixing
▪ Typhoon-induced “rightward bias” is examined in the vertical with a couple of typhoons which have different translation speeds, related to a basin-scale cyclonic eddy behind the typhoons

(출처 : SUMMARY 22p)

목차 Contents

• 표지 ... 1
• 제 출 문 ... 3
• 보고서 요약서 ... 5
• 요 약 문 ... 7
• SUMMARY ... 20
• CONTENTS ... 37
• 목차 ... 39
• 그림목차 ... 41
• 표목차 ... 60
• TFT별 연구 성과 요약 및 후속 연구 등 제안 ... 63
• 제 1 장 연구개발과제의 개요 ... 109
• 제 1 절 연구개발의 필요성 ... 109
• 제 2 절 연구개발의 목표 및 내용 ... 115
• 제 3 절 연구개발 추진 전략 및 방법 ... 136
• 제 2 장 국내외 연구개발 현황 ... 141
• 제 1 절 국내 연구개발 현황 ... 141
• 제 2 절 국외 연구개발 현황 ... 151
• 제 3 장 연구개발수행 내용 및 결과 ... 167
• 제 1 절 통합 시계열 관측망 운용 ... 167
• 1. 통합시계열 관측망 운용 ... 167
• 2. 동해 관측 조사 ... 242
• 제 2 절 E-RAP 운용 및 해양관측기법 개발 ... 319
• 1. 실시간 수직 자동 관측 장치(E-RAP) 의 개선 및 운용 ... 319
• 2. 동해-흑해 비교 연구 ... 343
• 3. 신기술을 이용한 첨단관측기법 개발 ... 353
• 제 3 절 물리적 강제력과 하위영양단계 반응 ... 367
• 1. 울릉분지 연중 높은 일차 생산 매카니즘 규명 ... 367
• 2. 하위 영양단계 생물군집 구조 요인 규명 ... 398
• 제 4 절 동해의 자오면 순환 역학 ... 429
• 1. 물리적 자료와 화학적 추적자를 활용한 자오면 순환의 강도변화 파악 ... 429
• 2. 동해 수괴 형성 변동과 기후변동과의 관련성 파악 ... 465
• 3. 수괴 형성 변동과 관련된 생지화학적 순환 이해 ... 501
• 4. 울릉분지 저층 무산소화 가능성 평가 ... 516
• 제 5 절 이산화탄소 흡수능력 및 산성화 과정 ... 521
• 1. 동해의 이산화탄소 흡수능력 평가 ... 521
• 2. 동해 표층수의 산성화 과정 이해 ... 527
• 제 6 절 연직플럭스와 표영/저서 먹이망 역학 ... 535
• 1. 표영/저서 생태계 영양 연결과정과 end-to-end food web 이해 ... 535
• 2. 동해 심층수의 용존 유기물 저장 능력 이해 ... 553
• 3. 울릉분지 퇴적물내의 높은 유기물 함량 ... 561
• 4. 동해 고해양 환경변화 복원 ... 573
• 제 7 절 다학제적 해양과정의 통합과 예측 ... 587
• 1. 모델을 통한 동해 시공간 변화 전망 ... 587
• 2. 해양생태계 구조와 기능의 시공간적 변동 예측을 위한 순환-생태 접합 모델 ... 591
• 제 4 장 목표달성도 ... 595
• 제 1 절 성과목표 총괄 ... 595
• 제 2 절 연구개발 목표 및 추진실적 ... 596
• 제 3 절 연차별 연구개발 목표의 달성도 ... 641
• 제 5 장 연구개발 결과 종합 ... 655
• 제 1 절 정량적 연구성과 ... 656
• 제 2 절 정성적 연구성과 ... 717
• 제 6 장 연구개발 결과의 활용계획 ... 748
• 제 1 절 성과활용계획 ... 748
• 제 2 절 기대효과 및 파급효과 ... 748
• 제 7 장 참고문헌 ... 751
• 끝페이지 ... 769