초록 ▼

□ 최종목표
북한 광물자원의 공동개발을 위한 기술적 기반 확보

□ 개발내용 및 결과
부존자원 평가
▪ 3차원 광산지질 분석 및 오차범위 ±30% 내외의 광물자원 매장량 모델링 기술 개발
- 광상 대상 3차원 지질모델링 및 광체모델링 기술 구축
- 광역 북한 자원 잠재성 평가를 수행할 수 있는 수준의 DB 구축

탐사 예측도
▪ 현재보다 2배 이상 높은 비철금속 시추 탐사 성공률*을 확보하기 위한 탐사 기술 개발(*현재 2∼3% 수준)
- 스마트 광상 탐사 기술 개발 및 현

□ 최종목표
북한 광물자원의 공동개발을 위한 기술적 기반 확보

□ 개발내용 및 결과
부존자원 평가
▪ 3차원 광산지질 분석 및 오차범위 ±30% 내외의 광물자원 매장량 모델링 기술 개발
- 광상 대상 3차원 지질모델링 및 광체모델링 기술 구축
- 광역 북한 자원 잠재성 평가를 수행할 수 있는 수준의 DB 구축

탐사 예측도
▪ 현재보다 2배 이상 높은 비철금속 시추 탐사 성공률*을 확보하기 위한 탐사 기술 개발(*현재 2∼3% 수준)
- 스마트 광상 탐사 기술 개발 및 현장탐사
- 항공 전자탐사 및 원격 탐사 기술 구축
- 복합 탐사 자료의 융복합 기술 개발

자원개발 경제성
▪ 최적 채광개발 기술 구축
- 광산의 특성에 따른 광산 경제적 가치평가 기술구축
- 북한광산 현대화에 적합한 지하광산의 최적 보안기술 개발
- Test-bed 광산을 대상으로 개발된 광산개발기술을 적용한 보안 기술 설계 및 경제적 평가기술 개발

자원활용성
▪ 북한 철광석, 복합 금속광의 선광 및 정보화 기술
▪ 북한산 광물로부터 회수율 90% 이상, 순도 99.8%이상의 희유금속(REE/Mg) 제조 기술

자원소재화
▪ 북한산 비철금속 원료소재의 고부가가치화*를 위한 제련-정제-합금화·형상화 통합 기반기술 개발 (소재특성 50% 이상 향상)

□ 기대효과
과학·기술
▪ 북한 광물자원의 탐사-채광-선광-제련-소재화로 연계되는 융합형 기반기술 확보 (과학기술적 기반 구축)
▪ 4차 산업혁명에 대비한 선도형 핵심기술 확보

국가·사회
▪ 남북간 광물자원 기술협력 기반 구축을 통한 남북과학기술 교류 및 경협 촉진
▪ 희유소재산업의 새로운 먹거리를 창출하여 지속 성장 가능한 발전 토대 마련
▪ 북한광물 공급으로 안정적이고 자주적인 자원 확보 및 국가 미래 경쟁력 제고에 기여

산업·경제
▪ 북한 광물자원 개발협력을 통한 미래 핵심 전략광물자원의 안정적 공급체계 구축 및 수입의존도 감소
▪ 북한 광산개발 활성화를 통한 남북한 광업 관련 일자리 창출 및 경제발전에 기여
▪ 남북 자원공동개발 마스터플랜에 따른 통일전후 사업 조기 추진을 통한 남북한 경제공동체 구성에 기여

(출처 : 요약서 5p)

Abstract ▼

3. Results and Output
￭ DB construction of North Korea Mineral resources
- Metallic (16 commodities 294 deposits), Non-metallic (22 commodities 289 deposits), coal(3 commodities 203 deposits), total 786 deposits
- Reserve recalculated using the reserve from “Encyclopedia of Chosun geography

3. Results and Output
￭ DB construction of North Korea Mineral resources
- Metallic (16 commodities 294 deposits), Non-metallic (22 commodities 289 deposits), coal(3 commodities 203 deposits), total 786 deposits
- Reserve recalculated using the reserve from “Encyclopedia of Chosun geography,Geology and underground resources (published in 1988, but reserve estimated in 1982)” and the estimated production of mineral commodities from 1982 to 2017(USGS, per year)

￭ Selection of Major mineralized belts by potential evaluation using constructed DB
- Major metallic commodities: Au-Ag, Fe, Cu, Pb-Zn
- Non-metallic commodities: magnesite, flaky graphite, apatite, limestone
- Rare-metal: W, Mo, Mn, Ni, Ta-Nb, REE
- Energy minerals: coal (anthracite)
- 8 major mineralized area: Woonsan-Jongju Au-REE, Musan Fe, Hyesan-Gumdeok-Daeheung Cu-Pb-Zn-Mg, Mannyeon W, Gamuri-Jaeryeong Mo-Fe, North Pyeongnam anthracite, Anju lignite, North Hambuk lignite

￭ Development of ore/lithology modeling method with the following three steps by integrating various geological(surface geology and borehole) and geophysical data
① Digitize lithology code from borehole and surface geological information and extract characteristics of structural distribution from physical property models taken from geophysical data.
② Using the relationship between the lithology code and characteristics of structural distribution, perform machine learning modeling
③ Using trained machine learning model and characteristics of structural distribution on whole area, perform ore/lithology modeling and estimate resource

￭ Ore deposit model and exploration index technical development for domestic/oversea test-bed ore deposits
- Qingshanhuai deposit in the Dashiqiao Mg belt
·Ore deposit genesis model
① Paleoproterozoic Mg-rich Dashiqiao formation was sedimented in the Jiao-Liao-Ji basin
② High grade strata-bound orebody formed by hydrothermal fluids related to Paleoproterozoic igneous activity and metamorphism
③ Structure-controlled high grade orebody or replacement orebody formed by hydrothermal fluids related to Mesozoic igneous activity
- Samgwang Au-Ag deposit
·Ore deposit genesis model
① Quartz vein with early sulfide was deposited at ductile/brittle zone formed by metamorphism and igneous activity related with Daebo orogeny
② Quartz vein with late sulfide and electrum was deposited at fracture zone formed by N-S compressional stress during Daebo and Bulgugsa orogenies

￭ Development of an airborne electromagnetic system (Sky Ray system), which is best suited for Korean geology and survey conditions.
- Development of a transmitting loop system (Maximum current: 1,000 A, Area: 25 m2, Turn: 6)
- Development of a receiving antenna system (Type: induction coil, Sampling rate: 96 kHz, Measurement data: 3 component magnetic field, Current waveform, GPS, Altitude)
- Development of a processing and an interpretation program
- Validation of Sky Ray system through field testing in the Goesan area which has a known uranium deposit

￭ Development of a drone-based AEM (Drone-GREATEM) system
- Development of a receiving module that can be mounted on the drone (Type: induction coil, Sampling rate: 2μ, Measurement data: Vertical component magnetic field, GPS)
- Development of processing and interpretation program
- Validation of Drone-GREATEM system through field testing in Japan with a known fault zone

￭ Development of techniques for mining and economic improvement
- Determination of optimal mining methods and resources
·Calculation of resources, optimal mining methods, reserves, optimal annual production, and operation years based on international standards with 3-D ore body modeling
- Optimal design of mine ventilation in working places with mining faces
·To design mine ventilation using ducts in working places with mining faces, the effects of distance, velocity, and angle are analyzed on streamlines, velocity vectors, and fluid age.

￭ Development of high-efficiency mineral processing circuit for metallic ores (Fe-ore, REE, and Pb-Zn ore)
- Development of a high-efficiency mineral processing circuit and production of high-grade concentrate by investigating mineralogical properties and beneficiation characteristics of iron ore, rare earth, and lead-zinc ore in North Korea.
- For iron ore, multi-stage grinding/separation processes are applied to produce high-grade iron ore concentrate (more than 70% of T-Fe), and this high-grade concentrate can be applied to various high-value applications.
- From placer deposits in North Korea, high-grade concentrates {(TREO: Total rare earth oxide) 45%} were produced using a magnetic separation method.
- A lead-zinc ore processing circuit was developed, which can produce 70% Pb concentrate and 50% Zn concentrate with an 85% recovery rate. This value is 5~15% higher than that of concentrate obtained using the conventional commercialization process, and the economic value can be further improved by adjusting the grade and recovery rate of each concentrate.

￭ Development of bubble-particle attachment/detachment force measurement method and equipment for identification of flotation mechanism
- A quantitative measurement method and related measuring equipment were developed to investigate the attachment/detachment force between bubble-particles.
- The developed technology was introduced to flotation experts in Australia and was recognized for originality and excellence with high interest. Three research exchanges and one related international seminar were held.
- The developed technology and equipment have been transferred to a domestic producer (SEO and royalty income of 100 million won). Currently, a prototype product is being produced and will be launched in the first half of 2019, and domestic and overseas sales will be made.

￭ Development of froth image properties extraction algorithm and monitoring program for monitoring the condition of the flotation process
- A monitoring system was developed using a machine vision system to monitor the state of the flotation process, which has a complex influence on various variables.
- Development of various properties (color, bubble size and distribution, bubble movement) from a froth image using an extraction algorithm. The color property was used to derive a correlation equation that predicts the quality of the concentrate recovered from the froth layer.

￭ Design of separation process and establishing a continuous rare earth extraction process according to the theory of optimum extraction ratio
- Application of the newest Chinese design for the production of rare earths{adoption of the extraction system and separation coefficient β → decision of purification degree (99.9%) → calculation of theoretical No. of stages → setting of the flow-rate with consideration of the scale of the equipment → fine control of operating variables → establishment of the optimal working conditions}

￭ [The first domestic] Development of a CPS (Cyber Physical System) for the Mixer- settler process
- Development of a continuous extraction process prediction program using a simulation technique. The separation funnel method of the solvent extraction process and the construction of a CPS for the multi-stage extraction process can be used to predict the solvent extraction process without actual operation.

￭ Development of an on-line monitoring system using the ICT convergence technology for rare earth separation processes
- In a continuous process, the steady state of the system can be disrupted by some disturbance, and result in the consumption of time for restoration, and the loss of a large amount of processed material.
- An on-line monitoring system was established ahead of China using on-line measurement of the major variables of the rare earth solvent extraction process (concentration, pH, and level of tanks).
- Some know-how technologies of the on-line system programs were transferred to some companies for commercial application to the separation of rare metals.{Danseok Industry Co., SK Innovation Co. (contracted fee: 200 million won)}.

￭ [A world first] A novel high-efficiency and eco-friendly molten salt electrolysis for the production of high-purity magnesium metal from magnesium oxide.
- Development of the MSE-LMC (Molten Salt Electrolysis using a Liquid Metal Cathode) Process: liquid magnesium reduced by molten salt electrolysis at high temperature reacts with liquid metal cathodes such as copper, silver or tin to form an Mg alloy or/and metallic compounds, and those are vacuum-distilled to produce high purity magnesium.
- An extraction technology which does not generate chlorine gas, which is eco-friendly compared with the conventional Mg extraction methods. In addition, it has the advantage of being able to use a relatively low-grade magnesium oxide feed instead of magnesium chloride as the raw material.

￭ Establishment of the optimal conditions for electrolysis of MSE-LMC process
- The current efficiency of electrolysis using liquid metal cathode such as Cu, Ag or Sn and anode such as graphite or Pt was 75.8-85.6 % at 1083 – 1273 K when molten salt of MgF₂-CaF₂-NaF or MgF₂-LiF was used. These results were better than that of the solid oxide membrane (SOM) process (current efficiency of SOM process is 40-60% at 1423-1573 K)

￭ Preparation of high purity magnesium from the obtained Mg alloy or/and metallic compounds utilizing vacuum-distillation at high temperatures
- High purity magnesium with 99.97% Mg was prepared from the obtained Cu-Mg alloy by vacuum-distillation at 1,200K.

￭ Development of high corrosion resistant new Mg alloy by customizing North Korean magnesite through Fe reduction
- Technical issue of corrosion resistance
·The primary Mg ingot produced by the Molten Salt Electrolysis method using North Korean magnesite no Mg after vacuum-distillation impurities of ca. 400 ppm, which has negative effects, in particular, causing a significant reduction in the corrosion performance of Mg alloys.
→ Fe removal technology using micro-alloying should be developed.
- Fe removal technology
·The addition of 0.05~0.5wt.% Y to Mg-Al based alloys can result in a remarkable improvement in Fe removal effect for Mg alloys as compared to the conventional Mn addition method.
·(Conventional method) Fe content: 94 ppm, corrosion rate: 16.7 mm/y(Mg-3Al-0.3Mn)
·(New method) Fe content: 39 ppm, corrosion rate: 1.8 mm/y (Mg-3Al-0.5Y)
- (Mechanism of Fe removal)
·Fe removal can be obtained by the formation of a Al8Fe4Y compound in Mg alloy melt at 700 ℃ and settling to the bottom of the melting furnace.
- (Importance of technology)
·Y plays a vital role in enhancing not only ignition resistance and corrosion performance but also the room temperature formability of Mg alloys even with a trace addition.
·Improvement in corrosion resistance is essential for higher value-added North Korean magnesite. Compared with the conventional Mn addition method, Y addition results in a reduction of Fe and an increase in corrosion resistance, achieving the above mentioned core properties simultaneously.
→ One of the core technologies for developing new Mg alloys using North Korean magnesite

￭ Development of manufacturing technology for new Mg alloy sheet with the world's highest- grade formability and corrosion resistance
- (Problems with existing technology) Difficulty forming sheets of commercial AZ31 Mg alloy at room temperature (or below 100℃) due to a limit dome height(LDH) of only 2-3 mm
- (Alloy design) Simultaneous satisfaction of room temperature formability and corrosion resistance through alloy design
·Fe removal and the formation of an anti-corrosion surface film by the trace addition of Y
·Texture control for facilitating room temperature formability by Ca addition
- (Process design) Development of a new process enabling texture control to improve room temperature formability compared to the existing process (hot rolling + heat treatment) even with the identical composition
·New process: hot rolling (above 400 ℃) + cold rolling (reduction rate of 15~30%) + heat treatment (at 300~400 ℃)
·Effect of cold rolling: a considerable increase in accumulated strain in the sheet
→ The formation of texture ideal for improving room temperature formability during the recrystallization annealing process.
·Room temperature formability of AZ31 alloy produced with the new process: LDH of 2.3→4.2 mm, an improvement of 83% compared to the existing process (Cover paper in the Journal of the Korean Institute of Metals and Materials, Vol.56, No.10)
- (Performance) Development of the world's first Mg alloy sheet with enhanced room temperature formability (LDH: 8.18 mm) and corrosion resistance(corrosion rate: 1 mm/y)
- (Mechanism of texture formation) Investigation of texture formation using ESBD and TEM:
i) Formation of RD-split component by non-basal slip and deformation band formation under plane-strain condition during cold-rolling
ii) Randomization of RD-component and transition process to TD-split component at high temperature annealing process for static recrystallization
- (Importance of technology)
·By overcoming existing limitations, developing Mg sheet manufacturing technology, which has a similar level of room temperature formability (LDH of above 8 mm) and corrosion resistance as Al alloys. This is a key technology for the expansion of Mg fields of application, such as automobile exterior components and IT equipment.

￭ Development of manufacturing technology for the world's best high-strength non-flammable extruded Mg profiles
- (Existing problems) A yield strength (YS) of 300 MPa or more is essential for Mg alloy to be used for the weight reduction of chassis components in transportation vehicles (YS of existing AZ series: 150~200 MPa).
·For railway vehicles and aircraft parts, non-flammability of the Mg materials is indispensable to ensure safety.
→ It is necessary to develop an alloy design and forming (extrusion) technology to enhance non-flammability and mechanical properties simultaneously.
- (Alloy design) To secure a tensile strength of above 400 MPa, the addition of 9wt.% Al improves grain refinement by severe plastic deformation, and precipitation strengthening by the dispersion of fine precipitates. Furthermore, the alloys were designed with the trace addition of Ca and Y to improve non-flammability and corrosion resistance.
- (Extrusion process) Indirect extrusion was performed at an extrusion temperature of 200 ℃ and an extrusion speed of 0.2 mm/s; because i) temperature has a relatively large effect on grain refinement and ii) low extrusion speed decreases extrusion force.
- (Microstructure feature)
·Suppression of grain growth by uniform dispersion of 100 nm-sized fine precipitates during extrusion → Average grain size of less than 1 ㎛ and recrystallized grain size of 300 nm → grain refinement & increase in YS by precipitation strengthening
·Additional increase in YS due to strong basal texture
- (Feature of extruded profiles) Development of ultra high-strength non-flammable Mg extruded profiles with world-class characteristics
·YS 387MPa, UTS 428MPa, Elongation 15.7%, Ignition temperature 820℃
·Yield asymmetry (defined as CYS/TYS): 0.95 (commercial Mg alloys: 0.5~0.7)
- (Importance of technology)
·World's best Mg extrusion technology with excellent non-flammability, strength & elongation enables exploration for new markets for Mg material in the fields of aviation and railway with an emphasis on safety.

￭ Development of novel convergence technology for the synthesis of magnetic powder using an intermediate solution in the refining of monazite ore
- This research is a novel approach involving the convergence of ore dressing, refining and materialization to prepare magnetic powder from monazite ore.
- Issues with magnetic materials
· enhancement of magnetic property, improvement of high temperature property, high densification, cost of production, development to avoid patented technology
→ This research is focused on the synthesis of magnetic powder for cost-effective production and development to avoid patented technology
- Comparison of conventional and novel routes for the synthesis of magnetic powder in bonded magnet
· economically feasible by shortening refining steps
(conventional way) refining from rare-earth (RE) concentrates to RE compounds
(novel way) refining from RE concentrates to RE purified solution
· cost reduction in raw materials above 40 %
(conventional way) RE compounds → electrolysis → pure RE metal → design of composition and melting with pure other metals
(novel way) RE purified solution → design of composition and dissolution with chemicals
- Key technology in this novel approach to synthesize magnetic powder
·preparation of precursor powder from liquid type raw material
→ a spray drying method was used and combined with a reduction-diffusion
(R-D) process : my team has our own original foreign and domestic patents
→ a coprecipitation method was used and combined with the reduction-diffusion (R-D) process : homogeneously mixed fine precursor powder was obtained
·optimization of R-D process
→ quantitative amount of reducing agent and additive for the prevention of the formation of Nd-Fe-B hydride by reducing Calcium residue after R-D
→ ball milling in ethanol in the washing step for the efficient removal of impurities and control of particle size
- Summary of results
·Synthesis of Nd-Fe-B magnetic powder with a maximum energy product of more than 20 MGOe

￭ Development of technology for the high energy compaction of magnetic powder
- This research was carried out to improve the density of green compact magnetic powder with the goal of high densification.
- Until now, high energy compaction of magnetic powder has not been found in articles and patents.
- Comparison of conventional and high energy compaction for green compact with magnetic powder in bonded magnet
· high productivity by shortening steps, reduction of binder and process time
(conventional compaction) binder content; 2~5 wt%, a few minutes compaction
(high energy compaction) binder content; below 2 wt%, around 600 ㎲
·increase in green compact density
(conventional compaction) pressure; MPa, 5.8 g/cm3
(high energy compaction) pressure; GPa, 6.9 g/cm3
·enhancement of green compact magnetic properties
(high energy compaction) pressure; increase of density → increase of remanence (Br)
- Summary of results
· density of green compact : 18 % increase compared with conventional magnet
· magnetic property of green compact : 27 % increase compared with conventional magnet

(출처 : Summary of DMR Research Results 38p)

목차 Contents

• 표지 ... 1
• 목차 ... 3
• 성과 요약서 ... 5
• Summary of DMR Research Results ... 35
• 제 1 장 일반현황 ... 61
• 제 1 절 융합연구단 일반현황 ... 61
• 1. 운영목적 ... 61
• 2. 운영체계 ... 61
• 3. 조직현황 ... 66
• 제 2 절 융합연구 현황 ... 75
• 1. 융합연구 수행체계 ... 75
• 2. 주요 연구내용 ... 79
• 제 2 장 융합연구 임무달성 ... 82
• 제 1 절 융합연구 효과 ... 82
• 1. 임무달성 현황 ... 82
• 2. 융합연구 효과 ... 88
• 제 2 절 융합연구 실적 ... 104
• 1. 목표달성도 ... 104
• 2. 성과 우수성 ... 126
• 제 3 장 융합연구 생태계 조성 ... 253
• 제 1 절 융합연구 환경 조성 ... 253
• 1. 융합연구 환경 ... 253
• 2. 융합연구 성과 ... 269
• 제 2 절 융합연구 경영 ... 273
• 1. 연구단 운영 및 관리 ... 273
• 2. 위기관리 및 리더십 ... 283
• 끝페이지 ... 284