초록 ▼

◽ 육상생태계 환경변화-생물반응 집중관측거점의 구축과 운영
- 세종기지가 위치한 바톤반도에 다학제 환경변화-생물반응 집중관측 거점 구축 완료
- 생물반응 관측을 포함하는 2세대 관측거점으로 ANTOS 산하 7개 주요 관측거점 중 하나
- 남극 생태계 변화 예측의 필수 데이터 장기관측을 위한 기반시설과 노하우 습득

◽ 남극 다학제 관측데이터 기반 육상생태 환경변화-생물반응 종합관계도 작성
- 종합관측에 기반한 바톤반도 KGL01 지역 내 지형-수계변화-식생변화의 종합관계 파악
- 남극에서 단일지

◽ 육상생태계 환경변화-생물반응 집중관측거점의 구축과 운영
- 세종기지가 위치한 바톤반도에 다학제 환경변화-생물반응 집중관측 거점 구축 완료
- 생물반응 관측을 포함하는 2세대 관측거점으로 ANTOS 산하 7개 주요 관측거점 중 하나
- 남극 생태계 변화 예측의 필수 데이터 장기관측을 위한 기반시설과 노하우 습득

◽ 남극 다학제 관측데이터 기반 육상생태 환경변화-생물반응 종합관계도 작성
- 종합관측에 기반한 바톤반도 KGL01 지역 내 지형-수계변화-식생변화의 종합관계 파악
- 남극에서 단일지역내 집약적 다학제 관측을 통해 생태계 종합관계 규명을 시도한 선구적 사례

◽ 환경변화에 대한 생물반응 모델링 기반기술 확립
- 남극 현화식물 2종의 광합성능 예측 모델 2건(정확도 80% 이상 달성)
- 남극 지의류 광합성 시뮬레이션 모델(프로그램 저작권 등록)
- 남극 지의류 2종의 공간분포 예측모델(R² = 0.351, 0.316)
- 관측을 통해 확보한 빅데이터로 생물반응을 예측할 수 있는 모델링 기술 국제수준 달성

◽ ANTOS와 LAPES의 DB와 웹사이트 개설
- SCAR 산하 전문가 그룹인 ANTOS 데이터 운영의 역할을 위한 DB와 웹사이트 구축 완료
- 남극반도 연구자 네트워크인 LAPES의 DB와 웹사이트 구축 완료
- 국제공동 네트워크에서 데이터 총괄 운영 역할을 지속함으로써 남극 국제공동연구 네트워크 중심에 진입

◽ 후속연구에서 고려해야 할 중점사항 도출
- 기존 관측거점의 운영에 더불어, 비교연구를 위해 남극반도에 추가 관측거점 구축 필요
- 모델링 기술은 다른 극지 선진국에 비해 뒤지지 않지만, 지역적, 종 특이적 특성에 따라 무엇을 모델링할지에 대한 스토리텔링 보강을 통한 연구 파급효과 확대 필요
- 향후 국제협력에 필수적인 국제공동 네트워크의 웹사이트 운영과 데이터 총괄 역할 지속 필요

(출처 : 초록 3p)

Abstract ▼

IV. R&D Results
1. Actual vegetation map of Barton Peninsula
Actual vegetation map of 2014 was completed. The none vegetated area was covered 66.99% of the total area, and the vegetated area was 33.01%. The vegetated area was thematically classified into seven subformations by growth form of d

IV. R&D Results
1. Actual vegetation map of Barton Peninsula
Actual vegetation map of 2014 was completed. The none vegetated area was covered 66.99% of the total area, and the vegetated area was 33.01%. The vegetated area was thematically classified into seven subformations by growth form of dominant species. In the vegetation covered area, the largest distribution of fruticose lichen subformation was 23.52%, crustose lichen subformation was 6.51%, moss carpet subformation was 1.78%, and short moss turf subformation was 0.53%.
There were 41 types of patches on the vegetation map of the Barton Peninsula of which the largest area was covered by snow, accounting for 53.62% of the total area. Among the vegetated area Us occupied the largest area with 18.90%, 5.78% with Cr, 1.59 % with Us-H, 1.27% with Sa, 1.09% with H-Us, were distributed, respectively.

2. Long-term observation of microclimate and soil environments
Critical Zone Observatory (CZO) is a approach to understand the terrestrial ecosystem comprehensively. It includes observations for physical, chemical, geological, and biological phenomena in sub-terrestrial, on the ground, and atmospheric area. We observed underground water distribution, vegetation distribution, microbial metabolic activity in the ground, photosynthetic activity of bryophytes and lichens together with environmental conditions along the altitudinal gradient. Temperature differences along the gradient was very small, but water content and PAR were quite different according to the altitude, leading to different vegetation distribution.

3. Characteristics of geophysical data according to vegetation and active layer
Several kinds of vegetation are distributed around King Sejong station. Vegetation in Antarctica also varies in growth rate, distribution, and area by the amount of light and moisture. Moisture, an important environmental factor that causes vegetation to grow, is supplied by the condensation and precipitation from the atmosphere, in particular, precipitation has a direct impact on the soil. The most direct way to measure the moisture content of the soil is to obtain data from the soil samples, which represents the value of the point but cannot represent the vale ov the surrounding area. Geophysical methods such as electric resistivity, GPR, and EM were used to obtain a wide range of values in a short time. Moisture distributions were measured by the above three geophysical methods in the study area where Sanionia, Ochrolechia and Usnea were distributed. In the environment where Sanionia grows, the moisture distribution was overwhelmingly high and the soil water content was decreased from Ochrolechia to Usnea. In order to confirm the accuracy of the geophysical method, we compared the laboratory results of data sampled directly from four sites and geophysical methods. The results are in good agreement with each other.

4. Characteristics and pathways of groundwater, surface water and snow in KGL01
Groundwater is an important component of water cycle in the polar region; however, there has been little studies for groundwater in the polar region. This study investigated the hydrogeological characteristics and pathways of groundwater, surface water and snow in two lakes (named lakes A and B) in Barton Peninsula, King George Island, Antarctica. The groundwater flux of Lake A, measured by seepage meters, changed dynamically from -9.2×10^-7 m/s to 5.3×10^-8 m/s, but Lake B showed a stable influx from 1.1×10^-8 m/s to 9.5×10^-10 m/s. The results of water quality analysis showed that compositions of Lake A groundwater were similar to those of surface water, but compositions of groundwater and surface in Lake B were distinguishable, which was consistent with the results of water quantity analysis. The isotopic analysis showed that groundwater, surface water and snow generally followed the Global Meteoric Water Line (GMWL). This study can be useful to understand the roles of groundwater in Antarctic lake systems.

5. Monitoring of soil CO₂ efflux in KGL01
In the Antarctic, thawing permafrost due to global warming effects is expected to have a significant effect on vegetation distribution and microbial community. It is very important to understand the mechanisms of carbon cycles in terrestrial ecosystems, as frozen soil thawing periods is likely to increase soil CO₂ flux with changing microbial community. Various measuring methods were used to investigate carbon dioxide emitted from the soil to the atmosphere spatially and temporally for various ground conditions on the Baton Peninsula. The amount of soil CO₂ flux was controlled by the degree of development of organic soil according to soil moisture, vegetation distribution, and topography.

6. Monitoring of chlorophyll fluorescence in KGL01
Physiological responses of various Antarctic organisms due to microclimate change are essential data for prediction of Antarctic ecosystem change. To investigate the bioreactivity of bryophytes and lichens, the representative vegetation of the Antarctic ecosystem, photosynthetic performance (the effective photosynthetic yield, electron transfer rate, chlorophyll a fluorescence, light quantity and temperature) and microclimate changes (surface temperature, light quantity and soil water content) were measured in KGL01 site, Barton Peninsula. The vegetation classified by moisture gradient was divided into WET, INT (intermediate site), and DRY region, and 18 fluorescence measurement equipment and data logger were installed in 6 populations. The summer field surveys of 2018 and 2019 collected 67,000 photosynthetic performance data for 51 days. Light quantity and temperature are environmental factors affecting the region extensively, affecting the diurnal photosynthetic performance, and classified into V type and U type. On the other hand, soil moisture was a local change factor in WET, INT, and DRY regions, leading to differences in photosynthetic performance within and between populations. After two years of field research, the effects of microclimate changes on photosynthetic performance of the representative vegetation showed differences among populations, and long-term studies are needed to determine whether a decrease or increase in photosynthetic performance leads to a change in community structure.

7. Breeding records of kelp gulls near terminal moraine at Potter Cove, King George Island
Recently, Fourcade glacier on King George Island have been rapidly retreating. The glacier adjacent to Porter Cove on the Baton Peninsula has been retreating northward until 2006 and then northwestward along the glacier slope. Within Potter Cove, kelp gulls have chosen moraine area as nesting sites, and breeding colonies extended toward the glacier retreat. Northwestern winds prevailed during the egg laying and incubating periods (October-December) of kelp gulls in the survey area.
In the breeding sites, moraines also tended to be placed mainly in the northwest direction of the nest. It seems that kelp gulls consider using moraine as their nest wall to minimize loss of body and incubating temperatures when they select nesting site.

8. Monitoring on vegetation changes near glacial retreat area
Maritime Antarctica, where the Barton Peninsula is located, is severely affected by climate change and accelerating glacier retreat forming new ice-free area. We investigated the micro-topography related with vegetational succession and the succession process at the newly exposed area by Fourcade Glacier retreat in almost three decades in Potter Cove. Since the nest materials of kelp gull (Larus dominicus) settled down and led vegetational succession in this exposed area, psuedo-succession has been progressing rather than primary succession. As a result of comparing coverage data of vegetation between 2014 and 2018 with a permanent quadrat, lichens extend their occupation and coverages of moss and freshwater algae are similar. The flowering plants settled down in 2014 decreased around the nests, therefore, further research will be required to clarify the cause.

9. Changes in the community structure of Microorganisms in the Glacier Retreat, Barton Peninsula
By documenting the formation of new ecosystems in exposed lagoons by the melting of the glacier, Barton Peninsula due to climate change, we tried to secure data on land reclamation processes and their ecological impact in the entire Antarctic glacier region. In particular, the land exposed by the rapid retreat of the glacier on the Barton Peninsula shows a different aspect from natural cloth as the Kelp gull Larus dominicanus began to build nests, bringing in moss, earthworms, plants and microbials from other regions. The effects of glacier retreats in Antarctica and the spread of bird breeding sites on the settlement process of the Antarctic microbial life were studied. Each year old bird nests were analyzed and the first-year nests showed higher species diversity than second-, third- and fourth-year nests. This suggests that Biodiversity of glacial retreat areas suggests that nesting by kelp gull is the main factor.

10. Changes in vegetation-microbes-soil relationship along the deglaciation chronosequence
Ice-free areas on the coastal regions in the Antarctic Peninsula expand due to accelerated deglaciation driven by rapid climate warming. Studies on ecosystem and soil development in glacier forelands have primarily made on the northern hemisphere, whereas few studies have been conducted in the southern hemisphere, in particular very rare in the Antarctic. We examined how microbial community composition and soil properties change along the deglaciation chronosequence on the foreland of Forcade glacier, and the extent of association between vegetation, microbial communities, and soil geochemistry was also investigated. There were significant and directional changes in soil properties (soil pH decrease, increase in total organic carbon content, etc.) and microbial community structure following the chronosequence. Deglaciation-induced soil geochemistry changes were more strongly related to shifts in bacterial community structure than those in fungal community structure. Similar results are also observed in many former studies in the northern hemisphere. Microbial community variability was explained more by spatial distance and soil property changes, but the influence of vegetation was relatively small, suggesting that linkage between aboveground and belowground ecosystem development may not be tightened during the short-term chronosequence.

11. Modeling on the estimation of electron transfer rates of Deschampsia antarctica and Colobanthus quitensis
We study how two flowering plants Deschampsia antarctica and Colobanthus quitensis respond to environmental conditions at the individual level. The electron transfer rate (ETR) that corresponds to the photosynthesis amount was well correlated with environmental parameters including air temperature, light intensity, humidity and etc, where the coefficient of determination ranged from 67 to 78%.
The air temperature measured by MONI was among the most decisive environmental parameters that influence ETR. While soil moisture was not associated with ETR, the other parameters exhibit moderate effects on ETR. In addition, the determination coefficient was improved about 8 to 18% by applying bootstrap and jackknife methods. As another story, we adopted image-based estimation of body weight in eco-friendly, nondestructive ways. Taking photos of two flowering plants followed by counting green pixels was strongly correlated with body weight (in all cases, R² > 0.9). Updating the correlation by adding more samples will enable us to accomplish the real-time, long-term monitoring during field work that gives rise to estimating body weight and tracing biomass change of Antarctic flowering plants.

12. Spectral characteristics of the Antarctic vegetation: A case study of the Barton peninsula
Spectroscopy is the study of light as a function of wavelength that has been emitted, reflected or scattered from a target. As photons enter a target, some are reflected from the target, some pass through the target, and some are absorbed. All natural surfaces including solid, liquid, or gas have their own physical characteristics of reflection, refraction and absorption. Monitoring of vegetation changes in the Antarctic Peninsula plays an important role in global climate change. Changes in vegetation can be obtained from optical remote sensing sensors, also known as imaging spectroscopy. Therefore, obtaining spectral characteristics of various vegetation species in the Antarctic Peninsula is important to understand remote sensing images quantitatively. In this study, we obtain spectral reflectance of 17 vegetation species which can be easily found in the Barton Peninsula, and analyze spectral discriminant between species using spectral statistics.

13. Impacts of snow cover on distribution of vegetation using remote sensing techniques
Climate change in Antarctic Peninsula has brought environmental change on land cover, affecting to distribution of vegetation. In this study, we investigated relationship between distribution of vegetation including lichen and moss and snow cover, one of the environmental factors can be affected by climate change, in Barton Peninsula, King George Island, Antarctica. High-resolution multispectral images were acquired in the study area located in the vicinity of snow cover, and then used to assess the correlation between distribution of vegetation and snow cover using image processing techniques. The results showed positive correlation (R² = 0.76) between distribution of vegetation and snow cover, and this can be used to predict transition of vegetation in further environmental changes.

14. Physiological analysis of the moss Sanionia uncinata under reduced relative water content in Antarctic habitat
If the recent global warming trend observed on the Antarctic Peninsula persists over the long term, increasing aridity is expected, due to the loss of glaciers that act as the main source of available water. However, the physiological responses of Antarctic mosses to this possible future decrease in water availability have not yet been investigated. Thus, we evaluated the photochemical response to a decreasing relative water content (RWC) in Sanionia uncinata, the dominant moss species in the maritime Antarctic. As aridity increased, chlorophyll contents and the values of several photochemical parameters decreased, indicating that S. uncinata is sensitive to drought and that their productivity will be negatively affected by increased aridity.

15. Assessment of Photosynthetic performance of the Antarctic fruticose lichen Cladonia borealis in response to microclimate changes
Antarctic lichens have been used as indicators of climate changes for decades, but only a few species have been studied. We assessed the photosynthetic performance of the fruticose lichen Cladonia borealis under natural and laboratory conditions.
Compared to that of sun-adapted Usnea sp., the photosynthetic performance of C. borealis exhibited a shade-adapted feature, and photosynthesis did not occur in dry-days when the rain was stopped. To understand its desiccation-rehydration responses, we measured changes in PSII photochemistry in C. borealis under the average light intensity of dawn and day times and desiccated conditions of their natural microclimate. Interestingly, samples under daytime-light and rapid-desiccation condition showed a delayed reduction of Fv’/Fm’ and rETRmax, and an increase of Y(II) and Y(NPQ) levels. Such results suggest that the photoprotective mechanism of C. borealis depends on sunlight and becomes more efficient with improved desiccation tolerance.

16. Relationship between Lichen distribution and microenvironmental factors on Barton Peninsula
Lichens are known to be very sensitive to environmental conditions such as temperature, humidity, light, air pollution, and so on. The effect of environments on lichen viability have been conducted on a large geographical scale and different climate zone. However, it is also known that specific microenvironments affect lichen survival. Barton Peninsula of King George Island, Antarctica, is a small area but diverse topographical features including a variety of slopes, aspect, and altitude can lead to various microclimate and diverse vegetation such as lichens, mosses, liverworts, and vascular plants. To investigate the distribution pattern of lichens Cladonia squamosa and C. gracilis complex that are widely distributed on Barton Peninsula, a total of 177 Cladonia samples were collected from 11 different sites.
There were several sites that were inhabited exclusively by C. squamosa or by C. gracilis. The effect of microenvironments formed by geographical topography and microclimate on the distribution of two Cladonia species was studied. Analysis of variance of microenvironmental factors has revealed that eastness, topographic exposure, the period of below zero temperature, distribution of moss Sanionia uncinata, and the genus Andreaea, were closely related to the distribution of C. squamosa and C. gracilis. Both lichen-forming fungi had a symbiotic relationship with Asterochloris erici. A. erici was majorly divided into three haplotypes.
Distribution of three haplotypes of A. erici was significantly different depending on the topographic exposure and the vegetation frequency of S. uncinata and Psoroma species. It was suggested that the low temperature and direction of the slopes which can cause snow cover differences can affect the distribution of mycobiont and photobiont, and also vegetation structures.

17. Analysis of bacterial response and nitrogen metabolism related to nitrogen source
Nitrogen is essential for the existence and growth of organisms, and ecologically, nitrogen cycle is very important for ecosystem maintenance. Nitrogen fixing, ammonia oxidizing and denitrifying bacteria are difficult to cultivate to obtain a single individual, and there are not many studies in Antarctic soils, so there is not enough physiological or genetic information on bacteria involved in the nitrogen cycle. Three soil samples were enriched for nitrogen fixation (NF), ammonium oxidation (AO) and denitrification (DN) to study the characteristics of bacteria involved in the nitrogen cycle. After confirming the culture of nitrogen fixation, ammonium oxidation and denitrification by measuring nitrogen concentration, 16S rRNA gene was amplified and analyzed for bacterial communities. Bacterial community analysis showed that Micavibrio (Alphaproteobacteria), Oxalobacteraceae (Betaproteobacteria), Pseudomonadaceae (Gammaproteobacteria) and Parachlamydiaceae (Chlamydiae) were cultured in ammonium oxidizing bacterial enrichment cultures, and Oxalobacteraceae (Betaproteobacteria), Pseudomonadaceae (Gammaproteobacteria) and Propionibacteriaceae (Actinobacteria) in denitrification bacterial enrichment cultures. AO_2C for ammonia oxidation culture and DN_1B and DN_3A for denitrification culture were subjected to metagenome analysis.
Denitrification pathways and dissimilatory nitrite reductase pathways were found in DN_1B and DN_3A enriched in denitrifying bacteria, and ammonia assimilation pathway was found in AO_2C. Nitrosomonas and Nitrosospira, known as ammonium oxidizing bacteria, were cultured and genome information of a new bacterium, Janthinobacterium sp. AO₂C, was obtained. Oxalobacteraceae and Pseudomonas were cultured and genome information of Simplicispira sp. DN1B and Pseudomonas sp. DN3A were obtained. Both bacteria were identified to have denitrification genes such as nar, nir and nor.

18. Analysis of bacterial response and nitrogen metabolism related to nitrogen source
Lichen-associated Rhizobiales-1 (LAR1) lineage of the order Rhizobiales is known to be one of the most predominant bacterial groups in lichens that grow through the symbiotic relationship among lichenized fungi, green algae and/or cyanobacteria, and bacteria. However, due to the lack of representatives of LAR1 lineage, the function of strains of LAR1 has been inferred from the closely related cultured strains. In this study, two strains, PAMC 29128 and PAMC 29148 belong to the LAR1 lineage were successfully cultivated from Antarctic lichen Lichenihabitans psoromatis. As the first study to determine physiological characteristics of LAR1 strains with appropriate nomenclature, these strains are considered to be noteworthy sources for revealing the function of LAR1 strains in the lichens.

19. Temperature effects on humic substance-degradation by soil bacterial communities Humic acid (HA) is a major extractable component of humic substance (HS), the largest constituent of organic soil matter. To assess the effects of increased temperature on HA degradation and the microbial community, HA-rich maritime Antarctic soils were incubated at elevated temperatures (5℃ and 8℃) and then compared to the frozen soil. In a microcosm system, when compared with the untreated control, the HA content steadily decreased in samples incubated at elevated temperatures and HA was presumably degraded by microbes. Compositional and structural HA changes were detected at each temperature, with the changes being more significant at 8℃ than 5℃. The relative abundances of bacterial phyla Proteobacteria (copiotrophic) and Actinobacteria (polymer-degrading) slightly increased and decreased, respectively, in samples incubated at 5℃ and 8℃.
Archaeal and fungal community responses were not meaningful. Culture-dependent analyses of indigenous bacteria confirmed that HA addition resulted in a rapid increase of Proteobacteria dominance at both 5℃ and 8℃ with Alphaproteobacteria-related bacteria being highly increased during the HA-degradation process. Collectively, our results indicate that bacteria in maritime Antarctic soil degrade HA and that an increase in soil temperature due to global climate change can change the bacterial community and HA-degradation rate.

20. Study on the humic substances-degradation pathways by soil bacterial isolates and communities
The largest constituent of soil organic matter, humic substances (HS), are natural aromatic heteropolymers, with a composition similar to lignin. The microbes in a sample of subarctic tundra soil from Alaska, USA, were able to degrade humic acids (HA, a major component of HS) during microcosm experiments at a low temperature of 5℃, which is similar to natural soil temperature during the thawing period (average temperature of 5.6℃ at a depth of 20 cm). The relative abundance of HA decreased to approximately 71% compared with the non-incubated soil control (100%). The microbes, however, were unable to degrade HA at 25℃, which is in the ideal soil temperature range for growing most plants. When enriched at 15℃ in liquid mineral medium provided with HA as a sole carbon source, the HA-enriched microbial consortium was metabolically activated to degrade abundant soil carbons (e.g., 4-hydroxybenzoic acid and D-cellobiose) and completely degraded 2-methoxy phenols (ferulic and vanillic acids), which are lignin-derived mono-aromatics. Our data indicate that the microbial consortium of Alaska tundra soil is cold-adapted and symbiotically degrades HS, possibly via a bacterial lignin-catabolic pathway in which vanillic acid is a primary metabolite. To our knowledge, this is the first report describing a HS-degradative pathway at the microbial consortium level. Pseudomonas sp. PAMC 29040 was isolated from a maritime tundra soil in Antarctica for its ability to degrade HS. The draft genome sequences of PAMC 29040 were analyzed to discover the putative genes for depolymerization of polymeric HS (e.g., dye-decolorizing peroxidase) and catabolic degradation of HS-derived small aromatics (e.g., vanillate O-demethylase). The information on degradative genes will be used to finally propose the HS degradation pathway(s) of soil bacteria inhabiting cold environments. Pseudomonas kribbensis CHA-19 was isolated from a temperate forest soil (mid latitude) in New Jersey, USA, for its ability to degrade HS, and subsequently confirmed to be able to decolorize lignin (a surrogate for HS) and catabolize lignin-derived ferulic and vanillic acids. The draft genome sequence of CHA-19 was analyzed to discover the putative genes for depolymerization of polymeric HS (e.g., dye-decolorizing peroxidases and laccase-like multicopper oxidases) and catabolic degradation of HS-derived small aromatics (e.g., vanillate O-demethylase and biphenyl 2,3-dioxygenase). The bacterial genes for HS degradative activity would be used to propose a HS degradation pathway of soil bacterial communities.

21. Analysis of distribution of soil protozoa with temperature and PH variation Antarctica has maintained an isolated environment for about 20 million years by Antarctic cyclists and has an extreme environment like a desert, making life possible using each unique mechanisms. The land environment in Antarctica is home to rotifers, nematodes, and tardigrades, among them ciliates have the highest diversity.
Ciliates are single-celled eukaryotes that appeared on Earth 1.5 billion years ago and serve as a carrier of carbon circulation in the barren Antarctic environment. In addition, it has a single cell membrane, which is used as an environmental indicator in response to environmental changes. A new species Pseudontohymena anarctica, which is uniquely grown at low temperature through actual polar environment cultivation, was discovered and the species represented optimal growth at 4℃ of incubation temperature. Through this study, we are planning to predict the change of colony of island caterpillars due to climate change in Antarctica.

22. Development of ANTOS database and website
ANTOS(Antarctic Near-Shore and Terrestrial Observation System) was developed to monitor changes and responses of Antarctic ecosystems. We developed database system and website to manage data and to make it easy to share data between scientists. Tools and systems are established to handle continuous data from weather sensors and chemical data from soil, water, and air samples.

23. Development of LAPES database and website
Antarctic Peninsula is a hotspot for ecosystem researches because this area is suffering fast climate change and many scientists from many countries have research activity in this area. To enhance research activity and efficiency, cooperation among scientists are an important factor. We have developed a database system and webpage to support LAPES (Linking of Antarctic Peninsula Ecosystem Sciences) activities.

(출처 : SUMMARY 16p)

목차 Contents

• 표지 ... 1
• 제 출 문 ... 2
• 보고서 초록 ... 3
• 요 약 문 ... 4
• S U M M A R Y ... 15
• C O N T E N T S ... 27
• 목차 ... 28
• 제 1 장 서 론 ... 29
• 제 1 절 연구개발의 목적 ... 30
• 제 2 절 연구개발의 필요성 ... 30
• 제 3 절 연구개발의 범위 ... 31
• 제 2 장 국내외 기술개발 현황 ... 32
• 제 1 절 국내 기술개발 현황 ... 33
• 제 2 절 국외 기술개발 현황 ... 36
• 제 3 장 연구개발 결과 - 환경변화-생물반응 종합관계도 작성 ... 39
• 제 1 절 바톤반도 현존식생도 작성 ... 40
• 제 2 절 바톤반도 미기상과 토양 환경 변화 장기 관측 ... 48
• 제 3 절 식생분포와 활동층에 따른 지구물리자료의 특성 ... 52
• 제 4 절 KGL01 지역 지하수-지표수-눈의 특성과 이동경로 ... 57
• 제 5 절 KGL01 지역 토양 이산화탄소 모니터링 ... 64
• 제 6 절 KGL01 지역 광합성 반응 모니터링 ... 69
• 제 7 절 빙하후퇴 지역 조류 번식 모니터링 ... 81
• 제 8 절 빙하후퇴지역 식생 변화 모니터링 ... 88
• 제 9 절 빙하후퇴지역 미소생물 군집 조성 변화 ... 94
• 제 10 절 빙하 후퇴에 따른 식생-미생물-토양 간 종합관계 분석 ... 98
• 제 4 장 연구개발 결과 - 생물반응 모델링 기술 개발 ... 103
• 제 1 절 남극좀새풀과 남극개미자리의 광합성량 추정 모델링 ... 104
• 제 2 절 바톤반도 식생 종 특이적 분광정보 라이브러리 구축 ... 114
• 제 3 절 원격탐사 기술을 활용한 식생 분포와 눈 피복의 상관관계 규명 ... 119
• 제 4 절 바톤반도 선태류의 수분 변화에 따른 생리 변화 분석 ... 124
• 제 5 절 바톤반도 지의류 Cladonia borealis의 온도와 수분 관련 광합성 특성 분석 ... 130
• 제 6 절 바톤반도 지의류 분포와 미환경 데이터 상관관계 규명 ... 150
• 제 7 절 남극 토양 세균의 질소원 변화에 따른 군집과 대사 반응 분석 ... 169
• 제 8 절 지의류 주요 내생 세균의 특성 분석 ... 187
• 제 9 절 토양온도 상승에 따른 세균 군집의 부식질 분해율 변화 분석 ... 197
• 제 10 절 분리세균 균주와 세균 군집의 부식질 분해경로 연구 ... 206
• 제 11 절 온도 및 pH 변화에 따른 토양 원생생물의 분포 경향 분석 ... 217
• 제 5 장 연구개발 결과 - 국제공동연구 네트워크 구축 ... 222
• 제 1 절 ANTOS DB와 웹사이트 구축 ... 223
• 제 2 절 LAPES DB와 웹사이트 구축 ... 230
• 제 6 장 연구개발결과의 활용계획 ... 234
• 제 1 절 향후 연구방향 설정 ... 235
• 제 2 절 성과 활용계획 ... 236
• 제 7 장 참고문헌 ... 237
• 끝페이지 ... 255