[보고서]남극반도 연안해양시스템 변화 2050 전망 연구

안인영

남극반도 연안해양시스템 변화 2050 전망 연구
Studies on the Changes in Coastal Marine Systems of the Antarctic Peninsula: A 2050 Outlook 원문보기

보고서 정보
주관연구기관	한국해양과학기술원 Korea Institute of Ocean Science ＆ Technology
연구책임자	안인영
참여연구자	갈종구 , 강성호 , 고영욱 , 김동우 , 김보경 , 김영기 , 김정하 , 김종성 , 김태완 , 김현철 , 김호상 , 박서정 , 배한나 , 신은총 , 양은진 , 이동석 , 이보연 , 임지빈 , 전미사 , 조붕호 , 주형민 , 최한구 , 하선용 , 현창욱 , 송성준 , 김태원
보고서유형	최종보고서
발행국가	대한민국
언어	한국어
발행년월	2020-02
과제시작연도	2019
주관부처	해양수산부 Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries
등록번호	TRKO202000008031
과제고유번호	1525009363
사업명	극지연구소운영지원(R&D)(주요사업비)
DB 구축일자	2020-07-29
키워드	남극반도.킹조지섬.세종기지.마리안소만.빙하후퇴.연안해양환경.생태계.Antarctic Peninsula.King George Island.King Sejong Station.Marian Cove.Glacier retreat.Coastal Maine Environment.Ecosystem.

초록 ▼

세종기지기반 최초 다학제 연안해양연구수행으로 통합적 남극연안해양연구 기반 확립
- 과거 60년간 세종기지주변 연안빙하변동 분석(항공사진, 시계열 원격탐사자료 활용), 연안빙 하변동 장기모니터링 토대 마련
- 마리안소만 해수순환 및 수괴특성 최초 규명(과거 및 신규관측자료 분석)
- 무인계류 장기관측시스템 구축으로 연속 관측자료 수집 본격화, 해양수치모델(FVCOM) 구축과 고도화로 미래변화 예측 가능
- 1996부터 수행해 온 세종기지 해양모니터링으로 장기자료 지속적 축적, 경향성에 대한 신뢰도 향상(식물플랑크톤군집의 중장기 변동과 해양 및 기후인자와의 상관성 분석 중)

O 기후변화 모델생태계로서 마리안소만의 가치 정립
- 기후변화 여파로 지속적 빙하후퇴로 인한 연안해양환경의 뚜렷한 변화와 생태계 구조 변동 확인
- 주요생물군(저서무척추동물, 해조, 조간대 규조등)의 빙하후퇴관련 분포 특성 분석, 지표생물군 선정, 기본 먹이망구조 규명으로 기후변화에 따른 연안해양생태계 반응(지표생물군 변동 및 핵심 요인 분석, 먹이망 내 물질순환 변동 연구 등)에 대한 체계적 연구 가능케 됨

O 킹조지섬 주변해역 연안해양연구 주도권 확립
- 남극반도 일부(마리안소만-맥스웰만-브랜스필드해협 등) 에 대한 아라온 국제공동해양조사 수행/획득한 자료 및 시료 분석에 대한 지속적 공동 연구 진행으로 킹조지섬주변 해역 국제공동연구의 주도적 지위 확보(현재 칠레, 브라질 등과 2018. 4월 아라온 공동조사후 시료 분석, 논문 작성 등 공동연구)

(출처 : 초록 5p)

Abstract ▼

IV. R&D Results
1. Analysis of marine-terminating glacier retreats around King Sejong Station, Antarctica using multi-platform time-series remote sensing data
1) Retrieving marine-terminating glacier retreat velocities in Marian Cove, Potter Cove and Collins Harbour, Maxwell Bay around King Sejong Station, Antarctica

2. Characteristics of water masses and seawater circulation in Marian Cove
1) Marian cove shows two layer in summer because of tidal glacier, but the region has only well-mixed layer in winter
2) water mass in the Maxwell bay is originated the TBW(Transitional zonal water with Bellingshausen influence), and the water mass inflow into lower layer in the Marian Cove
3) Marian Cove has two layer mean circulation pattern : outflow(1 cm/s) in upper layer and inflow(1.5 cm/s) in lower layer
4) The variation of seawater circulation in the Marian Cove is related to wind forcing
5) Ocean circulation model simulate tidal components, and tidal components comparison of observation and model shows stability of the model for external forcing
6) the model shows clockwise mean seawater circulation pattern in the Maxwell Bay, and it is same for observation result

3. Spatial patterns of marine benthic communities in Marian Cove, a glacial fjord and adjacent coastal waters
1) The number of taxa of both megafauna and macrofauna were increased with distance from the glacier
2) Megafauna community was predominated by pioneer species in near glacier but diversity was increased in far from the glacier
3) Megafauna density peaked at 30 to 50 m depths
4) Similarity of distribution characteristics between ascidian and megafauna community suggest that ascidian is an appropriate taxon for benthic community monitoring
5) Characteristics of ascidian communities at regions with different glacial retreat period were similar at shallow depth severely disturbed by ice
6) At deep depth with limited disturbance, diversity were increased with glacier retreat period
7) Benthic food web in Marian Cove comprised up to five trophic levels
8) Filter feeders comprise the largest trophic group in the cove
9) Benthic diatoms are of prime importance in supporting the benthic food web in Marian Cove

4. Long-term change of macroalgal assemblage in Maxwell Bay
1) Macroalgal assemblage changed substantially with the average similarity of 48.2% between 1988-1993 and 2016-2018
2) Hierarchical structure was changed a little between-site levels in the subtidal communities of Maxwell Bay
3) The sites near the penguin rookery consistently showed the highest biodiversity

5. Evaluating the Effects of Polar Glacier Retreat and the Responses of Organisms
1) We observed from the mid- and long-term dynamic patterns that the size of primary producers was decreasing. We also identified the changes in the biomass and dominant species of marine primary producers due to the glacier retreat.

6. Biogeochemical cycle under glacier retreat
1) norganic nutrients concentration near the tide-water glacier were higher than that of other stations
2) High light extinction coefficient and CDOM concentration may be affected by the Marian Cove glacier
3) Estimated carbon and nitrogen uptake rate of phytoplankton near the glacier were lower than expected due to the poor light conditions despite high nutrient concentration
4) Distribution of trace metal in freshwater and seawater samples suggests that the trace metals were derived from the glacier in the Marian Cove
5) High nutrients and trace metal concentrations were observed near the glacier, however, the primary productivity was low due to the poor light conditions caused by the glacier effect as well

(출처 : Summary 12p)

목차 Contents

표지 ... 1
제 출 문 ... 3
보고서 초록 ... 5
요 약 문 ... 7
SUMMARY ... 11
목차 ... 15
CONTENTS ... 20
표목차 ... 25
그림목차 ... 26
제 1 장 서 론 ... 31
제 2 장 국내외 기술개발 현황 ... 35
제 1 절 국외 기술개발 현황 ... 37
제 2 절 국내 기술개발 현황 ... 38
제 3 장 연구개발 수행 내용 및 결과 ... 39
제 1 절 세종 과학기지 인근 연안빙하 중장기 관측시스템 거점 구축 ... 41
요약(국문) ... 41
1. 서론 ... 42
2. 데이터 및 분석 방법 ... 42
3. 결과 및 토론 ... 45
요약(영문) ... 49
참고문헌 ... 50
제 2 절 마리안소만 수층구조 및 해수순환 특성 ... 51
요약(국문) ... 51
1. 서론 ... 52
2. 재료 및 방법 ... 52
3. 결과 및 고찰 ... 57
요약(영문) ... 65
참고문헌 ... 66
제 3 절 빙하후퇴지역 마리안소만 해양저서무척추동물군집 특성 연구 ... 67
요약(국문) ... 67
1. 서론 ... 68
2. 재료 및 방법 ... 69
3. 결과 및 고찰 ... 72
요약(영문) ... 92
참고문헌 ... 94
제 4 절 맥스웰만 연안 해조류 군집 특성 조사 ... 98
요약(국문) ... 98
1. 서론 ... 99
2. 재료 및 방법 ... 100
3. 결과 및 고찰 ... 102
4. 결론 ... 115
요약(영문) ... 116
참고문헌 ... 117
제 5 절 빙하후퇴지역 식물플라크톤 시공간분포 변동 조사 ... 120
요약(국문) ... 120
1. 서론 ... 121
2. 재료 및 방법 ... 122
3. 결과 및 고찰 ... 123
요약(영문) ... 142
참고문헌 ... 143
제 6 절 빙하우퇴에 따른 생지화학 순환 변화 연구 ... 145
요약(국문) ... 145
1. 재료 및 방법 ... 146
2. 결과 및 논의 ... 149
요약(영문) ... 162
제 4 장 연구개발목표 달성도 및 대외기여도 ... 163
제 1 절 연구개발목표 달성도 ... 165
제 2 절 대외기여도 ... 166
제 5 장 연구개발결과의 활용계획 ... 167
부록(Appendices) ... 171
Appendix 1. Results of temperature, salinity and current observation in the 2018 ARAON survey (ANA08D) ... 173
Appendix 2. Suspended particlulate matter (SPM) concentrations in Marian Cove (mg dry wt L-1) ... 202
Appendix 3. Identification of Polychaete specimens of collected from 10 to 30 m depths in Marian Cove in the previous studies (2009-2014) ... 207
Appendix 4. Identification of Hydrozoa specimens of Marian Cove, Maxwell Bay and Bransfield Strait. Identification was conducted by Dr. Xikun Song (Xiamen Univeristy, China) ... 208
Appendix 5. Marine survey at the fixed point of Marian Cove from 2017 to 2019 ... 209
Appendix 6. Long-term monitoring results of Marian Cove (monthly average) ... 233
Appendix 7. Marian Cove marine survey in the summer ... 239
Appendix 8. Nutrients and CDOM concentration in the Marian Cove, 2017 ... 240
Appendix 9. Nutrient, organic carbon and nitrogen concentration in seawater, 2018 ... 241
Appendix 10. Concentration of nutrients in front of the Sejong Station, 2019 ... 243
Appendix 11. Concentration of nutrients in the Marian Cove, 2019 ... 243
Appendix 12. Concentration of nutrients in the Maxwell Bay, 2019 ... 244
Appendix 13. Euphotic depth in the Marian Cove ... 244
Appendix 14. Carbon and nitrogen uptake rate of phytoplanktons in the Marian Cove ... 245
Appendix 15. Concentration of trace metals in surface seawater in the Marian Cove and Maxwell Bay ... 245
Appendix 16. Trace metal concentrations in freshwater around the Sejong Station and the station near the Poter Cove ... 246
별책(Attachments) ... 247
별 책 1. Final report of contracted project I ... 249
별 책 2. Final report of contracted project II ... 373
별 책 3. Peer-reviewed publications from this project ... 501
끝페이지 ... 567

표/그림 (90)

표 Publicly available remote sensing sensors used for the retrieval of time-series glacier images
표 Commercial remote sensing sensors used for the retrieval of time-series glacier images
표 Time-series remote sensing dataset for analysis of marine-terminating glacier retreat
표 Spatial resolutions of time-series remote sensing dataset
표 Retreat of Marian Cove glacier: glacier termini overlaid on remote sensing images acquired in Dec 1956 (left) and Feb 2019 (right)
표 Retreat of Potter Cove glacier: glacier termini overlaid on remote sensing images acquired in Dec 1956 (left) and Dec 2018 (right)
표 Retreat of Collins Harbour glacier: glacier termini overlaid on remote sensing images acquired in Dec 1956 (left) and Dec 2017 (right)
표 Retreat velocities of marine-terminating glaciers
표 Locations of UAV image acquisition in 2017/2018 (left) and mosaicked UAV image overlaid on satellite image (right)
표 Hydrographic measurement information of time(2011 -2019.02) and stations in the Marian Cove
표 Hydrographic station (red dot) including temperature, salinity and current and station of long-term current observation system (blue dot) in the 2018 ARAON survey (ANA08D)
표 Location of long-term current observation system installed in 2018.04 (left, diamond) and the system design (right)
표 Ocean circulation model(FVCOM) simulation area
표 Vertical and temporal variation of interpolated temperature and salinity at the station 3 and temporal variation of wind of AWS in the King Sejong station
표 Temperature-salinity diagram for Bransfield strait(black circle), Maxwell Bay (red circle), and Marian Cove(green circle) in the 2018 ARAON survey (ANA08D). Dot color represents observation depth
표 Vertical north-south section of temperature and salinity (left) and vertical west-east section of temperature and salinity (right) in the 2018 ARAON survey (ANA08D)
표 Vertical mean currents and temporal variation of inflow in lower layer (blue) and NE wind(red) from 2018.04 to 2019.01
표 Timeseries of tidal elevation in the Marian Cove for model validation, red line shows observation result and blue line represents model result
표 Model simulation result for mean seawater circulation in the Maxwell Bay
표 Location of study area and sampling stations (MC2，MC3，MC4 & MC5). Glacier lines from 1956 to 2017 are drawn. MC: Marian Cove. Modified from Moon et al. 2015
표 ROV operation on a rubber boat for investigating benthic communities
표 Study area and sampling stations of the oceanographic survey by the icebreaker R/V Araon from April 25th through May 1st, 2018
표 Geographic location and sampling depths of the Araon survey stations in Marian Cove, Maxwell Bay and Bransfield Strait
표 Seabed ROV images showing the distinct variations of benthic communities with distance from the glacier and depths
표 Photographs of ascidian taxa in Marian Cove. A: Molgula pedunculata) B: Cnemidocarpa verrucosa.，C: Ascidia challengeri] D: Tylobranchion speciosum) E: Pyura setosa’，F： Corella eumyota] G: Distaplia sp.； H: Pyura cf. discoveri’，I: Ascidiacea sp.16； J: Ascidiacea sp.17； K: Aplidium cf. radiatum.，L: Sycozoa sigillinoides] M: Pyura sp.l； N: Pyura sp.2
표 Cluster analysis results based on epibenthic megafauna and ascidian density data at each station and depths. Data of 10 m were excluded to avoid errors cased by rare occurrences of benthic fauna
표 Comparisons of sediments grain size and organic contents among the stations (MC2，MC3，MC4 and MC5) and with varying water depths (10，20，30，50，70 and 90 m) in Marian Cove
표 Biomass values (kg m-2) of the three most dominant ascidian species at 30 m in Marian Cove. The values are the mean土 standard deviation (replicate number)
표 BIOENV analysis result between ascidian density and environmental parameters. R: Spearman coefficient. *: Best results
표 A dual isotope plot of δ13C and δ15N values for megabenthic consumers and basal food sources in their diet, collected in Marian Cove. Adapted from Ha et al., 2019
표 A variety of benthic consumers commonly associated with benthic diatoms in marian Cove
표 Strands of the chain-forming centric diatom Paralia sp. retrieved from the diatom bush overgrowing the surfaces of ascidians and demosponges and (B) PIeurosigma sp., the dominant diatom from a microphytobenthos sample. Adapted from Ha et a., 2019
표 Trophic levels and feeding modes of the consumers analyzed. Adapted from Ha et al,. 2019
표 Diverse benthic invertebrate specimens collected from 50-1500 m depths of Marian Cove, Maxwell Bay and Bransfield Strait by the R/V Araon in April 25th_May 1st, 2018. See KPDC data (ID： KOPRI-KPDC-00001075) for the details
표 Diverse benthic invertebrate specimens collected from 50-1500 m depths of Marian Cove, Maxwell Bay and Bransfield Strait by the R/V Araon in April 25th_May 1st, 2018. See KPDC data (ID： KOPRI-KPDC-00001075) for the details (Continued)
표 Diverse benthic invertebrate specimens collected from 50-1500 m depths of Marian Cove, Maxwell Bay and Bransfield Strait by the R/V Araon in April 25th_May 1st, 2018. See KPDC data (ID： KOPRI-KPDC-00001075) for the details (Continued)
표 Diverse benthic invertebrate specimens collected from 50-1500 m depths of Marian Cove, Maxwell Bay and Bransfield Strait by the R/V Araon in April 25th_May 1st, 2018. See KPDC data (ID： KOPRI-KPDC-00001075) for the details (Continued)
표 Spatial distribution of epibenthic megafauna in Mexwell Bay and Marian Cove. Sampling was conducted using a dredge from the R/V Araon from April 25th through May 1st, 2018
표 Map of the Maxwell Bay, King George Island，indicating the eleven sampling sites. A, pier of King Sejong Station； B，Daewang Rock； C，an islet off penguin rockery； D，an islet in the entrance of Potter Cove； E，an islet off Ardley Island； F，a southern shore of Weaver Peninsula； G，an islet in the entrance of Potter Cove 2； H，Marian Cove 3； I，Marian Cove 4； J, Marian Cove 5； K, a South-western intertidal zone of Barton Peninsula
표 Composition of algal species and mean coverage at ten sites in Maxwell Bay, King George Island during this survey
표 Composition of major algal species and vertical distribution at six sites in Maxwell Bay, King George Island
표 Composition of major algal species and vertical distribution at the additional three sites in Maxwell Bay, King George Island
표 Vertical distribution of major species classified by habitat type (Sheltered: site A, B, F； Exposed: site C, D, E)
표 Distribution of intertidal algal species related to tides
표 Cluster analysis of similarities of algal assemblage based on importance value between 5 sites, at each sampling times, in Maxwell Bay, King George Island. Percentage number is similarity of overall site in each survey
표 Comparisons of benthic macro-algae composition and abundance in Maxwell Bay, King George Island between Chung’s and this survey (Chung’s survey vs. present survey)
표 The importance value of major species between sampling times at 4 sites, in Maxwell Bay, King George Island
표 Macroalgal species contribution (%) of Chung’s and this surveys by SIMPER analysis
표 Fixed sampling point at Marian Cove
표 The temporal dynamics of water temperature at fixed sampling point at Marian Cove in 2017
표 The temporal dynamics of salinity at fixed sampling point at Marian Cove in 2017
표 The distribution characteristics of phytoplankton at fixed sampling point at Marian Cove in 2017
표 The temporal dynamics of water temperature at fixed sampling point at Marian Cove in 2018
표 The temporal dynamics of salinity at fixed sampling point at Marian Cove in 2018
표 The distribution characteristics of phytoplankton at fixed sampling point at Marian Cove in 2018
표 The temporal dynamics of water temperature at fixed sampling point at Marian Cove in 2019
표 The temporal dynamics of salinity at fixed sampling point at Marian Cove in 2019
표 The distribution characteristics of phytoplankton at fixed sampling point at Marian Cove in 2019
표 Monthly mean water temperature of the fixed sampling point at Marian Cove between 2017 and 2019
표 Monthly mean chl-a concentrations of the fixed sampling point at Marian Cove between 2017 and 2019
표 Surface water temperature of the fixed sampling point at Marian Cove between 1996 and 2019
표 Total chl-a concentration of the fixed sampling point at Marian Cove between 1996 and 2019
표 Chl-a concentration of the fixed sampling point at Marian Cove between 1996 and 2019
표 The sampling station at Marian Cove during summer
표 Spatiotemporal distribution of surface water temperature at Marian Cove
표 Spatiotemporal distribution of salinity at Marian Cove
표 Concentration of surface chl-a at Marian Cove
표 Spatiotemporal distribution of chl-a concentration at Marian Cove
표 The total carbon content of phytoplankton and the spatiotemporal distribution of the dominant group
표 Dominant species and dominant rate of phytoplankton at Marian Cove
표 Study area in theMarian Cove, 2017
표 Study area during summer in 2018
표 Study area in the Marian Cove and Maxwell Bay, 2019
표 Schematic diagram of carbon and nitrogen uptake of phytoplankton
표 Recovery of trace metal analysis
표 Distribution of the nutrients in surface, middle and bottom water in the Marian Cove
표 Vertical profiles of the nutrients in the Marian Cove and Maxwell Bay
표 Vertical porfiles of organic matters in the Marian Cove, Maxwell Bay and Bransfield strait
표 Nutrient monitoring data in front of the Sejong Station in 2019
표 Concentration of nutrients in the Marian Cove and Maxwell Bay
표 Spatial distribution of PAR, UV—A，UV-B and light extinction coefficient
표 Light extinction coefficient and concentration of the CDOM in Marian Cove, 2019
표 Euphotic depth in Marian Cove
표 CDOM concentration in the surface seawater in Marian Cove
표 Carbon uptake rate of the phytoplankton in the euphotic layer in Marian Cove
표 Integrated carbon uptake rate and chl-a concentration
표 Nitrogen uptake rate and ambient ammonium concentration in Marian Cove
표 Concentration of trace metals in surface seawater in the study area
표 Concentration of 6 metals in surface seawater in the Marian Cove and Maxwell Bay
표 Concentration of trace metals in freshwater around the Sejong Station

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연구책임자(Manager) :	-
과제기간(DetailSeriesProject) :	-
총연구비 (DetailSeriesProject) :	-
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과제수행기간(LeadAgency) :	-
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