[보고서]원자력시설 해체부지 환경복원 기술 개발

윤인호

보고서 정보

주관연구기관

한국원자력연구원
Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute

연구책임자

윤인호

참여연구자

양희만 , 박찬우 , 김일국 , 신영호 , 최왕규 , 김정우 , 이근우 , 서범경 , 김성욱 , 김성만 , 김준현 , 황주리 , 이인애 , 김보현 , 최민기 , 이경진

보고서유형

최종보고서

발행국가

대한민국

언어

한국어

발행년월

2019-12

과제시작연도

2019

주관부처

과학기술정보통신부
Ministry of Science and ICT

등록번호

TRKO202100002081

과제고유번호

1711082443

사업명

원자력기술개발사업(R&D)

DB 구축일자

2021-06-12

키워드

부지복원.오염토양 처리.지하수복원.주거지복원.삼중수소.Site remediation.Soil treatment.Groundwater remediation.Residental area remediation.Tritiated water.

표 Comparison of Cs removal efficiency by type of clay mineral and various desorption reagents
표 Zeta potential of DTAB, PEI and Cs-HBT under various pH conditions
표 Comparison of Cs desorption from Cs-HBT by DTAB (23 mmol/g clay), PEI (23 mmol/g clay), ammonium nitrate (25 or 5 mmol/g clay) at various pH conditions
표 Adsorption of cationic desorption agents on Cs-HBT and Cs desorption by (a) DTAB or (b) PEI after reaction of Cs-HBT with various amounts of desorption agent ranging from 0.16 mmol/g clay to 23 mmol/g clay
표 Desorption of Cs by reaction with (a) DTAB (3.3 mmol/g clay) or (b) PEI (23 mmol/g clay) at various reaction temperatures and pH 3
표 Adsorbed amount of Cs for illite, hydrobiotite, and montmorillonite
표 Schematic diagram of the X-ray absorption spectroscopy
표 Cesium LIII-edge EXAFS spectra for Cs adsorbed illite, hydrobiotite, and montmorillonite (a) k3-weighted x(k) oscillation and (b) corresponding RSFs (phase shift uncorrected). Black solid line: experimental data; dotted line: fit data
표 EXAFS parameters for Cs adsorbed on illite, hydrobiotite, and montmorillonite. a CN, coordination number; bR(Å), interatomic distance; cRf, residual factor. * Debye-Waller factor(σ2) was fixed to 0.01 Å2
표 XRD data for Cs adsorbed on illite, hydrobiotite, and montmorillonite
표 Schematic diagram for clay layer structure for Cs adsorbed on illite, hydrobiotite, and montmorillonite
표 Adsorbed of Cs and remained after desorption amount for illite, hydrobiotite, and montmorillonite, and first shell and second shell analyzed by EXAFS
표 X-ray absorption spectroscopy analyses for montmorillonite adsorbed with Cs and after desorption using H2O2 and cations (Mg2+)
표 X-ray absorption spectroscopy analyses for vermiculite adsorbed with Cs and after desorption using H2O2 and cations (Mg2+)
표 X-ray absorption spectroscopy analyses for illite adsorbed with Cs and after desorption using H2O2 and cations (Mg2+)
표 Comparison of Cs sorption onto different clay minerals ([Ca2+]= 0.1 M, [Cs+]= 0.5 M)
표 Comparison of H2O2 decomposition rate among different clay minerals (solid/liquid= 1:10)
표 XRD patterns of the HBT after H2O2 treatment ([H2O2]=35%, [NH4+], [Mg2+]= 0.1M)
표 133Cs+ desorption from HBT upon H2O2 treatment (a) under various conditions ([NH4+], [Mg2+]= 0.1M), (b) with different Mg2+ concentrations
표 Sequential radioactive 137Cs+ desorption from HBT under various treatment conditions
표 Surface soil sampling locations and clay minerals contained in silt/clay samples and cation exchange capacities of the samples
$Cs adsorption isotherms obtained from the silt and clay fractions at 25 °C. The solid lines indicate Langmuir isotherm curves obtained from fitting of the isothermal adsorption data$ 표 Cs adsorption isotherms obtained from the silt and clay fractions at 25 °C. The solid lines indicate Langmuir isotherm curves obtained from fitting of the isothermal adsorption data
표 Surface soil sampling locations and clay minerals contained in silt/clay samples and cation exchange capacities of the samples
$Radiocesium interception potential of the silt and clay fractions$ 표 Radiocesium interception potential of the silt and clay fractions
표 Equilibrium radioactivity of 137Cs solutions (94 Bq/mL) after reaction with the silt/clay samples for 24h, and the calculated distribution coefficient (Kd) values
표 Removal efficiency of (a) non-radioactive Cs and (b) radioactive Cs-137 by oxalic acid, HCl and H2SO4 in illite, and conditions for treatment at 0.015M to 1.5M at 70℃ for 2 days
표 Quantification using elemental information from the XRF analysis (%)
$X-ray diffraction patterns of Cs-illite with various concentrations of oxalic acid, HCl and H2SO4$ 표 X-ray diffraction patterns of Cs-illite with various concentrations of oxalic acid, HCl and H2SO4
표 400 MHz Solid State NMR (9.4T) spectra of pure oxalic acid and oxalate metal complex of (A) 13C and (B) 1H
표 spectra of oxalate ligands and metal ions in supernatants after desorption experiments
표 XPS (A) Survey spectra, (B) Al2p spectra, (C) K2p spectra, (D) Fe2p3 spectra and (E) Mg1s spectra of oxalate metal complex
표 Cs removal efficiency of mixed clay minerals near Kori by sequential extraction
$X-ray diffraction patterns of Cs-Kori clay at various concentration depending on sequential extraction$ 표 X-ray diffraction patterns of Cs-Kori clay at various concentration depending on sequential extraction
표 Cs removal efficiency of mixed clay minerals near Wolsong by oxalic acid treatment
$X-ray diffraction patterns of Cs-Wolsong clay at various concentration depending on oxalic acid treatment$ 표 X-ray diffraction patterns of Cs-Wolsong clay at various concentration depending on oxalic acid treatment
표 Overall process for treatment of soil washing solution by precipitation method
표 Initial concentration of washing wastewater after Cs desorption process and metal ion concentration after Ca(OH)2 treatment
표 Cs concentration after NaTPB treatment of washing wastewater
표 Schematic diagram of EK remediation equipment
표 EK remediation experiments for Cs removal from fine soil
표 Variations of (a) electric current and (b) temperature with time during EK remediation
표 Variations of Cs removal efficiency with time during EK remediation
표 Concentration of principal metals in soil waste solution
표 Comparison of Cs removal efficiency from soil waste solution using different adsorbents (adsorbent dosage= 1 g/L, 25°C, 180 min)
표 Magnetic separation of Cs-clay with cationic polymer(PEI)-coated MNPs from soil
표 (a) FTIR spectra and (b) weight-loss curves of naked and PEI-coated MNPs
표 TEM image of (a) naked MNPs, (b) PEI-coated MNPs, and (c) PEI-coated MNPs adsorbed onto illite
표 Zeta potentials of (a) PEI–MNPs at different PEI-to-MNP mass ratios (g/g) at pH 7.0 and (b) naked MNPs, PEI–MNPs (mass ratio 0.1 g/g), and clay mineral (Cs–illite) at different pH levels. (c) Hydrodynamic diameters (nm) of naked or PEI-coated MNPs as a function of pH
표 Separation efficiency (SE%) of illite with different MNP-to-clay mass ratios (50 mg) at pH 7 (magnetic field strength is 0.38 T)
표 Photographs of (a) illite dispersed in solution and (b) magnetic separation of the illite with PEI-coated MNPs at different separation times (0 to 60 s)
표 Particle size distributions in raw soil, nonmagnetic soil, and magnetic soil
$Removal efficiency of 137Cs from soil and nonmagnetic/magnetic soil fractions after magnetic separation using PEI-MNPs$ 표 Removal efficiency of 137Cs from soil and nonmagnetic/magnetic soil fractions after magnetic separation using PEI-MNPs
표 SEM images of (a) hydrous TiO2, (b) and (c) h-TiFC, and (e), (f), and (g) hf-TiFC; STEM images of (d) h-TiFC and (h) hf-TiFC; (i) high-magnification TEM image of the edge of a flake; and (j) EDS elemental mapping of hf-TiFC
표 XRD patterns of hydrous TiO2
표 (a) FTIR spectra, (b) XRD patterns, and (c) XPS spectra of h-TiFC and hf-TiFC and (e) Fe2p and (f) N1s XPS spectra of hf-TiFC
표 The crystalline grain sizes of h-TiFC and hf-TiFC calculated from the XRD results in Fig. 2(b)
표 XPS spectra of (a) hydrous TiO2, (b) h-TiFC, and (c) hf-TiFC and (d) Fe2p and (e) N1s XPS spectra of TiO2
표 TGA curves obtained from h-TiFC and hf-TiFC under a nitrogen atmosphere at a heating rate of 10 °C min-1 up to 600 °C
표 Compositions and specific surface areas of h- and hf-TiFC
표 SEM and TEM images of various TiFC samples synthesized using (a) and (b) 0.1 M FC, (c) and (d) 0.2 M FC, (e) and (f) 0.3 M FC, and (g) and (h) 0.4 M FC
표 XRD patterns of (a) various TiFC samples synthesized using 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, or 0.4 M FC for 12 h; hf-TiFC synthesized using (b) 0.4 M FC or (3) 0.2 M FC for various reaction times; and h-TiFC synthesized using 0.1 M FC for various reaction times
표 SEM images of hf-TiFC synthesized with 0.4 M FC for different reaction times from 10 min to 6 h
표 STEM images and EDS elemental mapping images of hf-TiFC synthesized with 0.4 M FC for reaction times of (a) and (b) 1 h, (c) and (d) 2 h, and (e) and (f) 12 h
표 STEM images of hf-TiFC synthesized with 0.2 M FC M for reaction times of (a) 1 h, (b) 2 h, (c) 6 h, and (d) 12 h
표 STEM images of h-TiFC synthesized with 0.1 M FC for reaction times of (a) 2 h, (b) 6 h, and (c) 12 h
표 STEM images of TiFC synthesized with 0.2 M FC for 12 h under different acidic conditions
표 Schematic of the formation mechanisms of hf-TiFC and h-TiFC according to the concentration of Fe(CN)64- (FC) and acid (HCl)
표 (a) XRD pattern and (b) SEM image of g-TiFC synthesized by a reaction between TiCl4 and potassium ferrocyanide
표 (a) XRD pattern and (b) TEM and EDS elemental mapping images of HCST
표 (a) XRD pattern and (b) TEM and EDS elemental mapping images of CHA
표 he qt=24 h values of various reference adsorbents after 24 h of contact
표 STEM image and EDS elemental mapping images of hf-TFC after Cs adsorption
표 Cs adsorption kinetic data of various Cs adsorbent, including h-TiFC, hf-TiFC, and g-TiFC
표 Pseudo-second-order kinetics of Cs adsorption by hf-TiFC, h-TiFC, g-TiFC,HCST, and CHA
표 Cs adsorption isotherms of various Cs adsorbent, including h-TiFC, hf-TiFC, and g-TiFC
표 Langmuir and Freundlich fitting results of the isotherms of hf-TiFC, h-TiFC, and g-TiFC
표 Comparison of the maximum adsorption capacity (qmax) for Cs of various inorganic adsorbents
표 Cs removal % and (d) Kd values of various Cs adsorbent, including h-TiFC, hf-TiFC, and g-TiFC
표 Cs removal % and Kd values for hf-TiFC, h-TiFC, g-TiFC, HCST and CHA at various pH values from 1 to 11. (The initial Cs concentration (Ci) was 52,032 ppb, and the ratio between the mass of adsorbent and the volume of Cs solution was fixed at m/V = 1 g/L)
표 Influence of competing ions such as (a) and (b) Na and (c) and (d) K on the Cs adsorption performance in terms of removal % and Kd values of h-TiFC, hf-TiFC, g-TiFC, HCST, and CHA
표 XRD patterns of g-TiFC, h-TiFC and hf-TiFC
표 Cs removal % and Kd values for hf-TiFC, h-TiFC, g-TiFC, CST and CHA at various molar ratios of Na+ to Cs+. (The initial Cs concentration was 788.4 ppb, and the ratio between the mass of adsorbent and the volume of Cs solution was fixed at m/V = 1 g/L)
표 Cs removal % and Kd values for hf-TiFC, h-TiFC, g-TiFC, CST and CHA at various molar ratios of K+ to Cs+. (The initial Cs concentration was 788.4 ppb, and the ratio between the mass of adsorbent and the volume of Cs solution was fixed at m/V = 1 g/L)
표 Cs and K concentrations before and after adsorption of Cs from water using g-TiFC, h-TiFC, and hf-TiFC
표 Removal of 137Cs from simulated seawater or acidic radioactive liquid waste by various Cs adsorbents (Ao: initial activity; Af: final activity after treatment)
표 The weight ratio of hf-TiFC, NaX, and Alginate for the fabrication of Ca-Alginate beads containing NaX and hf-TiFC
표 Schematic synthetic procedure for Ca-Alginate beads containing NaX and hf-TiFC for the Cs and Sr removal from water
표 FT-IR spectrum of Ca-Alginate bead without hf-TiFC and NaX and with various weight ratio of hf-TiFC and NaX
표 SEM image of Ca-Alginate bead containg hf-TiFC and NaX with the weight ratio of 2 for hf-TiFC : 2 for NaX : 1 for Algiante
표 SEM image of Ca-Alginate bead containg hf-TiFC and NaX with the weight ratio of 2 for hf-TiFC :　2 for NaX : 1 for Algiante
표 the weight % of Al, Si and Fe in various beads containing Alginate, hf-TiFC and NaX
표 Leaching of Al (zeolite) and Ti (hf-TiFC) after suspending Alginate bead containing hf-TiFC and NaX for different incubation times in groundwater condition
표 Cs and Sr removal % using Alg bead-3 from water containing (a) single component of Cs or Sr (b) multi-component of Cs and Sr
표 Cs and Sr removal % using Alg bead-3 from groundwater containing Cs and Sr
표 Synthesis of zeolites encapsulating sulfur for enhanced ion-exchanged selectivity towards Cs+
$X-ray diffraction patterns of CHA, S-CHA, and a physical mixture of CHA and elemental sulfur (10 wt % sulfur). Arrows indicate the peaks corresponding to elemental sulfur$ 표 X-ray diffraction patterns of CHA, S-CHA, and a physical mixture of CHA and elemental sulfur (10 wt % sulfur). Arrows indicate the peaks corresponding to elemental sulfur
$X-ray diffraction patterns of (a) NaA/S-NaA, (b) NaX/S-NaX, and (c) MOR/S-MOR$ 표 X-ray diffraction patterns of (a) NaA/S-NaA, (b) NaX/S-NaX, and (c) MOR/S-MOR
표 Properties of Zeolites and S-Zeolites Containing 10 wt % Sulfur and their Micropore volumes (Vmicro) determined from CO2 adsorption isotherms measured at 273 K based on Dubinin-Asktakhov method
표 HAADF-STEM with EDS elemental mapping of (a) S-NaA (b) S-NaX, (c) S-CHA, and (d) S-MOR
표 Interaction between ionic zeolite surface and highly polarizable sulfur
표 S 2p XPS spectra of elemental sulfur (S8) and S8@zeolite
표 XRD patterns of S-CHA beform and after treatment in water
표 Pseudo-second-order kinetic fitting of zeolite and S-zeolite samples
표 Cs+ ion-exchange isotherms of zeolite and S-zeolite samples. (a) NaA and S-NaA (b) NaX and S-NaX (c) CHA and S-CHA (d) MOR and S-MOR
표 Pseudo-second-order kinetics of the Cs+ ion-exchange of zeolites and S-zeolite samples
표 Langmuir fitting results of the Cs+ ion-exchange isotherms of zeolites and S-zeolite samples
표 Cs+ removal (%) and distribution coefficient (Kd) of 1 ppm of Cs+ by zeolites and S-zeolite composites in the presence of Na+ as competing cations. (a), (b) NaA and S-NaA (c), (d) NaX and S-NaX (e), (f) CHA and S-CHA (g), (h) MOR and S-MOR
표 Cs+ removal (%) and distribution coefficient (Kd) of 1 ppm of Cs+ by zeolites and S-zeolite composites in the presence of Ca2+ as competing cations. (a), (b) NaA and S-NaA (c), (d) NaX and S-NaX (e), (f) CHA and S-CHA (g), (h) MOR and S-MOR
표 (a) Cs 3d XPS spectra of the CHA and S-CHA samples after full Cs+ exchange. (b) Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) data of the S-CHA before (Na+-form) and after full Cs+ exchange (Cs+- form)
표 (a) Cs+ and (b) Sr2+ distribution coefficients (Kd, bars) and removal (%, numbers above bars) of zeolite and S-zeolite samples in a simulated groundwater solution
표 Pseudo-second-order fitting results of the Cs+ and Sr2+ ion-exchange isotherms of CHA, 5S-CHA and 10S-CHA
$X-ray diffraction patterns of CHA, 5S-CHA (5 wt % sulfur), 10S-CHA (10 wt % sulfur)$ 표 X-ray diffraction patterns of CHA, 5S-CHA (5 wt % sulfur), 10S-CHA (10 wt % sulfur)
표 HAADF-STEM with EDS elemental mapping of (a) 5S-CHA and (b) 10S-CHA
표 (a) Cs and (b) Sr adsorption kinetic data of CHA, 5S-CHA, and 10S-CHA (the initial Cs and Sr concentration were 86 ppm and 98 ppm, respectively)
표 Langmuir Fitting Results of the Cs+ and Sr2+ Ion-Exchange Isotherms of CHA, 5S-CHA and 10S-CHA
표 (a) Cs+ and (b) Sr2+ ion-exchange isotherms of CHA, 5S-CHA, and 10S-CHA
표 (a) Cs+ removal (%) and (b) distribution coefficient (Kd) of 1 ppm of Cs+ by CHA, 5S-CHA, and 10S-CHA at various molar ratios of K+ to Cs+ up to 2000 and (c) Sr2+ removal (%) and (b) distribution coefficient (Kd) of 1 ppm of Sr2+ by CHA, 5S-CHA, and 10S-CHA at various molar ratios of Ca2+ to Sr2+ up to 2000
표 Simultaneous removal of Cs+ and Sr2+ (numbers above bars the removal percentages) by CHA, 5S-CHA, and 10S-CHA in a simulated groundwater with 1 a m/V ratio
표 Mass synthesis of TiO2 (left) TEM image of the particle morphology (right)
표 (a) Mass synthesized TiO2-Ferrocyanide (b) SEM/TEM image of the flower-like particles
표 Bead synthesis system (left) synthesized bead series (right)
표 SEM image of bead series; (a, b) bare-bead (c, d) NaA zeolite bead (e, f) TiO2 ferrocyanide bead (g, h) NaA zeolite + TiO2 ferrocyanide bead
표 SEM-EDS analysis on the NaA zeolite + TiO2 ferrocyanide bead
표 Mass profile of the bead series along with the heat temperature
표 Cs/Sr removal efficiencies of the 4% bead series (S/L=0.1g/L)
표 Cs removal efficiencies of the bead depending on the TiO2-ferrocyanide content (groundwater condition)
표 Sr removal efficiencies of the bead depending on the NaA zeolite content (groundwater condition)
표 Sr removal efficiencies of the Na+ treated zeolite beads (groundwater condition)
표 Mass synthesis system of the Tifc-zeolite bead (left) a large quantity of the synthesized bead (right)
표 Simultaneous removal of Cs/Sr by Tifc-zeolite bead (groundwater condition)
표 A schematic of pump-and-treat system
표 Groundwater pumping wells and treatment facility
표 Example of a pump-and-treat system with two extraction wells
표 Cross-reference table for treatment technologies and radionuclides
표 Carbon adsorption diagram
표 Micro-filtration diagram
표 Ion exchange diagram
표 Chemical precipitation diagram
표 Conceptual treatment diagram for a P&T system using air-stripping and optional GAC polishing treatment
표 Common treatment train unit processes1 and sequence (modified from US EPA, 1996)
표 Sequence of groundwater treatment train unit processes and applicable technologies
표 Conceptual flowsheet for the treatment of contaminated groundwater in P&T system
표 Column experimental system to remove Cs/Sr(aq) by the Tifc-zeolite bead
표 CSTR experimental system to remove Cs/Sr(aq) by the Tifc-zeolite bead
표 Cs/Sr(aq) removal kinetic by the Tifc-zeolite bead
표 Cs/Sr concentration in the effluent with respect to the treated groundwater volume
표 List of historical leaks and spills of tritiated water at U.S. commercial nuclear power plants (U.S. NRC 2017)
표 Tritiated water handling scenarios analyzed by tritiated water task force in Japan
표 Assessment results for tritiated water management seniors conducted by tritiated water task force in Japan. Required (a) cost and (b) duration for management of tritiated water (4.2 MBq/L)
표 (a) FTIR spectrum of H2O/D2O mixture. (b) Vibrational motion when absorbing infrared rays of H2O,D2O and HDO
표 Relationship between the amount of D2O mixed with H2O and the amount of HDO obtained through the equation at equilibrium (in theoretical)
표 (a) Correlation between [H2O]eq/[D2O]eq in bending motion and [D2O]ini at equilibrium (in experimental), (b) correlation between [H2O]eq/[HDO]eq in bending motion and [D2O]ini at equilibrium (in experimental)
표 (a) Spectrum of HTO obtained from liquid scintillation counter and (b) figure of merit values of samples with different cocktail solution : HTO : DI water ratios obtained from various window ranges
표 Correlations between TDCR and efficiency (ɛ) values at various counting windows
표 Process of H2O/D2O mixture (50:50) batch test and H2O/D2O mixture (50:50) control test
표 Properties of synthesized hydrogels using acrylic acid (AA), itaconic acid (IA) and t-aconotic acid (TAA) monomers, and changes in H2O content of H2O/D2O mixture (50:50) after incubation with the carboxylated hydrogels
표 Monomers for synthesis of carboxylated hydrogels. (b) Correlation between a number of effective carboxylate groups in hydrogels and a reduced amount of D2O from the mixture of H2O/D2O (50:50) after reactions with the hydrogels
표 (a) Synthesis of porous carboxylated hydrogels by high internal phase emulsion method. (b) Synthesis of porous carboxylated hydrogels by emulsion polymerization
표 SEM images of PAA hydrogel (a) porous type (b) microbead type
표 H2O content in H2O/D2O mixture (50:50) after incubation with the hydrogels according to structure of hydrogel
표 Effect of (a) Pd content and cross-linking density of polyacrylate hydrogels and (b) concentration of Pd/polyacrylate hydrogels (Pd 2%, 10 cross-liking) on reduction of radioactivity of tritiated water (150 kBq/L or 15 kBq/L)
표 SEM images of PAA-Pd hydrogels according to contents of Pd (a) 0.5 wt% (b) 1.0 wt% (c ) 2.0 wt%
표 H2O content in H2O/D2O mixture (50:50) after incubation with the hydrogels according to contents of Pd
표 Stimulated evaporation of water by black membrane
표 Evaporation of distilled water under solar simulator (5 sun) in the presence or absence of sunlight absorbing black membrane and consequent changes of deuterium content
표 Schematic procedure for surface decontamination using the PB/PVA-borate hydrogel
표 Digital images of the (a) PVA-borate complex with 1.5 wt% borax and 3 wt% PVA, (b) PVA-borate hydrogel with 1.5 wt% borax and 4 wt% PVA without PB and (c) with PB
표 Frequency sweep curves of the (a) PVA-borate hydrogel formed using 1.5 wt% borax and various wt% PVA solutions, (b) PVA-borate hydrogel formed using 4 wt% of PVA and various wt% borax solutions, and (c) PVA-borate/PB hydrogel formed by using 4 wt% PVA, 2 wt% borax and a 0.1 or 0.2 wt% PB solution
표 A Storage, loss modulus, and complex viscosity values of various PVA-borate hydrogels containing 0.1 M NH4Cl with or without PB
표 (a) size distribution of the commercial PB in water, (b) FTIR spectra of the PVA-borate complex without PB (black) and with PB (blue)
표 Digital images showing the surface decontamination procedure on a paint surface using the strippable PVA-borate hydrogel containing PB
표 Removal performance of the PVA-borate hydrogel containing PB on 137Cs-contaminated surfaces
표 Removal performance of control and various PVA-borate coating on 137Cs-contaminated surfaces of painted cement, aluminum, and stainless steel (A0 is the initial radioactivity (counts per minute, cpm) before decontamination, and Af is the final radioactivity (counts per minute, cpm) after decontamination
표 Comparison of the removal performance of commercial strippable coating and our PVA-borate coatings on 137Cs-contaminated surfaces of painted cement, aluminum, stainless steel, and cements
표 (left) an aqueous solution of PVA, borax, and PB after dissociation of the PVA-borate complex in water and (right) the treated solution of PVA, borax and PB after fitration of PB using syringe filter
표 (a) schematic procedure of Integrated Wash-Aid, Treatment, and Emergency Reuse System (IWATERS) from EPA, (b) schematic procedure of the surface decontamination using PVA-borax/adsorbent based spray coating and their recover process using flood barriers and filtration systems
표 viscosity of spray coating generated by mixing solution 1 containing 5 wt% PVA and solution 2 containing various wt% borax
표 viscosity change of spray coating containing various adsorbent such as PB, zeolite and bentonite
표 Frequency sweep curves of spray coating (a) without adsorbent containing various adsorbent such as (b) PB, (c) zeolite and (d) bentonite
표 A Storage, loss modulus, and complex viscosity values of various spray coating without adsorbent, or containing various adsorbent such as PB, zeolite and bentonite
표 Digital images of spray coating before and after addition of water with various weight ratio of coating to water from 1 : 0 to 1 : 10
표 Viscosity change of the spray coating (2 g) after addition of various amount of water
표 Removal performance of control and various PVA-borate/adsorbent spray coating on 137Cs-contaminated surfaces of painted cement and cement (A0 is the initial radioactivity (counts per minute, cpm) before decontamination, and Af is the final radioactivity (counts per minute, cpm) after decontamination
표 Digital images showing the surface decontamination procedure on a paint surface using the PVA-borate/adsorbent spray coating gel containing PB
표 Recovery of borax from mixture containing PVA, borax and PB using a ultrafiltration process
표 Recovery % of borax from mixture containing PVA, borax and various adsorbent using a ultrafiltration process
표 the synthetic route of phenyl boron conjugated poly(methyl vinyl ether-alt-maleic anhydride)
표 ¹H NMR (D2O) spectrum of PVMMA-PBA
표 FTIR spectra of poly(methyl vinyl ether-alt-maleic anhydride) and phenyl boron conjugated poly(methyl vinyl ether-alt-maleic anhydride)
표 Schematic of the surface decontamination procedure using the PMVMA-PBA/PVA hydrogel containing a magnetic adsorbent
표 Schematic formation of PMVMA-PBA/PVA hydrogel containing S-zeolite generated by PVA-phenyl borate cross-linking
표 Digital images of the mixture of two aqueous solutions of PMVMA-PBA and (a) 4 wt%, (b) 6 wt%, or (c) 8 wt% of PVA with various weight ratio of PVA to PMVMA-PBA from 40 : 1 to 5 : 1
표 Viscosity of aqueous solution containing various wt% of PVA (Mw :146000 ~ 186000)
표 Digital images of the mixture of two aqueous solutions of PMVMA-PBA and 6 wt% of PVA with various weight ratio of PVA to PMVMA-PBA from 10 : 1 to 5 : 1
표 Frequency sweep curves of the mixture of two aqueous solutions of PMVMA-PBA and 6 wt% of PVA with various weight ratio of PVA to PMVMA-PBA from (a) 10 : 1, (b) 8 : 1, (c) 6 : 1, (d) 5 : 1, (e) 4 : 1
표 Storage, loss modulus, and complex viscosity values of mixture of two aqueous solutions of 6 wt% of PVA and various wt% of PMVMA-PBA
표 Digital images of PMVMA-PBA/PVA/S-zeolite hydrogel containing different weight ratio of PVA to S-zeolite from 0 to 5 : 1
표 Storage, loss modulus, and complex viscosity values of mixture of two aqueous solutions of 6 wt% of PVA and 1.2 wt% of PMVMA-PBA containg various weight ratio of PVA to S-zeolite
표 Frequency sweep curves of the mixture of two aqueous solutions of 6 wt% of PVA and 1.2 wt% of PMVMA-PBA containing various weight ratio of PVA to S-zeolite from (a) 50 :1, (b) 20 : 1, (c) 10 : 1, and (b) 5 : 1
표 Removal performance of controls and various PMVMA-PBA based coating on 137Cs-contaminated surfaces of painted cement and cement (A0 is the initial radioactivity (counts per minute, cpm) before decontamination, and Af is the final radioactivity (counts per minute, cpm) after decontamination
표 Experiment for spray system (Reactor E-8p, Graco)
표 Experimental results special spray system with PVA (2.5 wt%)-borax (1.5 wt%) complex based coating at (a)0, (b)10, (c)20 sec, and (d) removal of generated hydrogel on the surface
표 Experimental results special spray system with PVA (2.5 wt%)-borax (0.5 wt%) complex based coating containg 0.2 wt% PB on the Al surface (a) before coating, (b) during coating, (c) after 1h coating, and (d) after rinsing with water to remove the coating
표 Experimental results special spray system with PVA (2.5 wt%)-borax (0.5 wt%) complex based coating containg 0.2 wt% PB on the SUS surface (a) before coating, (b) during coating, (c) after 1h coating, and (d) after rinsing with water to remove the coating
표 Experimental results special spray system with PVA (2.5 wt%)-borax (0.5 wt%) complex based coating containg 0.2 wt% PB on the concrete surface (a) before coating, (b) during coating, (c) after 1h coating, and (d) after rinsing with water to remove the coating
표 Experimental results special spray system with PVA (2.5 wt%)-borax (0.5 wt%) complex based coating containg 0.2 wt% PB on the paint surface (a) before coating, (b) during coating, (c) after 1h coating, and (d) after rinsing with water to remove the coating

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