[보고서]시간대 기반 활성단층의 단층면 방향성 분석

송윤구

보고서 정보

주관연구기관

연세대학교
Yonsei University

연구책임자

송윤구

보고서유형

최종보고서

발행국가

대한민국

언어

한국어

발행년월

2021-03

과제시작연도

2020

주관부처

기상청
Korea Meteorological Administration(KMA)

연구관리전문기관

한국기상산업기술원
The Korea Meterological Institute

등록번호

TRKO202200010071

과제고유번호

1365003159

사업명

기상·지진See-At기술개발연구(R&D)

DB 구축일자

2022-10-06

키워드

단층활동.단층운동감각.K-Ar 연대측정.활성단층.3D-SPO(shape preferred orientation).Fault activation.Fault moving sense.K-Ar age dating.Active fault.

DOI

https://doi.org/10.23000/TRKO202200010071

표 Schematics of the purpose of the project
표 3D-CT image of fault rock by using BMI-6C beam line in the Pohang Accelerator Laboratory
표 Systematic diagram of fault rock with grains and matrix with Riedel shear model
표 Rose diagrams showing SPO of gouges and breccias. The circles represent 10% of data in all rose diagrams. Rose diagrams were created with R.W. Allmendinger
표 (a) Arrangement of grain preferred orientation and direction of shear according to the Riedel shear model in outcrop (2-D plane). (b) Schematic diagram showing the arrangement of grains viewed in 3D with apparent planes observed in the outcrop. SPO can be expressed as the sum of each direction vector on the 3D
표 Flow chart showing the entire process of the newly developed 3D-shape preferred orientation (SPO) method to determine the fault motion sense. The method involves seven steps with from oriented sampling for SPO determination
표 Schematic diagram of sampling and computational tomography (CT) imaging. (a) Photo of sampling site, oriented sampling process from the fault gouge in the fault zone, BK-1 sample, and sample cut to suitable size. (b) Schematic diagram showing the process of acquiring a 3D image of a sample from the 6C -CT beamline at the Pohang Accelerator Laboratory
표 Diagram of image filtering process, binarization, and sorting. (a) 3D -CT image of the whole measured BK-1 sample. (b) Magnified CT image of BK-1 sample without any image processing. (c) After the filtering process, the noise inside the matrix or grain is mostly denoised, and the irregular noises at the grain and matrix boundaries are also smoothed. (d) The binarization process is used to distinguish grains in the image. (e) Small size grains are removed during the sorting process. To distinguish by grain size, the grains in the image that are less than 100, 300, 500, and 1000 px in volume were removed from image
표 Diagram of ellipsoid fitting process. (a) All grains in theMATLAB calculation were recognized as individual objects, maintaining their size and shape. (b) After the fitting is automatically applied, each grain is converted into an ellipsoid, from which the length and the direction can be obtained by measuring the length (a, b, c) of principle axes (x, y, z) and the orientation of the longest axis (z-axis). x, y, and z are the axes of ellipsoid with vector components, and a, b, and c are the lengths of each axis
표 (a) The diagram shows the relationship between the fault plane and the SPO of grains plotted on stereo-net. The fault motion sense depends on the relative position of the SPO to the fault plane. (b) SPO measurement results for a gouge sample. Each SPO data of major, middle, and minor axis are shown as red, blue, and green, respectively. For fault plane N45°E 85°SE, the densest point of SPO of major axis is directed from 028→24. Most of the grains examined had a size of less than 15 m
표 Measurement examples after ellipsoid fitting for 3D μ-CT images of the fault gouge sample
표 SDI examples with γ-values ranging from 10 to 50 for the 3D-SPO results of the fault gouge were presented as the total data, the grain size, volume, and aspect ratio
$Contour plots showing the results of SPO measurements for the dierent size fractions of 15 m (d) and for the dierent volume of 10,000 (h) and for the dierent aspect ratios of 3 (l) The red line indicates the fault plane N45°E 85°SE$ 표 Contour plots showing the results of SPO measurements for the dierent size fractions of 15 m (d) and for the dierent volume of 10,000 (h) and for the dierent aspect ratios of 3 (l) The red line indicates the fault plane N45°E 85°SE
표 (a) Geological map of the southeastern part of Korea Peninsular (modified from the Korean Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources (KIGAM) geological map 1:1,000,000 [30]). Samples were obtained from the NNE-SSW striking Yangsan fault zone and NNW-SSE striking Ulsan fault zone; (b) Results of stress inversions using the misfit angle method (modified from Soh et al., 2018); (c) Map of the Southeastern Korean Peninsula showing the recent earthquake focal mechanisms (modified from Soh et al., 2018)
표 Information about the outcrops from which each sample was obtained. The types of fault rock and host rock, orientation of the fault plane, and orientation of the fault slip inferred from field observations are described
표 Photos of outcrops from which samples were taken. (a-d) Four samples (Ulsan fault site (KJTR)-1, -2, -3, -4) were collected from the trench outcrops shown at the KJTR site. The fault plane is represented by solid lines and the foliation observed in the surrounding rock and distinct layer boundaries observable in the field are represented by dotted lines; (e,f) Two samples (Yangsan fault site (YH)-1 and -2) were obtained from the fault zone at the YH site. Fault traces are shown as solid lines, and the bedrock-soil interface as dashed lines
표 Schematic diagram of the shape preferred orientation (SPO) measurements. (a) Schematic diagram showing the fault slip by separating it into strike- and dip-direction vectors; (b) The orientations of grains included in the sample obtained through coring are measured through three-dimensional computed tomography (3D-CT) images; (c) SPO data representing grain orientations and fault planes are projected onto the stereonet to infer the direction of fault motion (Vfm). Vss, vector of strike-slip; Vds, vector of dip-slip; Vfm, vector of fault motion; and VSPO, vector of densest point of SPO
표 Synchrotron CT image of fault rock samples. After the image filtering process, the temperature type filter was used, adjusting the filter value so that the grains inside the fault rock could be easily seen. (a) KJTR-1 (cataclasite) and (b) KJTR-3 (fault gouge), from the Ulsan fault; (c) YH-1 (fault gouge) and (d) YH-3 (cataclasite), corresponding to the Yangsan fault, show different textures
표 2D images of a cross-section taken from the CT images (Figure 2-11) of each sample. (a) KJTR-1; (b) KJTR-3; (c) YH-1; (d) YH-2
표 SPO measurements of KJTR samples (KJTR-1, (a); KJTR-2, (b); KJTR-3, (c); KJTR-4, (d)) shown in stereoplots (lower-hemisphere, equal-area projection). Major axes are shown in red, intermediate axes in blue, and minor axes in green. For all axes, the dip azimuth, dip angle, and SPO distribution index (SDI20) values are given. Histograms show the distribution of grain sizes and aspect ratios. The number of grains analyzed, N, is given at the bottom
표 SPO measurements ofYH samples (YH-1, (a); YH-2, (b); YH-3, (c)) shown in lower-hemisphere stereoplots (lower-hemisphere, equal-area projection). Major axes are shown in red, intermediate axes in blue, and minor axes in green. For all axes, the dip azimuth, dip angle, and SDI20 values are given. Histograms show the distribution of grain sizes and aspect ratios. The number of grains analyzed, N, is given at the bottom
표 Densest point and fault motion direction, which is expressed by plunge and trend form, estimated fault type, and rake value. Frequency of a given grain size and aspect ratio for all target grains examined for SPO and SDI values for each sample are also provided. SDI examples with –values ranging from 10 to 50 for the 3D-SPO results of the fault gouge are presented for the KJTR-1, -2, -3, and -4 and YH-1, -2, and -3 samples
표 Results showing the distribution of actual values of grain size (c) and aspect ratio (c/a) of grains to be investigated. (a) The grain size was divided into sections of < 7.2μm, 7.2~9.6μm, 9.6~12μm, 12~14.4μm, and 14.4 < μm, and (b) the aspect ratio was divided into sections of < 1.5, 1.5~2, 2~3, 3~4 and 4 < . The y-axis value represents the normalized frequency of the corresponding grains for each section. The solid black and dotted lines show the results of the YH site sample, and the solid green and orange lines and the dotted lines show the results of the KJTR site sample
표 Results showing the distribution of values of (a) anisotropy (1-c/a), (b) elongation (b/a), and (c) flatness (c/b) of the grains subject to investigation. All values were divided into five sections: < 0.2, 0.2~0.4, 0.4~0.6, 0.6~0.8, and 0.8 < , and the y-axis value represents the normalized frequency of the corresponding grains for each section. The solid black and dotted lines show the results of the YH site sample, and the solid green and orange lines and the dotted lines show the results of the KJTR site sample
표 Stereograms showing the SPO result of KJTR-2 (a), -3 (b), and -4 (c), and YH-1 (d) and –3 (e) samples analyzed by their focal mechanism (lower-hemisphere, equal-area projection). The direction in which the tensile strain works is colored blue. All samples except the YH-1 sample shows a sinistral type strike slip fault. T, tensile strain and C, compressive strain
표 Summary of the age-dating results for the faults occurred in the Gyeongsang basin. Geological map is modified from the map of KIGAM(1:1,000,000). The age-dating results collected from 1. KIGAM (2018), 2. Song et al.(2016), and 3. Sim et al.(2017). 4 is the sampling sites of this study. Blue color data are K-Ar age-dating results, red ones are ESR age results, and green ones are OSL age results
표 (A) Geological map of Southeastern part of Korean peninsula. Large-scale fault zone with the main trend of NNE-SSW is distributed, and the largest Yangsan fault can be identified (modified from Song et al. (2019) (B) Geological map of Yeonghae area. The Yangsan fault in the Yeonghae region, at the northernmost area, bordered the Cretaceous Ocheondong formation to the west and the Paleoproterozoic biotite gneiss to the east (modified from KIGAM, 2020)
표 (A) Route map of study area with sampling sites. Red, green, and blue zones indicate fault gouge, cataclasite, fault damage zone, respectively. Outcrop feature of study area(B,C,D). Photographs showing fault gouge (B) from sector 1, cataclasite (C) from sector 3, and fault damage zone (D) between sector 1 and 2
표 Bulk XRD results of the representative fault gouges collected from some major faults in the Gyeongsang basin. Abbreviation: sm; smectite, qz: quartz, il; illite, kf; Kfeldspar, IS; illite-smectite interstratification, chl; chlorite, pl; plagioclase, lmn; laumontite, kal; kaolinite, pal; palygorskite, 1M; 1M polytype illite, 2M1 2M1 polytype illite
$Bulk XRD results of the representative fault gouges for size fraction, collected from some major faults in the Gyeongsang basin. Abbreviations are the same as those in Figure 2-21$ 표 Bulk XRD results of the representative fault gouges for size fraction, collected from some major faults in the Gyeongsang basin. Abbreviations are the same as those in Figure 2-21
$Random-oriented micro-focused XRD results for the less than 0.1 μm fraction of the fault gouges, collected from some major faults in the Gyeongsang basin. Na-sm indicates Na-saturated smectite. Other abbreviations are the same as those in Figure 2-21$ 표 Random-oriented micro-focused XRD results for the less than 0.1 μm fraction of the fault gouges, collected from some major faults in the Gyeongsang basin. Na-sm indicates Na-saturated smectite. Other abbreviations are the same as those in Figure 2-21
$K-Ar age-dating results for the bulk and the less than 0.1 μm size fraction of the fault gouges, collected from some major faults in the Gyeongsang basin$ 표 K-Ar age-dating results for the bulk and the less than 0.1 μm size fraction of the fault gouges, collected from some major faults in the Gyeongsang basin
$X-ray diffraction results for the bulk samples of some representative fault gouges and cataclasites from the Yeonghae area. Representative XRD patterns for fault gouge(A) and cataclasite (B), (C), (D) from the Yeonghae area. Abbreviation: Qz; quartz, Chl; chlorite, Il; illite, Do; dolomite, Pl; plagioclase, Cc; calcite, Mt; magnetite, Hm; hematite$ 표 X-ray diffraction results for the bulk samples of some representative fault gouges and cataclasites from the Yeonghae area. Representative XRD patterns for fault gouge(A) and cataclasite (B), (C), (D) from the Yeonghae area. Abbreviation: Qz; quartz, Chl; chlorite, Il; illite, Do; dolomite, Pl; plagioclase, Cc; calcite, Mt; magnetite, Hm; hematite
$Random-mounted X-ray diffraction results for some size fraction samples of a representative fault gouge (SN-10) from the Yeonghae area using Micro-focused XRD. Abbreviation: chl; chlorite, Tri-mica; trioctahedral mica, Di-mica; dioctahedral mica$ 표 Random-mounted X-ray diffraction results for some size fraction samples of a representative fault gouge (SN-10) from the Yeonghae area using Micro-focused XRD. Abbreviation: chl; chlorite, Tri-mica; trioctahedral mica, Di-mica; dioctahedral mica
$Oriented mount X-ray diffraction patterns between 2~60° 2θ (Cu-Kα) for < 0.1μm fraction samples of a representative fault gouge (SN-02)(A) and cataclasite (SN-06)(B) from the Yeonghae area$ 표 Oriented mount X-ray diffraction patterns between 2~60° 2θ (Cu-Kα) for < 0.1μm fraction samples of a representative fault gouge (SN-02)(A) and cataclasite (SN-06)(B) from the Yeonghae area
$Representative random-oriented X-ray diffraction patterns, between 2~60° 2θ (Cu-Kα) for <0.1μm fraction samples of a representative fault gouge (SN-02)(A) and cataclasite (SN-06)(B) from the Yeonghae area$ 표 Representative random-oriented X-ray diffraction patterns, between 2~60° 2θ (Cu-Kα) for <0.1μm fraction samples of a representative fault gouge (SN-02)(A) and cataclasite (SN-06)(B) from the Yeonghae area
$K-Ar age-dating results for the size fractions of the fault gouges, collected from BK site in the Gyeongsang basin$ 표 K-Ar age-dating results for the size fractions of the fault gouges, collected from BK site in the Gyeongsang basin
$The K-Ar age dating results for < 0.1μm size fractions of the fault clay in the SN site$ 표 The K-Ar age dating results for < 0.1μm size fractions of the fault clay in the SN site
표 K-Ar age dating results for the sampling sites with route map. Age data of sample ⑥ in sector 2 is oldest (75.1Ma) and that of samples tends to be younger to both sides(east and west)
표 Summary of the K-Ar age-dating results determined by this study and some previous studies for the major faults occurred in the Gyeongsang basin. Geological map is modified from the map of KIGAM(1:1,000,000). The K-Ar age-dating results collected from 1. Song et al.(2016) and 2. Sim et al.(2017)
표 Summary of chronological records and the East Asia plate tectonic history
표 Summary of the K-Ar age-dating results for the Yangsan fault. Geological map is modified from Song et al. (2019). The age-dating results collected from 1. KIGAM(2018), 2. Song et al. (2016), 3. Sim et al. (2017), and 4. Song et al.(2019). Blue color data are <0.1μm results, red ones are K-Ar IAA method

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