이 論文은 韓國語에서 찾아볼 수 없는 英語 關係代名詞의 用法을 傳統文法을 바탕으로 하여 記述하고, 지금까지 公式化된 變形文法의 理論을 근거로 하여 關係節과 同格節의 차이점 등을 比較, 說明하며, 형태상으로 유사한 同格節과 關係節의 "that"을 區別하는 方法, 關係節의 移動規則制約, 그리고 關係節縮約規則과 관친된 深層을 分析, 硏究한 것이다. 社會言語學的(Social linguistic)인 側面에서 英語 關係代名詞을 通時的으로 硏究하여 본 결과, 時代의 변천에 따라 關係代名詞의 변천과정이 있었음을 알 수 있다. 古代英譜(Old English)에서는 오늘날과 같은 關係代名詞는 존재하지 않았으며, 다만 "...
이 論文은 韓國語에서 찾아볼 수 없는 英語 關係代名詞의 用法을 傳統文法을 바탕으로 하여 記述하고, 지금까지 公式化된 變形文法의 理論을 근거로 하여 關係節과 同格節의 차이점 등을 比較, 說明하며, 형태상으로 유사한 同格節과 關係節의 "that"을 區別하는 方法, 關係節의 移動規則制約, 그리고 關係節縮約規則과 관친된 深層을 分析, 硏究한 것이다. 社會言語學的(Social linguistic)인 側面에서 英語 關係代名詞을 通時的으로 硏究하여 본 결과, 時代의 변천에 따라 關係代名詞의 변천과정이 있었음을 알 수 있다. 古代英譜(Old English)에서는 오늘날과 같은 關係代名詞는 존재하지 않았으며, 다만 "pe"라고 하는 不藝化形과 指示代名詞인 "se", "seo", 그리고 "paet "등이 이 "pe"와 결합하여 關係代名詞의 역할을 하였다. 그러므로 현재의 "that", "who", "which", "wtat" 등은 中世英語(Middle English)時代 이후에 비로소 關係代名詞로 使用되었음을 알 수 있다. 두 문장을 하나의 문장으로 연결시키는 機能을 갖는 英語 關係詞構文을 정확하게 파악하고 이해하는 것이 쉬운 일은 아니다. 따라서 關係詞 중에서 關係代名詞를 터득하고 活用한다는 것은 英語의 文脈(context)을 이해하는데 커다란 도움이 된다. 그러나 한 문장속에 關係詞가 여러 차례 삽입되어 있다면 讀者(readers)로 하여금 그 문장을 이해하는데 어려움을 겪게 한다. 한편, 關係代名詞를 分類하는 방법은 학자에 따라 다소 그 用語가 다르기는 하지만 그것이 의미하는 바는 대체로 유사하였으며, 關係代名詞 用法은 제IV장에서 자세히 記述한 바 있다. 本 論文에서 가장 중점적으로 硏究할 가치가 있다고 생각되는 關係節과 同格飾의 比較와 그 차이점 그러고 關係節에 관한 漂*거을 硏究한 결과 다음과 같은 결론을 얻을 수 있다. 節(clause)을 이끌어 문장 수식어(Modifier)의 역할을 하며, 앞서 나온 名詞등을 그 先行詞(antecedent)로 받는 代名詞的 機能을 한다고 볼 수 있는 關係代崙詞 중에서 특히 형태상으로 유사한 關係節을 이끄는 "that"과 同格名詞節을 이끄는 援續詞 "that "을 意味的으로 區別하는 것이 쉬운 일이 아니다. 그러나 "that"의 구분은 분명한 統辭的 혹은 意味的 차이가 있음을 알 수 있다. 즉, 關係節은 아래 例文(a)처럼 補文素민 "that", Wh-word인 "who"혹은 "which"에 의해서 유도되는 반면에, 同格名詞節의 경우는 아래 例文(b)처럼 Wh-word가 아닌 補文素에 의해서만 유도되기 때문이다. (1) (a) the claim that:(which) you made (Relative Clause) (b) the claim that (*which) you made a mistake(Noun Complement Clause) 더우기 아래 문장에서 "that "의 구분은 더욱 애매하다. (2) I have instructions that I should leave. 그러나 音韻論的(phonological) 見地에서 검토하여 볼 때, 이 양자간의 차이는 音調(intonation)와 强勢(stress)에 의해서 분명해 진다. 즉, 위 문장 (2)에서 "that"은 두 가지로 해석하여 반면 쉽게 區別 할 수 일다. 만약 "instructions"가 stress를 받으면 위의 "that"은 關係節을 유도한다고 할 수 있는 반면에, "leave"가 stress를 받으면 위의 "that"은 同格節을 유도하는 것이다. 關係節의 移動混則 중에서 關係節로부터 어떠한 要素(elements)도 이끌어 낼 수 없다는 移動脚約規則의 적절함을 알 수 있었다. 즉, 關係節 안에 있는 WH-移勳, 主題化 변형, THOUCH-移勳, V-前置 그리고 ADVERB-前置등이 關係節의 成分으로 있을 경우 이들의 移動이 不可能한 것이다. 關係節縮約規則이 관련하여 關係代名詞, tense, 그리고 be 動詞를 임의적(optional)으로 생략할 수 있는 規則을 設定하여 본 결과 現在分詞句, 過去分詞句, 副詞句, 同格名詞句, 그리고 形容語句등의 縮約된 형태를 생각할 수 있었다. 그러나 한 가지 주의할 것은 아래와 같은 문장에서 "WH-is Deletion"을 適用시키면 非文法的 文章이 生成 된다.(3) (a) *I saw a man a chemist. (b) *Eisenhower, president, failed. "Adjective Preposing" 혹은 "Modifier Shifit" 변형과 관련하여 아래와 같은 NP(b)를 피하기 위해 이 Modifiee shift를 적용시켜야만 NP(c)가 生成되는 것이다. (4) (a) the people who were sick (b) *the people sick (c) the sick people 그러나 아래가 같이 Modifier Shift를 적용시키면 NP(b)와 같은 ungrammatical한 형태가 된다. (5) (a) the people who were sick of violence (b) *the sick of violence people (c) the people sick of violence 關係節縮約變形을 格文法(case grammar)의 見地에서 살펴 본 결과 다음 例文에서 처럼 "who has"를 對象格(Objective) 前置詞 "with"로 대치될 수 있었으며, 前置詞 "with" 앞에 "who is"는 "with"를 삭제하기 전에 먼저 그것이 삭제되어야 한다는 것을 알 수 있었다. (6) (a) the boy who has the red hat (b) the boy with the red hat (c) the boy who with the red hatThe main purpose of this thesis is to describe and analyze the various usager:and functions of the relative pronouns of English in the basis of the theory of tranditional and transformational grammar. In addition, the present writer has tried to make a comparison between a relative clause and a noun complement clause and to analyze some transformational processes of English relative clauses. A relative pronoun is a pronoun used to connect two parts of a sentence, like a conjunction. Accordingly, a relative clause may not only be the source for a pre-and-postnominal modifier, but also a source for nominal expressions. Each chapter in this study deals with the historical origins and impotance of relatives and with the historical uages and differences between relative clauses and noun complement clauses. The results the study are summarized as follows:Every language has always changed according to the changes of the times in the social and linguistic aspects. The English language has been continuously changing over the centuries. The particle pe in Old English was used as a relative pronoun, and then it disappeared in Middle English. The indeclinable that derived from demonstative pronouns se, s대, and p ae t was the most frequently used relative pronouns. Accordingly, that of today came from neutral fat in Old English. Which of today came from hwlic in Old English. What, what in Old English, began to be used as a relative if the early 13th century. Since the middle of the 12th century in the Middle English period, this of se, se, and seo was made into p by the influence of the more numerous forms beginning with p. Who, which, and that were not wed as relative pronouns in Old English. In Eary Middle English, the relative that came to be used, Referring to persons and things. Which in the 15th century came to be used as a relative, mostiy with reference to things but sometimes with a person as antecedent. Who, of the interrogative, indicating persons. From a historical viewpoint, pe in old English vanished and that was used as a relative in Middle English, after that time whose, whom, and who served as relatives onlt after the 16th century. Actually, a number of sentences used in normal speech or writing are too large and infinite to generate. That is, there is no end or limit to the number of sentences. The reason for this is that there Is no longest sentence as follows:(1) (a) I chased the dog (b) �iiiiii�that chased the cat (c) �iiiiiiiiiiiiiiii�hat chased the rat (d) Etc. Therefore, the powers of human thoughts are so great that many a structure in any language, irrespective of its complexity, can be captured infinitely by the syntactic rules of a particular language.. From this T)oint of view, a relative plays an important role in connecting two types of sentences . Knowing the relative proneuns of English trill be of great help to understanding the structures and contexts of English. But if there are many relatives in a sentence, it will be difficult for listeners or readers to mace out the sentence. Almost all the relative pronouns can be used in restrictive or non-restrictive clauses. If a clause is non-restrictive, it is set off by commas . Accordingly, it is non-restrictive clauses are used to add some information about main phrase . The relative pronoun that is never used in non-restrictive clauses. The general meaning of what is "the thing that"; it includes its antecedent . It can be said that relative clauses function as sentence modifiers. That used as a conjunction and a relative pronoun is so ambiguous that more study of it is needed . The functions of that are different form each other, I. e., that as a conjunction introduces noun complement clauses, whereas that as a relative pronoun relative clauses . In fact, the distinctions in that between a relative pronoun and a conjunction seem to be difficult or ambiguous because they appear superficially similar. But there are clear syntactic differences between the two:for example, relative clauses can either be introduced by a complementizer (e.g. that), or a Wh-word like who or which, whereas noun complement clauses are always introduced by a complementizer, never by a Wh-word. (2) (a) the claim that (which) you made (Relative Clause) (b) the claim that (*which) you made a mistake (Noun Complement Clause ) It is also difficult to make a clear distinction between the relative pronoun that and the noun complementize that, for the reason that they have the same form as in " I have instructions that I should leave". But the distinction has been made clear from a study of the system of stress and intonation.That is, instructions is strssed if that intoroduces a relative clause . But that introduces a noun complement clause if Leave is stressed. Additional]y, it has been observed that the rule "no movement rule can extract:constituents out of a relative clause'1 is appropriate in restricting the Wh-movement . The optional transformation delectes a relative pronoun, tense, and be.. Accordingly, the following structures function as adjectivals, since they all modify nouns . 3) He saw a man (who was) walking in the park. 4) The sound waves (which are) transmitted by dolphins in captlvity are also being studied. ( 5) The book (which is) on the table is by Tolstoy. ( 6) The apartment (that is) downstairs is for rent. ( 7) John, (who is) my brother, is visiting me. ( 8) Isaw the people (who were) sick of violence ( 9) The man (who is) to answer the question has arrived. But it is necessary to note that there are the following ungrammatical sentences we delete Wh-is. (10) *l know a man a chemist. (11) *Eisenhower, president, failed. Inorder to apply Relative Clause Transformation, two preconditions are required. One is the existence of "Iden NP"in the two sentences and the other must be a complete sentence not a phrase. With regard to the Modifier Shift Transformation as in the following NPs:(12) (a) the people who are sick (b) *the people sick (c) the sick people (13) (a) the people who were sick of violence (b) *the sick of violence people (c) the people sick of violence The adjective transformation is obligatory to shift the adjective sick to the left of the noun in oder to avoid generating the ungrammatical NP (12, b) . Such an obligatory transformation is called "Adjactive Preposing" or "Modifier Shift". But the application of the Modifier Shift to (13, a) will generate (13, b) which is ungrammatical . A relative clause reduction rule is necessary to simplify Wh-is sentence. (14) (a) the boy who has the red hat (b) the boy with the red hat (c) the boy who is with the red hat Who has in (14. a) is simplified by the rule in terms of case grammar. The objective preposition with replaces who has. Who is in front of the preposition with must be deleted before deleting with. In principle, a relative pronoun has to agree in gender, number, and person with its antecedent. But it is not always the case. We often find cases in which a relative pronoun and its antecedent do not necessarily come to agree. The present writer hopes that this thesis will be of some help to the learners interested in relative pronouns.
이 論文은 韓國語에서 찾아볼 수 없는 英語 關係代名詞의 用法을 傳統文法을 바탕으로 하여 記述하고, 지금까지 公式化된 變形文法의 理論을 근거로 하여 關係節과 同格節의 차이점 등을 比較, 說明하며, 형태상으로 유사한 同格節과 關係節의 "that"을 區別하는 方法, 關係節의 移動規則制約, 그리고 關係節縮約規則과 관친된 深層을 分析, 硏究한 것이다. 社會言語學的(Social linguistic)인 側面에서 英語 關係代名詞을 通時的으로 硏究하여 본 결과, 時代의 변천에 따라 關係代名詞의 변천과정이 있었음을 알 수 있다. 古代英譜(Old English)에서는 오늘날과 같은 關係代名詞는 존재하지 않았으며, 다만 "pe"라고 하는 不藝化形과 指示代名詞인 "se", "seo", 그리고 "paet "등이 이 "pe"와 결합하여 關係代名詞의 역할을 하였다. 그러므로 현재의 "that", "who", "which", "wtat" 등은 中世英語(Middle English)時代 이후에 비로소 關係代名詞로 使用되었음을 알 수 있다. 두 문장을 하나의 문장으로 연결시키는 機能을 갖는 英語 關係詞構文을 정확하게 파악하고 이해하는 것이 쉬운 일은 아니다. 따라서 關係詞 중에서 關係代名詞를 터득하고 活用한다는 것은 英語의 文脈(context)을 이해하는데 커다란 도움이 된다. 그러나 한 문장속에 關係詞가 여러 차례 삽입되어 있다면 讀者(readers)로 하여금 그 문장을 이해하는데 어려움을 겪게 한다. 한편, 關係代名詞를 分類하는 방법은 학자에 따라 다소 그 用語가 다르기는 하지만 그것이 의미하는 바는 대체로 유사하였으며, 關係代名詞 用法은 제IV장에서 자세히 記述한 바 있다. 本 論文에서 가장 중점적으로 硏究할 가치가 있다고 생각되는 關係節과 同格飾의 比較와 그 차이점 그러고 關係節에 관한 漂*거을 硏究한 결과 다음과 같은 결론을 얻을 수 있다. 節(clause)을 이끌어 문장 수식어(Modifier)의 역할을 하며, 앞서 나온 名詞등을 그 先行詞(antecedent)로 받는 代名詞的 機能을 한다고 볼 수 있는 關係代崙詞 중에서 특히 형태상으로 유사한 關係節을 이끄는 "that"과 同格名詞節을 이끄는 援續詞 "that "을 意味的으로 區別하는 것이 쉬운 일이 아니다. 그러나 "that"의 구분은 분명한 統辭的 혹은 意味的 차이가 있음을 알 수 있다. 즉, 關係節은 아래 例文(a)처럼 補文素민 "that", Wh-word인 "who"혹은 "which"에 의해서 유도되는 반면에, 同格名詞節의 경우는 아래 例文(b)처럼 Wh-word가 아닌 補文素에 의해서만 유도되기 때문이다. (1) (a) the claim that:(which) you made (Relative Clause) (b) the claim that (*which) you made a mistake(Noun Complement Clause) 더우기 아래 문장에서 "that "의 구분은 더욱 애매하다. (2) I have instructions that I should leave. 그러나 音韻論的(phonological) 見地에서 검토하여 볼 때, 이 양자간의 차이는 音調(intonation)와 强勢(stress)에 의해서 분명해 진다. 즉, 위 문장 (2)에서 "that"은 두 가지로 해석하여 반면 쉽게 區別 할 수 일다. 만약 "instructions"가 stress를 받으면 위의 "that"은 關係節을 유도한다고 할 수 있는 반면에, "leave"가 stress를 받으면 위의 "that"은 同格節을 유도하는 것이다. 關係節의 移動混則 중에서 關係節로부터 어떠한 要素(elements)도 이끌어 낼 수 없다는 移動脚約規則의 적절함을 알 수 있었다. 즉, 關係節 안에 있는 WH-移勳, 主題化 변형, THOUCH-移勳, V-前置 그리고 ADVERB-前置등이 關係節의 成分으로 있을 경우 이들의 移動이 不可能한 것이다. 關係節縮約規則이 관련하여 關係代名詞, tense, 그리고 be 動詞를 임의적(optional)으로 생략할 수 있는 規則을 設定하여 본 결과 現在分詞句, 過去分詞句, 副詞句, 同格名詞句, 그리고 形容語句등의 縮約된 형태를 생각할 수 있었다. 그러나 한 가지 주의할 것은 아래와 같은 문장에서 "WH-is Deletion"을 適用시키면 非文法的 文章이 生成 된다.(3) (a) *I saw a man a chemist. (b) *Eisenhower, president, failed. "Adjective Preposing" 혹은 "Modifier Shifit" 변형과 관련하여 아래와 같은 NP(b)를 피하기 위해 이 Modifiee shift를 적용시켜야만 NP(c)가 生成되는 것이다. (4) (a) the people who were sick (b) *the people sick (c) the sick people 그러나 아래가 같이 Modifier Shift를 적용시키면 NP(b)와 같은 ungrammatical한 형태가 된다. (5) (a) the people who were sick of violence (b) *the sick of violence people (c) the people sick of violence 關係節縮約變形을 格文法(case grammar)의 見地에서 살펴 본 결과 다음 例文에서 처럼 "who has"를 對象格(Objective) 前置詞 "with"로 대치될 수 있었으며, 前置詞 "with" 앞에 "who is"는 "with"를 삭제하기 전에 먼저 그것이 삭제되어야 한다는 것을 알 수 있었다. (6) (a) the boy who has the red hat (b) the boy with the red hat (c) the boy who with the red hatThe main purpose of this thesis is to describe and analyze the various usager:and functions of the relative pronouns of English in the basis of the theory of tranditional and transformational grammar. In addition, the present writer has tried to make a comparison between a relative clause and a noun complement clause and to analyze some transformational processes of English relative clauses. A relative pronoun is a pronoun used to connect two parts of a sentence, like a conjunction. Accordingly, a relative clause may not only be the source for a pre-and-postnominal modifier, but also a source for nominal expressions. Each chapter in this study deals with the historical origins and impotance of relatives and with the historical uages and differences between relative clauses and noun complement clauses. The results the study are summarized as follows:Every language has always changed according to the changes of the times in the social and linguistic aspects. The English language has been continuously changing over the centuries. The particle pe in Old English was used as a relative pronoun, and then it disappeared in Middle English. The indeclinable that derived from demonstative pronouns se, s대, and p ae t was the most frequently used relative pronouns. Accordingly, that of today came from neutral fat in Old English. Which of today came from hwlic in Old English. What, what in Old English, began to be used as a relative if the early 13th century. Since the middle of the 12th century in the Middle English period, this of se, se, and seo was made into p by the influence of the more numerous forms beginning with p. Who, which, and that were not wed as relative pronouns in Old English. In Eary Middle English, the relative that came to be used, Referring to persons and things. Which in the 15th century came to be used as a relative, mostiy with reference to things but sometimes with a person as antecedent. Who, of the interrogative, indicating persons. From a historical viewpoint, pe in old English vanished and that was used as a relative in Middle English, after that time whose, whom, and who served as relatives onlt after the 16th century. Actually, a number of sentences used in normal speech or writing are too large and infinite to generate. That is, there is no end or limit to the number of sentences. The reason for this is that there Is no longest sentence as follows:(1) (a) I chased the dog (b) �iiiiii�that chased the cat (c) �iiiiiiiiiiiiiiii�hat chased the rat (d) Etc. Therefore, the powers of human thoughts are so great that many a structure in any language, irrespective of its complexity, can be captured infinitely by the syntactic rules of a particular language.. From this T)oint of view, a relative plays an important role in connecting two types of sentences . Knowing the relative proneuns of English trill be of great help to understanding the structures and contexts of English. But if there are many relatives in a sentence, it will be difficult for listeners or readers to mace out the sentence. Almost all the relative pronouns can be used in restrictive or non-restrictive clauses. If a clause is non-restrictive, it is set off by commas . Accordingly, it is non-restrictive clauses are used to add some information about main phrase . The relative pronoun that is never used in non-restrictive clauses. The general meaning of what is "the thing that"; it includes its antecedent . It can be said that relative clauses function as sentence modifiers. That used as a conjunction and a relative pronoun is so ambiguous that more study of it is needed . The functions of that are different form each other, I. e., that as a conjunction introduces noun complement clauses, whereas that as a relative pronoun relative clauses . In fact, the distinctions in that between a relative pronoun and a conjunction seem to be difficult or ambiguous because they appear superficially similar. But there are clear syntactic differences between the two:for example, relative clauses can either be introduced by a complementizer (e.g. that), or a Wh-word like who or which, whereas noun complement clauses are always introduced by a complementizer, never by a Wh-word. (2) (a) the claim that (which) you made (Relative Clause) (b) the claim that (*which) you made a mistake (Noun Complement Clause ) It is also difficult to make a clear distinction between the relative pronoun that and the noun complementize that, for the reason that they have the same form as in " I have instructions that I should leave". But the distinction has been made clear from a study of the system of stress and intonation.That is, instructions is strssed if that intoroduces a relative clause . But that introduces a noun complement clause if Leave is stressed. Additional]y, it has been observed that the rule "no movement rule can extract:constituents out of a relative clause'1 is appropriate in restricting the Wh-movement . The optional transformation delectes a relative pronoun, tense, and be.. Accordingly, the following structures function as adjectivals, since they all modify nouns . 3) He saw a man (who was) walking in the park. 4) The sound waves (which are) transmitted by dolphins in captlvity are also being studied. ( 5) The book (which is) on the table is by Tolstoy. ( 6) The apartment (that is) downstairs is for rent. ( 7) John, (who is) my brother, is visiting me. ( 8) Isaw the people (who were) sick of violence ( 9) The man (who is) to answer the question has arrived. But it is necessary to note that there are the following ungrammatical sentences we delete Wh-is. (10) *l know a man a chemist. (11) *Eisenhower, president, failed. Inorder to apply Relative Clause Transformation, two preconditions are required. One is the existence of "Iden NP"in the two sentences and the other must be a complete sentence not a phrase. With regard to the Modifier Shift Transformation as in the following NPs:(12) (a) the people who are sick (b) *the people sick (c) the sick people (13) (a) the people who were sick of violence (b) *the sick of violence people (c) the people sick of violence The adjective transformation is obligatory to shift the adjective sick to the left of the noun in oder to avoid generating the ungrammatical NP (12, b) . Such an obligatory transformation is called "Adjactive Preposing" or "Modifier Shift". But the application of the Modifier Shift to (13, a) will generate (13, b) which is ungrammatical . A relative clause reduction rule is necessary to simplify Wh-is sentence. (14) (a) the boy who has the red hat (b) the boy with the red hat (c) the boy who is with the red hat Who has in (14. a) is simplified by the rule in terms of case grammar. The objective preposition with replaces who has. Who is in front of the preposition with must be deleted before deleting with. In principle, a relative pronoun has to agree in gender, number, and person with its antecedent. But it is not always the case. We often find cases in which a relative pronoun and its antecedent do not necessarily come to agree. The present writer hopes that this thesis will be of some help to the learners interested in relative pronouns.
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