Bitter sesquiterpene lactones (BSL) from extracts of 'Radicchio' chicory were identified as lactucin, 8-deoxylactucin, and lactucopicrin by NMR and LC-Mass. Each concentration of them was 19.596, 29.283, and 12.476 ㎍·ml^(-1) DW, respectively. Using the BSL standard solution, the effect of different ...
Bitter sesquiterpene lactones (BSL) from extracts of 'Radicchio' chicory were identified as lactucin, 8-deoxylactucin, and lactucopicrin by NMR and LC-Mass. Each concentration of them was 19.596, 29.283, and 12.476 ㎍·ml^(-1) DW, respectively. Using the BSL standard solution, the effect of different treatments on the accumulated amounts of BSL was studied. Treatments included various concentrations of total ion, nitrogen, phosphorous, magnesium and sulfur in nutrient solution; degree of shading the lights; kinds of lettuce cultivar; and cultural methods. Ten kinds of lettuce cultivar were compared each other in view of the accumulation of BSL. 'Bulkkotchukmyun' lettuce showed the highest accumulation amount (67.7 ㎍·g^(-1) DW) and followed by 'Hajicheongchukmyeon' lettuce (59.5 ㎍·g^(-1) DW) and 'Hanbatcheongchima' lettuce (14.6 ㎍·g^(-1) DW). These differences might be caused not only by the characteristics of each cultivar, but also by bolting traits, i.e. more rapid bolting cultivar accumulated more BSL in their leaves. The accumulation amount of lactucin in lettuce leaves in conventional soil culture (10.1 ㎍·g^(-1) DW) was higher than the one in hydroponics (4.8 ㎍·g^(-1) DW), but 8-deoxylactucin and lactucopicrin did not show large differences between those cultural methods. After bolting and elongating of flower stalk, leaves in middle part of stalk accumulated lower BSL than in top part of stalk. Also, flower stalks accumulated more BSL than leaves. Synthesis of BSL was accomplished over the total lettuce growing season, but from starting its bolting stage to flowering stage, BSL were actively synthesized. Synthesized BSL might be transported to and/or stored in epidermal young cells in stalk or young phloem tissues. Increasing rate of shading the light adversely affected on the accumulation of BSL in lettuce leaves. Non-shading treated lettuce leaves showed the highest accumulation amounts of BSL, where lactucin, 8-deoxylactucin, and lactucopicrin were 4.2, 7.6, and 19.6 ㎍·g^(-1) DW, respectively. 75% shading treatment showed the one-third level of their accumulation amounts in comparison with non-shading treatment. Lower nitrogen concentration in nutrient solution effected higher BSL accumulation in lettuce leaves. 0.5 times strength treatment of nitrogen in nutrient solution produced highest amount of BSL accumulation (38.5 ㎍·g^(-1) DW), but two times strength treatment gave the lowest accumulated amounts. In phosphorous (PO_(4)-P) treatment, 3 times concentration of PO_(4)-P showed the highest accumulation amount of BSL (58.4 ㎍·g^(-1) DW) comparing with 0.5 times concentration of PO_(4)-P treatment (29.2 ㎍·g^(-1) DW). Mg concentrations (0.5 - 5 times concentration) in nutrient solution showed direct proportion to BSL accumulation in lettuce leaves. The effect of sulfur treatment on the accumulation trait of BSL was similar to total ion and nitrogen treatment. 0.5 times concentration treatment of SO_(4)-S showed the highest accumulation traits of BSL (35.6 ㎍·g^(-1) DW) including lactucin (7.1 ㎍·g^(-1) DW), 8-deoxylactucin (5.6 ㎍·g^(-1) DW), and lactucopicrin (23.0 ㎍·g^(-1) DW), in which the accumulated amount was more twice times than 3 times concentration treatment of SO_(4)-S. From 0.5 dS·m^(-1) up to 3 dS·m^(-1) treatment of total ion concentration, the lowest nutrient solution concentration (EC 0.5 dS·m^(-1)) resulted in highest amount of BSL in the leaves of lettuce. Accumulated lactones amounts of lactucin, 8-deoxylactucin, and lactucopicrin were 5.5, 7.5, and 35.8 ㎍·g^(-1) DW, respectively, and total amount of BSL were 48.7 ㎍·g^(-1) DW. Higher ion concentration than 0.5 dS·m^(-1) resulted in lowering the accumulation of those ingredients in lettuce leaves. In each experiment, accumulated BSL amounts in lettuce leaves had highly direct proportion to sugar contents.
Bitter sesquiterpene lactones (BSL) from extracts of 'Radicchio' chicory were identified as lactucin, 8-deoxylactucin, and lactucopicrin by NMR and LC-Mass. Each concentration of them was 19.596, 29.283, and 12.476 ㎍·ml^(-1) DW, respectively. Using the BSL standard solution, the effect of different treatments on the accumulated amounts of BSL was studied. Treatments included various concentrations of total ion, nitrogen, phosphorous, magnesium and sulfur in nutrient solution; degree of shading the lights; kinds of lettuce cultivar; and cultural methods. Ten kinds of lettuce cultivar were compared each other in view of the accumulation of BSL. 'Bulkkotchukmyun' lettuce showed the highest accumulation amount (67.7 ㎍·g^(-1) DW) and followed by 'Hajicheongchukmyeon' lettuce (59.5 ㎍·g^(-1) DW) and 'Hanbatcheongchima' lettuce (14.6 ㎍·g^(-1) DW). These differences might be caused not only by the characteristics of each cultivar, but also by bolting traits, i.e. more rapid bolting cultivar accumulated more BSL in their leaves. The accumulation amount of lactucin in lettuce leaves in conventional soil culture (10.1 ㎍·g^(-1) DW) was higher than the one in hydroponics (4.8 ㎍·g^(-1) DW), but 8-deoxylactucin and lactucopicrin did not show large differences between those cultural methods. After bolting and elongating of flower stalk, leaves in middle part of stalk accumulated lower BSL than in top part of stalk. Also, flower stalks accumulated more BSL than leaves. Synthesis of BSL was accomplished over the total lettuce growing season, but from starting its bolting stage to flowering stage, BSL were actively synthesized. Synthesized BSL might be transported to and/or stored in epidermal young cells in stalk or young phloem tissues. Increasing rate of shading the light adversely affected on the accumulation of BSL in lettuce leaves. Non-shading treated lettuce leaves showed the highest accumulation amounts of BSL, where lactucin, 8-deoxylactucin, and lactucopicrin were 4.2, 7.6, and 19.6 ㎍·g^(-1) DW, respectively. 75% shading treatment showed the one-third level of their accumulation amounts in comparison with non-shading treatment. Lower nitrogen concentration in nutrient solution effected higher BSL accumulation in lettuce leaves. 0.5 times strength treatment of nitrogen in nutrient solution produced highest amount of BSL accumulation (38.5 ㎍·g^(-1) DW), but two times strength treatment gave the lowest accumulated amounts. In phosphorous (PO_(4)-P) treatment, 3 times concentration of PO_(4)-P showed the highest accumulation amount of BSL (58.4 ㎍·g^(-1) DW) comparing with 0.5 times concentration of PO_(4)-P treatment (29.2 ㎍·g^(-1) DW). Mg concentrations (0.5 - 5 times concentration) in nutrient solution showed direct proportion to BSL accumulation in lettuce leaves. The effect of sulfur treatment on the accumulation trait of BSL was similar to total ion and nitrogen treatment. 0.5 times concentration treatment of SO_(4)-S showed the highest accumulation traits of BSL (35.6 ㎍·g^(-1) DW) including lactucin (7.1 ㎍·g^(-1) DW), 8-deoxylactucin (5.6 ㎍·g^(-1) DW), and lactucopicrin (23.0 ㎍·g^(-1) DW), in which the accumulated amount was more twice times than 3 times concentration treatment of SO_(4)-S. From 0.5 dS·m^(-1) up to 3 dS·m^(-1) treatment of total ion concentration, the lowest nutrient solution concentration (EC 0.5 dS·m^(-1)) resulted in highest amount of BSL in the leaves of lettuce. Accumulated lactones amounts of lactucin, 8-deoxylactucin, and lactucopicrin were 5.5, 7.5, and 35.8 ㎍·g^(-1) DW, respectively, and total amount of BSL were 48.7 ㎍·g^(-1) DW. Higher ion concentration than 0.5 dS·m^(-1) resulted in lowering the accumulation of those ingredients in lettuce leaves. In each experiment, accumulated BSL amounts in lettuce leaves had highly direct proportion to sugar contents.
주제어
#상추 Bitter Sesquiterpene Lactones Lactuca sativa L
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