The purpose of this research was to examine the effects of art therapy on attachment security and social ability of insecurely attached children. Linking attachment theory to art therapy, this research hypothesized that children reenact and have the opportunity to repair their attachment style in ar...
The purpose of this research was to examine the effects of art therapy on attachment security and social ability of insecurely attached children. Linking attachment theory to art therapy, this research hypothesized that children reenact and have the opportunity to repair their attachment style in art therapy through the art materials and their artistic process. Basing on the attachment theories of J. Bowlby (1988), B. James (1994), and T. M. Levy and M. Orlans (1998), the art therapy applied the ideas of J. Rubin (1978): Framework for freedom and condition for creative growth. This research performed two studies. Study 1 was to examine potential value of Bird's Nest Drawing as a clinical instrument useful in art therapy assessment and treatment for children. The subjects in Study 1 were 40 children, aged 6-7, selected randomly from two day care centers and one primary school. The instruments used were Randolph Attachment Disorder Questionnaire (RADQ) and Bird's Nest Drawing (BND). Point biserial correlation coefficients were run on RADQ scores and attachment rating scores of 14 attachment indicators of BND. Chi-square analyses were used to test for differences in frequencies of occurrence of attachment indicators in high and low attachment group. Study 2 was to examine the reenactment and repair of attachment styles in art therapy and the effects of art therapy on attachment security and social ability of two insecurely attached children. The subjects were two children. One was 8 aged girl of insecure avoidant attachment style. The other was 6 aged girl of insecure resistant/ambivalent attachment style. 38 sessions of art therapy were provided for a insecure avoidant attachment child and 25 sessions for a insecure resistant/ambivalent attachment. The results were analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively. For qualitative analysis, case vignettes approach was applied for 38 or 25 sessions of art therapy. And Bird's Nest Drawing was administered before, after, and one month delay. For quantitative analysis, Randolph Attachment Disorder Questionnaire and sociality and social problem scales of Korean Child Behavior Checklist (K-CBCL) were administered after treatment. Main findings of Study 1 and Study 2 were as follows: First, four attachment indicators such as bottom, able to contain, line quality, and eggs in Bird's Nest Drawing were statistically significantly correlated with attachment disorder scores. BND was useful in art therapy assessment and treatment for children. Second, according to quantitative analyses of scores of RADQ and two scales of K-CBCL, one insecure avoidant attachment child and one insecure resistant/ambivalent attachment child showed the improvement of attachment security and sociality and the decrease of social problems over before, after, and one month delay. Art therapy was effective for insecurely attached children. Third, according to qualitative analyses of case vignettes approach for art therapy sessions, one insecure avoidant attachment child and one insecure resistant/ambivalent attachment child reenacted and repaired their attachment styles in art therapy through the art materials and their artistic process. And they showed secure bases of attachment and improvement of social abilities. Fourth, according to qualitative analyses of BNDs, art therapy showed the improvement of attachment security and social abilities of insecurely attached children. That is, tension, aggression, low level of attachment, and insecure attachment styles were appeared in two children's BNDs administered before art therapy treatment. Reduction of anxiety and tension, decrease of aggression, and improvement of attachment security were reflected in two children's BNDs administered after art therapy treatment. And improvements of secure attachment, sociality and positive adjustment were appeared in two children's BNDs administered one month delay. These findings were discussed within the theoretical framework of attachment theory and art therapy theory. It was suggested that further research should consider various ages of subjects, deep validation of BND, and other styles of insecure attachment.
The purpose of this research was to examine the effects of art therapy on attachment security and social ability of insecurely attached children. Linking attachment theory to art therapy, this research hypothesized that children reenact and have the opportunity to repair their attachment style in art therapy through the art materials and their artistic process. Basing on the attachment theories of J. Bowlby (1988), B. James (1994), and T. M. Levy and M. Orlans (1998), the art therapy applied the ideas of J. Rubin (1978): Framework for freedom and condition for creative growth. This research performed two studies. Study 1 was to examine potential value of Bird's Nest Drawing as a clinical instrument useful in art therapy assessment and treatment for children. The subjects in Study 1 were 40 children, aged 6-7, selected randomly from two day care centers and one primary school. The instruments used were Randolph Attachment Disorder Questionnaire (RADQ) and Bird's Nest Drawing (BND). Point biserial correlation coefficients were run on RADQ scores and attachment rating scores of 14 attachment indicators of BND. Chi-square analyses were used to test for differences in frequencies of occurrence of attachment indicators in high and low attachment group. Study 2 was to examine the reenactment and repair of attachment styles in art therapy and the effects of art therapy on attachment security and social ability of two insecurely attached children. The subjects were two children. One was 8 aged girl of insecure avoidant attachment style. The other was 6 aged girl of insecure resistant/ambivalent attachment style. 38 sessions of art therapy were provided for a insecure avoidant attachment child and 25 sessions for a insecure resistant/ambivalent attachment. The results were analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively. For qualitative analysis, case vignettes approach was applied for 38 or 25 sessions of art therapy. And Bird's Nest Drawing was administered before, after, and one month delay. For quantitative analysis, Randolph Attachment Disorder Questionnaire and sociality and social problem scales of Korean Child Behavior Checklist (K-CBCL) were administered after treatment. Main findings of Study 1 and Study 2 were as follows: First, four attachment indicators such as bottom, able to contain, line quality, and eggs in Bird's Nest Drawing were statistically significantly correlated with attachment disorder scores. BND was useful in art therapy assessment and treatment for children. Second, according to quantitative analyses of scores of RADQ and two scales of K-CBCL, one insecure avoidant attachment child and one insecure resistant/ambivalent attachment child showed the improvement of attachment security and sociality and the decrease of social problems over before, after, and one month delay. Art therapy was effective for insecurely attached children. Third, according to qualitative analyses of case vignettes approach for art therapy sessions, one insecure avoidant attachment child and one insecure resistant/ambivalent attachment child reenacted and repaired their attachment styles in art therapy through the art materials and their artistic process. And they showed secure bases of attachment and improvement of social abilities. Fourth, according to qualitative analyses of BNDs, art therapy showed the improvement of attachment security and social abilities of insecurely attached children. That is, tension, aggression, low level of attachment, and insecure attachment styles were appeared in two children's BNDs administered before art therapy treatment. Reduction of anxiety and tension, decrease of aggression, and improvement of attachment security were reflected in two children's BNDs administered after art therapy treatment. And improvements of secure attachment, sociality and positive adjustment were appeared in two children's BNDs administered one month delay. These findings were discussed within the theoretical framework of attachment theory and art therapy theory. It was suggested that further research should consider various ages of subjects, deep validation of BND, and other styles of insecure attachment.
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