자아 존중감 및 내외 통제성과 심리적 안녕감의 관계 : 20, 30대 성인 남녀를 중심으로 (The) relationship among self-esteem, internal locus of control, and psychological well-being : focusing on males and females in their 20s and 30s원문보기
본 연구의 목적은 20, 30대 남, 녀 성인의 자아 존중감 및 내외 통제성, 심리적 안녕감의 모습과 각 요소의 상관관계 및 영향을 주는 정도를 알아보고 이들이 성별에 따라 차이를 보이는지 밝히는데 있다. 이를 토대로 한 개인이 자신을 사랑하며 사회에서 제대로 기능하는 인간으로 제 역할을 다 함으로 긍정적이고 주도적인 삶을 만들어 가는데 필요한 기초 연구가 되고자 하였다. 본 연구는 20, 30 대 성인 남녀 647명을 대상으로 설문지를 실시하였으며, 분석을 위해 t-test와 ...
본 연구의 목적은 20, 30대 남, 녀 성인의 자아 존중감 및 내외 통제성, 심리적 안녕감의 모습과 각 요소의 상관관계 및 영향을 주는 정도를 알아보고 이들이 성별에 따라 차이를 보이는지 밝히는데 있다. 이를 토대로 한 개인이 자신을 사랑하며 사회에서 제대로 기능하는 인간으로 제 역할을 다 함으로 긍정적이고 주도적인 삶을 만들어 가는데 필요한 기초 연구가 되고자 하였다. 본 연구는 20, 30 대 성인 남녀 647명을 대상으로 설문지를 실시하였으며, 분석을 위해 t-test와 상관관계 분석, 다중회귀분석을 실시하였고, 결과는 다음과 같다.1) 성별에 따른 자아 존중감, 내외 통제성, 심리적 안녕감의 차이첫째, 자아 존중감은 성별에 따라 차이를 보이지 않았다.둘째, 내외 통제성은 남성의 내적 통제성이 여성보다 더 높게 나타났다.셋째, 심리적 안녕감은 성별에 따라 차이를 보이지 않았다. 그러나 6개 하위척도의 차이를 비교하여 보았을 때, 자아수용, 환경지배력, 개인적 성장은 성별에 따라 역시 통계적 차이를 보이지 않았으나, 자율성과 삶의 목적은 남성이, 긍정적 대인관계는 여성이 더 높게 나타났다.2) 자아 존중감, 내외 통제성, 심리적 안녕감의 상관 관계첫째, 전체 대상자의 경우 자아 존중감과 내외 통제성, 자아 존중감과 심리적 안녕감, 내외 통제성과 심리적 안녕감 모두 정적 상관관계를 보였으며, 내외 통제성보다 자아 존중감이 심리적 안녕감과 더 깊은 관련이 있었다. 자아 존중감과 내외 통제성이 심리적 안녕감의 하위 척도들과 갖는 관계를 보면, 자아 존중감은 자아 수용과 삶의 목적, 환경 지배력 순으로 강한 상관관계를 보였고, 내외 통제성은 개인적 성장, 삶의 목적, 자아 수용 순을 보였다.둘째, 남성의 경우도 역시 자아 존중감이 내외 통제성보다 더 깊은 관련을 보였으며, 심리적 안녕감의 하위 척도에 대해 자아 존중감은 자아수용, 긍정적 대인관계, 삶의 목적과 상대적으로 깊은 관련성이 있었다. 내외 통제성은 개인적 성장, 삶의 목적, 긍정적 대인관계의 순이었다.셋째, 여성의 경우도 자아 존중감이 내외 통제성 보다 더 깊은 관련을 보였으며, 심리적 안녕감의 하위 척도에 대해 자아 존중감은 자아수용, 삶의 목적, 환경 지배력의 순의 상관관계를 보였다. 내외 통제성은 개인적 성장, 삶의 목적, 자아 수용 순으로 높은 상관을 보였다. 자율성은 남성과 여성 모두 자아 존중감과 내외 통제성과 가장 낮은 상관 관계를 보였다.3) 자아 존중감과 내외 통제성이 심리적 안녕감에 미치는 영향대상자 전체와 남성, 여성 집단 모두 자아 존중감과 내외 통제성이 모두 심리적 안녕감에 유의한 긍정적 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으며, 대상자 전체와 남성, 여성에 있어 대상 집단에 따라 수치만 조금 달랐을 뿐 내외 통제성에 비해 자아 존중감이 심리적 안녕감에 미치는 상대적 영향력이 더 컸다.핵심어 : 자아 존중감, 내외 통제성, 심리적 안녕감
본 연구의 목적은 20, 30대 남, 녀 성인의 자아 존중감 및 내외 통제성, 심리적 안녕감의 모습과 각 요소의 상관관계 및 영향을 주는 정도를 알아보고 이들이 성별에 따라 차이를 보이는지 밝히는데 있다. 이를 토대로 한 개인이 자신을 사랑하며 사회에서 제대로 기능하는 인간으로 제 역할을 다 함으로 긍정적이고 주도적인 삶을 만들어 가는데 필요한 기초 연구가 되고자 하였다. 본 연구는 20, 30 대 성인 남녀 647명을 대상으로 설문지를 실시하였으며, 분석을 위해 t-test와 상관관계 분석, 다중회귀분석을 실시하였고, 결과는 다음과 같다.1) 성별에 따른 자아 존중감, 내외 통제성, 심리적 안녕감의 차이첫째, 자아 존중감은 성별에 따라 차이를 보이지 않았다.둘째, 내외 통제성은 남성의 내적 통제성이 여성보다 더 높게 나타났다.셋째, 심리적 안녕감은 성별에 따라 차이를 보이지 않았다. 그러나 6개 하위척도의 차이를 비교하여 보았을 때, 자아수용, 환경지배력, 개인적 성장은 성별에 따라 역시 통계적 차이를 보이지 않았으나, 자율성과 삶의 목적은 남성이, 긍정적 대인관계는 여성이 더 높게 나타났다.2) 자아 존중감, 내외 통제성, 심리적 안녕감의 상관 관계첫째, 전체 대상자의 경우 자아 존중감과 내외 통제성, 자아 존중감과 심리적 안녕감, 내외 통제성과 심리적 안녕감 모두 정적 상관관계를 보였으며, 내외 통제성보다 자아 존중감이 심리적 안녕감과 더 깊은 관련이 있었다. 자아 존중감과 내외 통제성이 심리적 안녕감의 하위 척도들과 갖는 관계를 보면, 자아 존중감은 자아 수용과 삶의 목적, 환경 지배력 순으로 강한 상관관계를 보였고, 내외 통제성은 개인적 성장, 삶의 목적, 자아 수용 순을 보였다.둘째, 남성의 경우도 역시 자아 존중감이 내외 통제성보다 더 깊은 관련을 보였으며, 심리적 안녕감의 하위 척도에 대해 자아 존중감은 자아수용, 긍정적 대인관계, 삶의 목적과 상대적으로 깊은 관련성이 있었다. 내외 통제성은 개인적 성장, 삶의 목적, 긍정적 대인관계의 순이었다.셋째, 여성의 경우도 자아 존중감이 내외 통제성 보다 더 깊은 관련을 보였으며, 심리적 안녕감의 하위 척도에 대해 자아 존중감은 자아수용, 삶의 목적, 환경 지배력의 순의 상관관계를 보였다. 내외 통제성은 개인적 성장, 삶의 목적, 자아 수용 순으로 높은 상관을 보였다. 자율성은 남성과 여성 모두 자아 존중감과 내외 통제성과 가장 낮은 상관 관계를 보였다.3) 자아 존중감과 내외 통제성이 심리적 안녕감에 미치는 영향대상자 전체와 남성, 여성 집단 모두 자아 존중감과 내외 통제성이 모두 심리적 안녕감에 유의한 긍정적 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으며, 대상자 전체와 남성, 여성에 있어 대상 집단에 따라 수치만 조금 달랐을 뿐 내외 통제성에 비해 자아 존중감이 심리적 안녕감에 미치는 상대적 영향력이 더 컸다.핵심어 : 자아 존중감, 내외 통제성, 심리적 안녕감
This study aimed to investigate how self-esteem, internal locus of control, and psychological well-being were manifested in young adults in their 20s and 30s, the degree to which these three measures were associated with each other, and whether the results differed by gender. This study was intended...
This study aimed to investigate how self-esteem, internal locus of control, and psychological well-being were manifested in young adults in their 20s and 30s, the degree to which these three measures were associated with each other, and whether the results differed by gender. This study was intended to provide a research basis that can be capitalized upon to help young adults to enhance the quality of their lives through having positive self-images, functioning effectively in the society, and taking ownership of their lives thorough building personal capacities for high self-regard and self-respect. Survey data were collected from a total of 647 males and females. A series of t-tests, correlation analyses, and multiple regression analyses were conducted. The results are as follows.1) Differences by Gender on Self-Esteem, Internal Locus of Control, and Psychological Well-BeingNo statistically significant differences were found on self-esteem between male and female respondents. Slightly less than 50% of male and female respondents reported having positive self-esteems.There was a statistically significant locus of control difference between male and female respondents. Male respondents had significantly higher levels of internal locus of control than female respondents.No statistically significant gender differences were found for psychological well-being. However, when analyses were conducted using the subscales of psychological well-being, male respondents had significantly higher ratings than female respondents for autonomy and purpose in life while female respondents had significantly higher ratings than their male counterparts on positive relations with others. There were no statistically significant differences between male and female respondents for self-acceptance, environmental mastery, and personal growth.2) The Relationship among Self-Esteem, Internal Locus of Control, and Psychological Well-BeingWhen correlation analyses were conducted with the entire sample, there were positive correlations among self-esteem, internal locus of control, and psychological well-being. Psychological well-being was more strongly related to self-esteem than to internal locus of control. When relationships between self-esteem, internal locus of control, and the subscales of psychological well-being were examined, self-esteem had its highest correlation with self-acceptance, followed by purpose in life, and environmental mastery. Internal locus of control was most strongly related to personal growth, followed by purpose in life and self-acceptance.In male respondents, self-esteem was more strongly associated with psychological well-being than with internal locus of control. As for the subscales of psychological well-being, self-esteem had its highest correlations with self-acceptance, positive relations with others, and purpose in life. Internal locus of control had its highest correlations with personal growth, purpose in life, and positive relations with others.The results for female respondents were identical to those for the entire sample. Again, self-esteem had a higher correlation with psychological well-being than with internal locus of control. Self-esteem had its highest relationship with self-acceptance, followed by purpose in life and environmental mastery. The three subscales that had highest correlations with internal locus of control were personal growth, purpose in life, and self-acceptance. For both male and female respondents, autonomy had the lowest correlations with both self-esteem and internal locus of control.3) Influence of Self-Esteem and Internal Locus of Control on Psychological Well-BeingAnalyses revealed that regardless of gender, self-esteem and internal locus of control had a positive and statistically significant relationship to psychological well-being. Although the magnitude of influence slightly varied for the entire sample, the male sample, and the female sample, self-esteem had a greater influence on psychological well-being than did internal locus of control.The results could provide valuable insights for the education and counseling fields, and the outcomes of these studies should be utilized in such fields. Although there were no significant differences between males and females for their perceptions of psychological well-being, one disturbing finding was that less than half of male and female respondents had positive self-esteems. Thus more studies on self-esteem are needed, and it may be that funding is needed to help individuals build more positive self-esteems as a foundation for better, happy lives. Attention also should be given to the finding that females tended to have lower internal locus of control scores than males. This can be viewed as a societal issue, rather than a female issue. Possible remedies would include education, or even funding for intervention programs for females to help them increase their internal locus of control.
This study aimed to investigate how self-esteem, internal locus of control, and psychological well-being were manifested in young adults in their 20s and 30s, the degree to which these three measures were associated with each other, and whether the results differed by gender. This study was intended to provide a research basis that can be capitalized upon to help young adults to enhance the quality of their lives through having positive self-images, functioning effectively in the society, and taking ownership of their lives thorough building personal capacities for high self-regard and self-respect. Survey data were collected from a total of 647 males and females. A series of t-tests, correlation analyses, and multiple regression analyses were conducted. The results are as follows.1) Differences by Gender on Self-Esteem, Internal Locus of Control, and Psychological Well-BeingNo statistically significant differences were found on self-esteem between male and female respondents. Slightly less than 50% of male and female respondents reported having positive self-esteems.There was a statistically significant locus of control difference between male and female respondents. Male respondents had significantly higher levels of internal locus of control than female respondents.No statistically significant gender differences were found for psychological well-being. However, when analyses were conducted using the subscales of psychological well-being, male respondents had significantly higher ratings than female respondents for autonomy and purpose in life while female respondents had significantly higher ratings than their male counterparts on positive relations with others. There were no statistically significant differences between male and female respondents for self-acceptance, environmental mastery, and personal growth.2) The Relationship among Self-Esteem, Internal Locus of Control, and Psychological Well-BeingWhen correlation analyses were conducted with the entire sample, there were positive correlations among self-esteem, internal locus of control, and psychological well-being. Psychological well-being was more strongly related to self-esteem than to internal locus of control. When relationships between self-esteem, internal locus of control, and the subscales of psychological well-being were examined, self-esteem had its highest correlation with self-acceptance, followed by purpose in life, and environmental mastery. Internal locus of control was most strongly related to personal growth, followed by purpose in life and self-acceptance.In male respondents, self-esteem was more strongly associated with psychological well-being than with internal locus of control. As for the subscales of psychological well-being, self-esteem had its highest correlations with self-acceptance, positive relations with others, and purpose in life. Internal locus of control had its highest correlations with personal growth, purpose in life, and positive relations with others.The results for female respondents were identical to those for the entire sample. Again, self-esteem had a higher correlation with psychological well-being than with internal locus of control. Self-esteem had its highest relationship with self-acceptance, followed by purpose in life and environmental mastery. The three subscales that had highest correlations with internal locus of control were personal growth, purpose in life, and self-acceptance. For both male and female respondents, autonomy had the lowest correlations with both self-esteem and internal locus of control.3) Influence of Self-Esteem and Internal Locus of Control on Psychological Well-BeingAnalyses revealed that regardless of gender, self-esteem and internal locus of control had a positive and statistically significant relationship to psychological well-being. Although the magnitude of influence slightly varied for the entire sample, the male sample, and the female sample, self-esteem had a greater influence on psychological well-being than did internal locus of control.The results could provide valuable insights for the education and counseling fields, and the outcomes of these studies should be utilized in such fields. Although there were no significant differences between males and females for their perceptions of psychological well-being, one disturbing finding was that less than half of male and female respondents had positive self-esteems. Thus more studies on self-esteem are needed, and it may be that funding is needed to help individuals build more positive self-esteems as a foundation for better, happy lives. Attention also should be given to the finding that females tended to have lower internal locus of control scores than males. This can be viewed as a societal issue, rather than a female issue. Possible remedies would include education, or even funding for intervention programs for females to help them increase their internal locus of control.
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