The flute, widely using not only in modern musical instrument for a solo but also in a variety of genre such as chamber music and orchestral music, is one of the oldest instruments that have existed since the prehistoric age. The flute was the first instrument used in magical ceremony of primitive c...
The flute, widely using not only in modern musical instrument for a solo but also in a variety of genre such as chamber music and orchestral music, is one of the oldest instruments that have existed since the prehistoric age. The flute was the first instrument used in magical ceremony of primitive culture in the quickening period and it meant 'fertility' and 'rebirth'. It has developed into a progressive form with a tone-hole, from a pipe form of ‘Dantonggwan’(a shaped tube) without a tone-hole. Its regional distribution is considered to be a various area including Mesopotamia, Egypt, Greek, Rome, India and China. In the Middle Age being the period of its spreading and development, the flute had no remarkable growth by comparison with the quickening period, because of the background of the times and of religion. Since in the seventh century it was spread from Central Asia to Europe, it was used in a church by change in awareness of the instrument in the 13th century, and then in the fourteenth century it was popular by Minnesänger's effort. In the 15th century when the flute was spread throughout the Europe, people enjoyed it as a general instrument without difficulty and then it reached a turning point, as not the instrument for means but that for pure performance. In the Renaissance, the flute took its place as the most popular instrument throughout the Europe, met changes in each class of society, and was made a attempt at a number of improvement. The flute in the period was emphasized on inherent musical value, primarily used as a vocal music accompaniment, and was composed of a mouth piece and six tone-holes on a short cylindrical tube. In the 17th and 19th centuries, the golden age in playing the flute, it got to undergo considerable improvement. It belonged to Baroque or Classical Age as the musical trend, its main musician included J. S. Bach and W. A. Mozart. Its major producer included the Hotteterre family in France and Quantz. It was improved in structure by many producers and then got revolutionary development by Theobald Boehm. Through Boehm's achievement, the creative activity on the flute music was expanded. The flute was developed into various models currently being used, according to Mechanism method resulting from inventing the key. The flute in the period of experiment before Boehm System was begun with One Keyed Flute of the Hotteterre family and developed into Eight Keyed Flute of Tromlitz, which was the most advanced form before being created the new musical instrument by Boehm. Boehm, both a flutist and goldsmith born in Munich, Germany, arranged the key and complemented it, on the basis of the instrument model improved before the nineteenth century in order that the flutist could command the best fingering, and then developed it so that the flute might take the best place in a wind instrument. Boehm's improvement in structure was progressing three times from 1831 to 1847. He changed the fingering of D major Scale into Double-jointed Ring Key in 1831. In 1832 he invented Boehm Mechanism with a cone-shaped and ring-shaped key, and developed the fingering called Boehm System with it, but the new fingering gave no great response. In 1847 he completed his thesis, "Ueber Den Floetenbau und Die Neuesten Verbesserungen", presented Schema theory, and produced the '1847-type flute' based on this theory. After that, he examined B♭ of Giulio Briccialdi, an Italian musician, and improved ‘Briccialdi Key’ widely being used instead of B♭ of Boehm System which disturbed movement of the left thumb. In terms of acoustics, he changed a cone-shaped tube into a cylinder-shaped one, the upper tube was made into a parabolic shape and a mouth piece, a rectangle bended its edge round. He decided the position and size of the tone-hole in relation to width and length, and easily measured the length of the tube corresponding to a various pitch by designing Schema. As mentioned above, the flute was made out of competition among the producers and inevitably developed through interdependence between a player and a composer. And the musical instrument beyond the times was created by Boehm, a Copernicus of the flute music. On the basis of changable musical idea, Boehm had knowledge on physics and mechanical engineering along with acoustics theory and improved it. His achievements including change in shape of the tube, change in key system, development of the new key, and improvement of the tone-hole, were to invent the system to overcome its acoustic defect which was inherent from the beginning of production of the instrument, and to create technical aspect supporting the system. Finally, I think that the Boehm Flute currently being used should be overcome subtle faults by player's skill. At this point pursuing of more mechanic diversity in the musical instrument, improvement of the flute and complement of its defect should be required. Also, along with the mode of changing music, continuous study and attempt are necessarily demanded for the perfect pitch of the flute and command of the free sound.
The flute, widely using not only in modern musical instrument for a solo but also in a variety of genre such as chamber music and orchestral music, is one of the oldest instruments that have existed since the prehistoric age. The flute was the first instrument used in magical ceremony of primitive culture in the quickening period and it meant 'fertility' and 'rebirth'. It has developed into a progressive form with a tone-hole, from a pipe form of ‘Dantonggwan’(a shaped tube) without a tone-hole. Its regional distribution is considered to be a various area including Mesopotamia, Egypt, Greek, Rome, India and China. In the Middle Age being the period of its spreading and development, the flute had no remarkable growth by comparison with the quickening period, because of the background of the times and of religion. Since in the seventh century it was spread from Central Asia to Europe, it was used in a church by change in awareness of the instrument in the 13th century, and then in the fourteenth century it was popular by Minnesänger's effort. In the 15th century when the flute was spread throughout the Europe, people enjoyed it as a general instrument without difficulty and then it reached a turning point, as not the instrument for means but that for pure performance. In the Renaissance, the flute took its place as the most popular instrument throughout the Europe, met changes in each class of society, and was made a attempt at a number of improvement. The flute in the period was emphasized on inherent musical value, primarily used as a vocal music accompaniment, and was composed of a mouth piece and six tone-holes on a short cylindrical tube. In the 17th and 19th centuries, the golden age in playing the flute, it got to undergo considerable improvement. It belonged to Baroque or Classical Age as the musical trend, its main musician included J. S. Bach and W. A. Mozart. Its major producer included the Hotteterre family in France and Quantz. It was improved in structure by many producers and then got revolutionary development by Theobald Boehm. Through Boehm's achievement, the creative activity on the flute music was expanded. The flute was developed into various models currently being used, according to Mechanism method resulting from inventing the key. The flute in the period of experiment before Boehm System was begun with One Keyed Flute of the Hotteterre family and developed into Eight Keyed Flute of Tromlitz, which was the most advanced form before being created the new musical instrument by Boehm. Boehm, both a flutist and goldsmith born in Munich, Germany, arranged the key and complemented it, on the basis of the instrument model improved before the nineteenth century in order that the flutist could command the best fingering, and then developed it so that the flute might take the best place in a wind instrument. Boehm's improvement in structure was progressing three times from 1831 to 1847. He changed the fingering of D major Scale into Double-jointed Ring Key in 1831. In 1832 he invented Boehm Mechanism with a cone-shaped and ring-shaped key, and developed the fingering called Boehm System with it, but the new fingering gave no great response. In 1847 he completed his thesis, "Ueber Den Floetenbau und Die Neuesten Verbesserungen", presented Schema theory, and produced the '1847-type flute' based on this theory. After that, he examined B♭ of Giulio Briccialdi, an Italian musician, and improved ‘Briccialdi Key’ widely being used instead of B♭ of Boehm System which disturbed movement of the left thumb. In terms of acoustics, he changed a cone-shaped tube into a cylinder-shaped one, the upper tube was made into a parabolic shape and a mouth piece, a rectangle bended its edge round. He decided the position and size of the tone-hole in relation to width and length, and easily measured the length of the tube corresponding to a various pitch by designing Schema. As mentioned above, the flute was made out of competition among the producers and inevitably developed through interdependence between a player and a composer. And the musical instrument beyond the times was created by Boehm, a Copernicus of the flute music. On the basis of changable musical idea, Boehm had knowledge on physics and mechanical engineering along with acoustics theory and improved it. His achievements including change in shape of the tube, change in key system, development of the new key, and improvement of the tone-hole, were to invent the system to overcome its acoustic defect which was inherent from the beginning of production of the instrument, and to create technical aspect supporting the system. Finally, I think that the Boehm Flute currently being used should be overcome subtle faults by player's skill. At this point pursuing of more mechanic diversity in the musical instrument, improvement of the flute and complement of its defect should be required. Also, along with the mode of changing music, continuous study and attempt are necessarily demanded for the perfect pitch of the flute and command of the free sound.
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