This study was conducted to find the habitats of firefly, Luciola lateralis, in the central districts in korea and some selected habitats in the area and to investigate a survey about environment of habitation, the emergence patterns and developmental characteristics of adult, L. lateralis. The resu...
This study was conducted to find the habitats of firefly, Luciola lateralis, in the central districts in korea and some selected habitats in the area and to investigate a survey about environment of habitation, the emergence patterns and developmental characteristics of adult, L. lateralis. The result is as follows. 1. Habitat types of investigated 25 areas in the central districts were water lane around the paddy field under the reservoir and a pool or margin of water lane in the paddy field. 2. The soil quality of habitat was higher pH, OM(organic matter), P2O5, K+, CEC(cation exchange capacity) and was lower Ca2+, Mg2+ in comparison with a standard area of Chungcheongbuk-do. It was estimated that this environment was suitable for building cocoon of pupa, L. lateralis and growth of plant. 3. The water quality of habitat was surveyed to pH 7.5, EC(electrical conductivity) 0.14, NO3-N 1.38, NH4-N 0.89, Cl- 11.12, SO42- 10.99, PO4-P 0.39, COD 12.86, K+ 2.24, Ca2+ 5.56, Mg2+ 2.29, Na+ 4.55 and the water pollution was lower than the Miho stream. This environment was suitable for survival of larvae, L. lateralis. 4. The dominant species of benthic macroinvertebrate community were surveyed to Physa acuta, Chironomus sp. and Tubificidae sp. These communities supply their feed. The water quality was surveyed to level Ⅱ and mostly β-mesosaprobic. 5. The frequency of emergence of adults of L. lateralis was mostly high in late June and in early July. In duration of time, the frequency of emergence was high between 21:30 and 22:00. At this time, the average air temperature was 20±1℃ and the average soil temperature was 22±1℃. According to locations of firefly flashing, the emergence frequency of flying adult increased at 21:30 and decreased at 22:00. At this time, the emergence frequency of adult near the ground increased at 22:00. such behaviour assumed that a male of firefly mated with a female. The emergence frequency of adult near the ground was high at 65.6% in soil temperature between 22℃and 24℃ and the emergence frequency of flying adult was 66.8% in soil temperature between 20℃and 22℃. 6. In its habitat, the water temperature required for larvae to climb up was assumed to 20℃. The climb-up larvae without cold treatment was 81.4% at water temperature of 20℃ in natural experiment and was 54.3% and 40.8% at water temperature of 20℃ and 19℃ respectively. 7. In the laboratory experiment (soil temperature of 21±1℃), the development period from the climb-up larvae till the time before building cocoon of pupa was 4.2 days and pre-pupa period took 5 days. Pupa period took 7.5 days and pre-adult period took 1.1 days. And the adult stayed in cocoon for 3 days. In the natural experiment, the development period from the climb-up larvae till the time before building cocoon of pupa was 3.8 days and pre-pupa period took 3.9 days. Pupa period took 8.2. days and pre-adult period took 0.8 days. And the adult stayed in cocoon for 3.3 days. 8. The longevity of female from a climb-up larvae without cold treatment was 15.1 days and male was 16 days. In cold treatment type, female oviposited the number of times between 3 and 8. In non-cold treatment type, female oviposited the number of times between 2 and 6. And in oviposition from the first to the third, In cold and non-cold treatment types, oviposition rate was 89.9% and 96.6% respectively. In non-cold treatment type, hatchability rate showed the highest 93.5% at 24℃ and egg period was 41.2 days at 18℃, 25.4 days at 21℃, 21.5 days at 24℃, 15 days at 27℃. As a result, it was found that the characteristics of environment such as a types of habitat, soil quality, water quality, prey and temperature were required for the firefly, Luciola lateralis. Among them, especially temperature was considered as an important factor of environment having an effect on development and emergence of the firefly, Luciola lateralis. This study would be a useful data for a conservation and restoration of the firefly habitat in natural by making an environment of habitat and proliferation of individual.
This study was conducted to find the habitats of firefly, Luciola lateralis, in the central districts in korea and some selected habitats in the area and to investigate a survey about environment of habitation, the emergence patterns and developmental characteristics of adult, L. lateralis. The result is as follows. 1. Habitat types of investigated 25 areas in the central districts were water lane around the paddy field under the reservoir and a pool or margin of water lane in the paddy field. 2. The soil quality of habitat was higher pH, OM(organic matter), P2O5, K+, CEC(cation exchange capacity) and was lower Ca2+, Mg2+ in comparison with a standard area of Chungcheongbuk-do. It was estimated that this environment was suitable for building cocoon of pupa, L. lateralis and growth of plant. 3. The water quality of habitat was surveyed to pH 7.5, EC(electrical conductivity) 0.14, NO3-N 1.38, NH4-N 0.89, Cl- 11.12, SO42- 10.99, PO4-P 0.39, COD 12.86, K+ 2.24, Ca2+ 5.56, Mg2+ 2.29, Na+ 4.55 and the water pollution was lower than the Miho stream. This environment was suitable for survival of larvae, L. lateralis. 4. The dominant species of benthic macroinvertebrate community were surveyed to Physa acuta, Chironomus sp. and Tubificidae sp. These communities supply their feed. The water quality was surveyed to level Ⅱ and mostly β-mesosaprobic. 5. The frequency of emergence of adults of L. lateralis was mostly high in late June and in early July. In duration of time, the frequency of emergence was high between 21:30 and 22:00. At this time, the average air temperature was 20±1℃ and the average soil temperature was 22±1℃. According to locations of firefly flashing, the emergence frequency of flying adult increased at 21:30 and decreased at 22:00. At this time, the emergence frequency of adult near the ground increased at 22:00. such behaviour assumed that a male of firefly mated with a female. The emergence frequency of adult near the ground was high at 65.6% in soil temperature between 22℃and 24℃ and the emergence frequency of flying adult was 66.8% in soil temperature between 20℃and 22℃. 6. In its habitat, the water temperature required for larvae to climb up was assumed to 20℃. The climb-up larvae without cold treatment was 81.4% at water temperature of 20℃ in natural experiment and was 54.3% and 40.8% at water temperature of 20℃ and 19℃ respectively. 7. In the laboratory experiment (soil temperature of 21±1℃), the development period from the climb-up larvae till the time before building cocoon of pupa was 4.2 days and pre-pupa period took 5 days. Pupa period took 7.5 days and pre-adult period took 1.1 days. And the adult stayed in cocoon for 3 days. In the natural experiment, the development period from the climb-up larvae till the time before building cocoon of pupa was 3.8 days and pre-pupa period took 3.9 days. Pupa period took 8.2. days and pre-adult period took 0.8 days. And the adult stayed in cocoon for 3.3 days. 8. The longevity of female from a climb-up larvae without cold treatment was 15.1 days and male was 16 days. In cold treatment type, female oviposited the number of times between 3 and 8. In non-cold treatment type, female oviposited the number of times between 2 and 6. And in oviposition from the first to the third, In cold and non-cold treatment types, oviposition rate was 89.9% and 96.6% respectively. In non-cold treatment type, hatchability rate showed the highest 93.5% at 24℃ and egg period was 41.2 days at 18℃, 25.4 days at 21℃, 21.5 days at 24℃, 15 days at 27℃. As a result, it was found that the characteristics of environment such as a types of habitat, soil quality, water quality, prey and temperature were required for the firefly, Luciola lateralis. Among them, especially temperature was considered as an important factor of environment having an effect on development and emergence of the firefly, Luciola lateralis. This study would be a useful data for a conservation and restoration of the firefly habitat in natural by making an environment of habitat and proliferation of individual.
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