본 연구는 조선조의 빈민 및 소외계층을 위한 복지정책의 전반적인 내용을 고찰하였다. 조선시대 빈민을 위한 정책으로는 고려 때부터 실시해 오던 것을 확대하여 시행한 상평창·의창·사창이 있었다. 상평창은 고려 때 중국의 제도를 모방하여 곡물을 중심으로 하여 물가를 조절하던 기관으로서 풍년이 들어 곡가가 떨어지면, 국가가 곡물을 사들여 곡가를 올렸으며, 흉년이 들어 곡가가 폭등하면 국가가 상평창의 곡물을 풀어서 곡가를 떨어뜨렸다. 또한 상평창은 수확기가 되면 곡물을 사들여 단경기(端境期)에 곡물을 방출하는 방법으로 곡가의 부당한 변동을...
본 연구는 조선조의 빈민 및 소외계층을 위한 복지정책의 전반적인 내용을 고찰하였다. 조선시대 빈민을 위한 정책으로는 고려 때부터 실시해 오던 것을 확대하여 시행한 상평창·의창·사창이 있었다. 상평창은 고려 때 중국의 제도를 모방하여 곡물을 중심으로 하여 물가를 조절하던 기관으로서 풍년이 들어 곡가가 떨어지면, 국가가 곡물을 사들여 곡가를 올렸으며, 흉년이 들어 곡가가 폭등하면 국가가 상평창의 곡물을 풀어서 곡가를 떨어뜨렸다. 또한 상평창은 수확기가 되면 곡물을 사들여 단경기(端境期)에 곡물을 방출하는 방법으로 곡가의 부당한 변동을 방지하려는 정책도 시행하였다. 의창은 궁민 구제기관으로서 평시에 양식을 저장하여 두었다가 흉년이 되면 생산 활동에 종사하지 않는 폐질자(廢疾者)에게 곡물을 지급 하였다. 또한 민관에서 관장하는 기관으로서 사창이 있었는데, 이는 사민들의 공동 저축으로 상부상조하여 연대책임으로 자치적 운영을 하였던 기관으로서 의창과 같이 가을철에 곡식을 사들였다가 봄철 춘궁기에 싼 값으로 곡물을 방출하여 기민을 구제하였다. 특히 당시 소외계층인 홀아비, 과부, 고아, 노인들에 대해서는 구황제도를 강구하였는데 이는 구제용 곡식의 양을 정산하여 기민의 숫자에 따라 생활대책을 마련해 주었다. 아울러 자연재해로 인해 갑자기 수많은 백성들이 이재민이 되었을 경우 조선정부는 사원 또는 기타 적당한 곳에 취사장과 식탁을 설치하여 식사를 제공하는 시식정책을 시행하였다. 조선의 구제 정책으로는 의료기관인 혜민서가 있어 의약과 서민의 치의업무를 담당하였으며 제생원에서는 서민들을 위해 구황 약제들을 모아 의학전집 편찬 일을 하였다. 특히 조선왕조는 환난 재난 등에 임하여 세금을 감면해주는 조세감면 정책을 시행하였는데, 이는 조선의 정치이념인 왕도정치를 표방하는 성리학적 가치관이 크게 영향을 주었을 것으로 파악된다. 이제 조선시대 복지정책의 특징에 대해 살펴보면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 생활 빈곤을 겪는 빈민을 위한 대책이 조선시대에 들어와서 고려시대 보다 확대되었음을 알 수 있었다. 상평창은 태종 때 전라도부터 실시되어 연산군 이후로는 전국적으로 확대 되었으며 사창은, 국부적 시범사업으로 실시되었고 문종 때 이르러서는 사창 조례가 규정되었다. 숙종 때 이르러서는 상세한 실태 조사를 거쳐 『사창절목』이 제정되어 각 도에 반포되기도 하였다. 둘째, 조선시대에 들어와서는 사회적 혼란이나 경제적 불안으로 인해 사회에서 주목 받지 못한 소외계층을 위한 정책이 보다 세분화되어 이전부터 내려오던 문책 처벌 관행이 법제화 되었다. 유기아를 양자(養子)·노비(奴婢)·고공(雇工)으로 수양하는 유기아 수양법은 조선전기에 이미 대체적인 규정이 마련되었으며 숙종 21년(1695)에는 「을해유기아수양법(乙亥遺棄兒收養法)」이라는 법체계가 본격적으로 갖추어 졌고, 이후 영조 8년(1732)에는 「임자진휼사목(壬子賑恤事目)」, 정조 7년(1783)에는 「자휼전칙(字恤典則)」등이 제정 되어 모든 규정이 정비 되었다. 따라서 담당 관리가 보호직책을 태만히 할 경우에는 엄중문책하고 처벌하는 규정이 있어 법적 효력을 갖추고 있었다. 아울러 노인보호 정책으로서 노인들에게 음식, 옷감, 의복, 의약품등을 제공하는 제도가 있었으며, 노인계층에게 일정한 직위를 수여하기도 하였다. 셋째, 자연재해로 인해 수많은 백성들이 이재민이 되었을 경우 조선왕조는 보다 적극적인 복지정책을 시행하였다. 태종부터 명종까지에는 기민에게 음식을 대접하는 상설기관인 진제창과 임시기관인 진제소가 있었다. 또한 전염병이 유행할 때에는 활인서에서 병막을 만들어 환자들을 수용·치료 하였으며 제생원에서는 유기아를 보호하기도 하였다. 따라서 조선의 의료기관인 활인서와 제생원은 국가적 재난 시 의료사업 뿐만 아니라 구호사업까지 시행하였음을 알 수 있었다. 또한 조선왕조에서는 국가 재난 시 빈민에게 조세감면 정책을 시행하여 실질적인 혜택을 주고자 노력하였던 모습을 살필 수 있었다. 이처럼 조선왕조는 법제적으로 정비되어 고려시대에 비해 세분화되고 체계화 되었으며 실질적인 서민들을 위한 정책이 시행되었음을 알 수 있었다.
본 연구는 조선조의 빈민 및 소외계층을 위한 복지정책의 전반적인 내용을 고찰하였다. 조선시대 빈민을 위한 정책으로는 고려 때부터 실시해 오던 것을 확대하여 시행한 상평창·의창·사창이 있었다. 상평창은 고려 때 중국의 제도를 모방하여 곡물을 중심으로 하여 물가를 조절하던 기관으로서 풍년이 들어 곡가가 떨어지면, 국가가 곡물을 사들여 곡가를 올렸으며, 흉년이 들어 곡가가 폭등하면 국가가 상평창의 곡물을 풀어서 곡가를 떨어뜨렸다. 또한 상평창은 수확기가 되면 곡물을 사들여 단경기(端境期)에 곡물을 방출하는 방법으로 곡가의 부당한 변동을 방지하려는 정책도 시행하였다. 의창은 궁민 구제기관으로서 평시에 양식을 저장하여 두었다가 흉년이 되면 생산 활동에 종사하지 않는 폐질자(廢疾者)에게 곡물을 지급 하였다. 또한 민관에서 관장하는 기관으로서 사창이 있었는데, 이는 사민들의 공동 저축으로 상부상조하여 연대책임으로 자치적 운영을 하였던 기관으로서 의창과 같이 가을철에 곡식을 사들였다가 봄철 춘궁기에 싼 값으로 곡물을 방출하여 기민을 구제하였다. 특히 당시 소외계층인 홀아비, 과부, 고아, 노인들에 대해서는 구황제도를 강구하였는데 이는 구제용 곡식의 양을 정산하여 기민의 숫자에 따라 생활대책을 마련해 주었다. 아울러 자연재해로 인해 갑자기 수많은 백성들이 이재민이 되었을 경우 조선정부는 사원 또는 기타 적당한 곳에 취사장과 식탁을 설치하여 식사를 제공하는 시식정책을 시행하였다. 조선의 구제 정책으로는 의료기관인 혜민서가 있어 의약과 서민의 치의업무를 담당하였으며 제생원에서는 서민들을 위해 구황 약제들을 모아 의학전집 편찬 일을 하였다. 특히 조선왕조는 환난 재난 등에 임하여 세금을 감면해주는 조세감면 정책을 시행하였는데, 이는 조선의 정치이념인 왕도정치를 표방하는 성리학적 가치관이 크게 영향을 주었을 것으로 파악된다. 이제 조선시대 복지정책의 특징에 대해 살펴보면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 생활 빈곤을 겪는 빈민을 위한 대책이 조선시대에 들어와서 고려시대 보다 확대되었음을 알 수 있었다. 상평창은 태종 때 전라도부터 실시되어 연산군 이후로는 전국적으로 확대 되었으며 사창은, 국부적 시범사업으로 실시되었고 문종 때 이르러서는 사창 조례가 규정되었다. 숙종 때 이르러서는 상세한 실태 조사를 거쳐 『사창절목』이 제정되어 각 도에 반포되기도 하였다. 둘째, 조선시대에 들어와서는 사회적 혼란이나 경제적 불안으로 인해 사회에서 주목 받지 못한 소외계층을 위한 정책이 보다 세분화되어 이전부터 내려오던 문책 처벌 관행이 법제화 되었다. 유기아를 양자(養子)·노비(奴婢)·고공(雇工)으로 수양하는 유기아 수양법은 조선전기에 이미 대체적인 규정이 마련되었으며 숙종 21년(1695)에는 「을해유기아수양법(乙亥遺棄兒收養法)」이라는 법체계가 본격적으로 갖추어 졌고, 이후 영조 8년(1732)에는 「임자진휼사목(壬子賑恤事目)」, 정조 7년(1783)에는 「자휼전칙(字恤典則)」등이 제정 되어 모든 규정이 정비 되었다. 따라서 담당 관리가 보호직책을 태만히 할 경우에는 엄중문책하고 처벌하는 규정이 있어 법적 효력을 갖추고 있었다. 아울러 노인보호 정책으로서 노인들에게 음식, 옷감, 의복, 의약품등을 제공하는 제도가 있었으며, 노인계층에게 일정한 직위를 수여하기도 하였다. 셋째, 자연재해로 인해 수많은 백성들이 이재민이 되었을 경우 조선왕조는 보다 적극적인 복지정책을 시행하였다. 태종부터 명종까지에는 기민에게 음식을 대접하는 상설기관인 진제창과 임시기관인 진제소가 있었다. 또한 전염병이 유행할 때에는 활인서에서 병막을 만들어 환자들을 수용·치료 하였으며 제생원에서는 유기아를 보호하기도 하였다. 따라서 조선의 의료기관인 활인서와 제생원은 국가적 재난 시 의료사업 뿐만 아니라 구호사업까지 시행하였음을 알 수 있었다. 또한 조선왕조에서는 국가 재난 시 빈민에게 조세감면 정책을 시행하여 실질적인 혜택을 주고자 노력하였던 모습을 살필 수 있었다. 이처럼 조선왕조는 법제적으로 정비되어 고려시대에 비해 세분화되고 체계화 되었으며 실질적인 서민들을 위한 정책이 시행되었음을 알 수 있었다.
The research which sees as the investigation which is a privacy with the poor relief proposal type for the Korea mourning poor people and estrangement classes investigates the contents which is executed about the material as time of our country material system flowing, understands and currently will...
The research which sees as the investigation which is a privacy with the poor relief proposal type for the Korea mourning poor people and estrangement classes investigates the contents which is executed about the material as time of our country material system flowing, understands and currently will be able to provide the method of the chain which widens of gain and loss about non-loach seeing material policy. Life respects the poor people who poorly falls into to Kia condition from when considering, executes with the policy for the Korea periodic poor people and the fact that comes and magnifies at enforces P'yongch'ang and Uich'ang, buys there is a window. Upper P'yongch'ang when considering imitates the system of China and grain and in the center the good harvest listens as the agency which when controls a price the price of grain falls, the nation buys a grain from the woman to raise a price of grain, the lean year listens and the price of grain skyrockets, the nation releases the grain of upper P'yongch'ang and drops a price of grain. Or buys from the woman prevents the fluctuation which price of grain is unjust with method etc. in menopause () emits was a goal in the harvester. To back of this policy according to fluctuation of price of grain was a system which thinks farmer and the people the public which is threatened a life. Korea mid-term since then has but initially the system which puts well does not operate not to be able, the various branch evil being discovered, did, did to make a responsibility have consequently in the manager. Uich'ang as the poor people relief agency the lung qualitative person who does not engage to a production activity () was provided. At the lean year time of peace to store a form poor people with this nine sacrifices. But farmers, from Uich'ang the grain which lends certainly annular misinterpretation Oh! one annular music as farmers who escape to be, be wholeheartedly dies in annular music time and when [thang] to subtract an annular music quantity, the management be duty negligently, the lean year of natural disaster etc. listened, the annular music quantity was insufficient. When being like this, unavoidably the grain which is the insufficiency must supplement unavoidably with true gentleman music. Buys the window like Uich'ang and buys the grain admits in fall season spring season [chwun] at the price which wraps in wretchedness to emit and, smartness nine sacrifices is an agency which controls from the people which in the goal which will do founds. Like this buys the window buys with Uich'ang differently and with public opinion commonness saving upper prematureness to do there is a possibility with appropriateness of the relief which is to do of promising the autonomous operation quick with regiment responsibility and also in compliance with the tube, easily, to the field where pushes buys a big benefit gives. But society · at that time the various branch which is economic with difficult about reduction buys the window is not widely supplied in region not to do, as ever the loan of the annular music in compliance with the tube was continued from the area of most and reasoning the tube lung which is caused by was continued. Social confused or economic insecurely is caused by and from time cannot be paid attention there is a hall father, a widow, an orphan and an old person with the people. The lean year listened and when the life of the citizens is destitute with the extreme, with number of smartness kept an accurate account the sheep of the relief grain and the etc. government which reports for the nation put the effort which is considerable and life countermeasure bloomed and a famine relief system considered. The king did to make an army virtue praise from Korea trillion and did to make a course ideology have letting with the people, being necessary to do, there was to a visibility and special treated the old person with various branch method. As the old person protective enterprise system and the cloth feeling which provide the food to the old people or the system which provides clothing · medical supply etc., there was a system which presents the duty position which is fixed to old person class. When the degree which from agriculture production depends in nature grows far as for, will be caused by with natural calamity and the numerous people will push and economy will become this and only the possibility which will become poorly was not. Specially the testing enterprise at lean year or misfortune city the employee or other establishes the community kitchen and the dining table in the place which is suitable and smartness or to provide a meal to the line beggars. Position [hyul] and falls and three government policy large after that puts is executed and as the relief enterprise grain mainly and to that outside the market, to grant the brown seaweed, the salt, the vegetable and the cotton cloth. Position [hyul] the poor people or re-pushed granting the rice with gratuitousness and falls and the rice in the people who is placed with difficult puts makes a loan and annular lead [khey] is to do in the future. The [hyey] pushed from and from the bow person and there is my lifestyle won as the medical institution which Korea time is representative. The [hyey] pushed and the business of the medicine which stands and the populace took charge of. My lifestyle won took charge of a medicine purchase and restricted business, until the work which compiles the medical complete works did. Tax exemption and reduction policy when the lean year listens nationally, when the disaster is intense, the topography and resident tax of the people, laboring etc. the whole exempts one part or, according to the normality to reduce and exempt. Confucianism departed from an original actual base as reality of like this Confucianism the friendship to become the opportunity which develops with social logic and political thought, Confucianism cabineting to the spirit of humanity and justice and relieving the poor people zero was an ideology which does. Therefore is caused by with disaster of natural disaster etc. re-pushed and or the relief as responsibility of the king cabineted to the kingcraft attention which does about the poor people and the measure the nation must execute obligatorily became. At that time wind flood damage with damage from cold weather a poor people and the economy which is caused by in same natural calamity or misfortune of other will push and or there will make be and is because thinking with the fact that has the duty these people must relieve the nation. This currently the social security system guaranteeing the right to live of the citizen will be to what kind of meaning and the altitude which is administrative management which is powerful will do. The slogan policy of Korea time did not do like slogan system of today systematic intelligence though and the tribe of the surplus food, insufficient etc. of intermediate delivery layer various difficult, middle stands but an achievement out of order system under executing boil endeavored steadily.
The research which sees as the investigation which is a privacy with the poor relief proposal type for the Korea mourning poor people and estrangement classes investigates the contents which is executed about the material as time of our country material system flowing, understands and currently will be able to provide the method of the chain which widens of gain and loss about non-loach seeing material policy. Life respects the poor people who poorly falls into to Kia condition from when considering, executes with the policy for the Korea periodic poor people and the fact that comes and magnifies at enforces P'yongch'ang and Uich'ang, buys there is a window. Upper P'yongch'ang when considering imitates the system of China and grain and in the center the good harvest listens as the agency which when controls a price the price of grain falls, the nation buys a grain from the woman to raise a price of grain, the lean year listens and the price of grain skyrockets, the nation releases the grain of upper P'yongch'ang and drops a price of grain. Or buys from the woman prevents the fluctuation which price of grain is unjust with method etc. in menopause () emits was a goal in the harvester. To back of this policy according to fluctuation of price of grain was a system which thinks farmer and the people the public which is threatened a life. Korea mid-term since then has but initially the system which puts well does not operate not to be able, the various branch evil being discovered, did, did to make a responsibility have consequently in the manager. Uich'ang as the poor people relief agency the lung qualitative person who does not engage to a production activity () was provided. At the lean year time of peace to store a form poor people with this nine sacrifices. But farmers, from Uich'ang the grain which lends certainly annular misinterpretation Oh! one annular music as farmers who escape to be, be wholeheartedly dies in annular music time and when [thang] to subtract an annular music quantity, the management be duty negligently, the lean year of natural disaster etc. listened, the annular music quantity was insufficient. When being like this, unavoidably the grain which is the insufficiency must supplement unavoidably with true gentleman music. Buys the window like Uich'ang and buys the grain admits in fall season spring season [chwun] at the price which wraps in wretchedness to emit and, smartness nine sacrifices is an agency which controls from the people which in the goal which will do founds. Like this buys the window buys with Uich'ang differently and with public opinion commonness saving upper prematureness to do there is a possibility with appropriateness of the relief which is to do of promising the autonomous operation quick with regiment responsibility and also in compliance with the tube, easily, to the field where pushes buys a big benefit gives. But society · at that time the various branch which is economic with difficult about reduction buys the window is not widely supplied in region not to do, as ever the loan of the annular music in compliance with the tube was continued from the area of most and reasoning the tube lung which is caused by was continued. Social confused or economic insecurely is caused by and from time cannot be paid attention there is a hall father, a widow, an orphan and an old person with the people. The lean year listened and when the life of the citizens is destitute with the extreme, with number of smartness kept an accurate account the sheep of the relief grain and the etc. government which reports for the nation put the effort which is considerable and life countermeasure bloomed and a famine relief system considered. The king did to make an army virtue praise from Korea trillion and did to make a course ideology have letting with the people, being necessary to do, there was to a visibility and special treated the old person with various branch method. As the old person protective enterprise system and the cloth feeling which provide the food to the old people or the system which provides clothing · medical supply etc., there was a system which presents the duty position which is fixed to old person class. When the degree which from agriculture production depends in nature grows far as for, will be caused by with natural calamity and the numerous people will push and economy will become this and only the possibility which will become poorly was not. Specially the testing enterprise at lean year or misfortune city the employee or other establishes the community kitchen and the dining table in the place which is suitable and smartness or to provide a meal to the line beggars. Position [hyul] and falls and three government policy large after that puts is executed and as the relief enterprise grain mainly and to that outside the market, to grant the brown seaweed, the salt, the vegetable and the cotton cloth. Position [hyul] the poor people or re-pushed granting the rice with gratuitousness and falls and the rice in the people who is placed with difficult puts makes a loan and annular lead [khey] is to do in the future. The [hyey] pushed from and from the bow person and there is my lifestyle won as the medical institution which Korea time is representative. The [hyey] pushed and the business of the medicine which stands and the populace took charge of. My lifestyle won took charge of a medicine purchase and restricted business, until the work which compiles the medical complete works did. Tax exemption and reduction policy when the lean year listens nationally, when the disaster is intense, the topography and resident tax of the people, laboring etc. the whole exempts one part or, according to the normality to reduce and exempt. Confucianism departed from an original actual base as reality of like this Confucianism the friendship to become the opportunity which develops with social logic and political thought, Confucianism cabineting to the spirit of humanity and justice and relieving the poor people zero was an ideology which does. Therefore is caused by with disaster of natural disaster etc. re-pushed and or the relief as responsibility of the king cabineted to the kingcraft attention which does about the poor people and the measure the nation must execute obligatorily became. At that time wind flood damage with damage from cold weather a poor people and the economy which is caused by in same natural calamity or misfortune of other will push and or there will make be and is because thinking with the fact that has the duty these people must relieve the nation. This currently the social security system guaranteeing the right to live of the citizen will be to what kind of meaning and the altitude which is administrative management which is powerful will do. The slogan policy of Korea time did not do like slogan system of today systematic intelligence though and the tribe of the surplus food, insufficient etc. of intermediate delivery layer various difficult, middle stands but an achievement out of order system under executing boil endeavored steadily.
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