중국을 塼의나라 일본을 木의나라 그리고 우리나라를 石의나라라고 한다. 그만큼 우리나라에는 돌로 만든 조형물이 많음을 의미 하는 것이다. 실제로 우리나라에 남아있는 석조문화재의 조형성‧예술성은 세계적 수준이라 할 수 있다. 희대의 걸작들로 고구려의 고분, 백제의 석탑, 신라의 석굴암 등을 꼽을 수 있다. 하지만 이런 석조문화재의 건축기술, 기능 등은 전해져 내려오지 않고 있다. 지금의 연구방법 또한 전문적인 탐구에만 치중하며 보편화시키지는 못했다.
제1장에서는 본 연구의 배경 및 목적, 연구의 방법 및 범위, 선행연구에 대한 검토를 하였다. 문화재로 지정된 석조물들 중 4가지로 구조를 구분하였고 연구대상 문화재를 분류하였다.
제2장에서는 석조문화재의 기본재료가 되는 광물의 생성과정, 암석의 종류, 특징 등을 검토하였고 석재의 종류와 특징을 분석하여 石理를 연구하는데 기본 자료로 삼았다. 그리고 석재의 국내 분포현황을 연구하여 실제로 현장에 공급되는 석재의 종류가 무엇인지 알아볼 수 있게 정리하였다.
제3장에서는 현장에 공급된 원석의 채석과정과 현장공급방법, 치석 과정 등을 정리 하였다. 치석 공구를 수공구, 전동공구, 에어공구로 분류하여 현재의 가공 과정을 정리 하였고 원석을 가르는 방법을 3가지로 구분하였다. 석재의 표면을 가공하는 방법은 수공구로 가공하는 방법과, 전동공구를 이용하여 가공하는 방법으로 구분하여 정리하였다. 특히 잊혀져 가는 매듭방법을 발굴하여 정리하였다.
제4장에서는 석조문화재의 옹벽구조와 홍예구조의 시공기법과 구조를 정리하였다. 옹벽구조는 석축, ...
중국을 塼의나라 일본을 木의나라 그리고 우리나라를 石의나라라고 한다. 그만큼 우리나라에는 돌로 만든 조형물이 많음을 의미 하는 것이다. 실제로 우리나라에 남아있는 석조문화재의 조형성‧예술성은 세계적 수준이라 할 수 있다. 희대의 걸작들로 고구려의 고분, 백제의 석탑, 신라의 석굴암 등을 꼽을 수 있다. 하지만 이런 석조문화재의 건축기술, 기능 등은 전해져 내려오지 않고 있다. 지금의 연구방법 또한 전문적인 탐구에만 치중하며 보편화시키지는 못했다.
제1장에서는 본 연구의 배경 및 목적, 연구의 방법 및 범위, 선행연구에 대한 검토를 하였다. 문화재로 지정된 석조물들 중 4가지로 구조를 구분하였고 연구대상 문화재를 분류하였다.
제2장에서는 석조문화재의 기본재료가 되는 광물의 생성과정, 암석의 종류, 특징 등을 검토하였고 석재의 종류와 특징을 분석하여 石理를 연구하는데 기본 자료로 삼았다. 그리고 석재의 국내 분포현황을 연구하여 실제로 현장에 공급되는 석재의 종류가 무엇인지 알아볼 수 있게 정리하였다.
제3장에서는 현장에 공급된 원석의 채석과정과 현장공급방법, 치석 과정 등을 정리 하였다. 치석 공구를 수공구, 전동공구, 에어공구로 분류하여 현재의 가공 과정을 정리 하였고 원석을 가르는 방법을 3가지로 구분하였다. 석재의 표면을 가공하는 방법은 수공구로 가공하는 방법과, 전동공구를 이용하여 가공하는 방법으로 구분하여 정리하였다. 특히 잊혀져 가는 매듭방법을 발굴하여 정리하였다.
제4장에서는 석조문화재의 옹벽구조와 홍예구조의 시공기법과 구조를 정리하였다. 옹벽구조는 석축, 기단, 성곽으로 분류하여 종류, 구조, 특징, 시공방법 등을 예로 들어 정리하였다. 성곽에서 체성의 기울기를 조절하는 방법을 3가지 예로 정리하였고, 퇴물림의 시각적 역할을 정리하였다. 또한, 뒷뿌리석과 채움석의 관계를 정리하였고 심석의 역할을 정리하였다. 홍예구조는 용도에 따라 홍예문, 홍예교, 석빙고, 수구문으로 분류하여 종류, 구조, 특징, 시공방법 등을 예로 들어 정리하였다. 시공예는 현재 문화재수리 현장을 예로 들어 기록‧정리 하였다.
제5장에서는 앞에서 고찰되었던 내용들을 정리하였다. 각 장에서 고찰한 특징과 문제점 등을 정리 하였고, 현재의 석조문화재 수리 방법과 구조를 정리하였다.
중국을 塼의나라 일본을 木의나라 그리고 우리나라를 石의나라라고 한다. 그만큼 우리나라에는 돌로 만든 조형물이 많음을 의미 하는 것이다. 실제로 우리나라에 남아있는 석조문화재의 조형성‧예술성은 세계적 수준이라 할 수 있다. 희대의 걸작들로 고구려의 고분, 백제의 석탑, 신라의 석굴암 등을 꼽을 수 있다. 하지만 이런 석조문화재의 건축기술, 기능 등은 전해져 내려오지 않고 있다. 지금의 연구방법 또한 전문적인 탐구에만 치중하며 보편화시키지는 못했다.
제1장에서는 본 연구의 배경 및 목적, 연구의 방법 및 범위, 선행연구에 대한 검토를 하였다. 문화재로 지정된 석조물들 중 4가지로 구조를 구분하였고 연구대상 문화재를 분류하였다.
제2장에서는 석조문화재의 기본재료가 되는 광물의 생성과정, 암석의 종류, 특징 등을 검토하였고 석재의 종류와 특징을 분석하여 石理를 연구하는데 기본 자료로 삼았다. 그리고 석재의 국내 분포현황을 연구하여 실제로 현장에 공급되는 석재의 종류가 무엇인지 알아볼 수 있게 정리하였다.
제3장에서는 현장에 공급된 원석의 채석과정과 현장공급방법, 치석 과정 등을 정리 하였다. 치석 공구를 수공구, 전동공구, 에어공구로 분류하여 현재의 가공 과정을 정리 하였고 원석을 가르는 방법을 3가지로 구분하였다. 석재의 표면을 가공하는 방법은 수공구로 가공하는 방법과, 전동공구를 이용하여 가공하는 방법으로 구분하여 정리하였다. 특히 잊혀져 가는 매듭방법을 발굴하여 정리하였다.
제4장에서는 석조문화재의 옹벽구조와 홍예구조의 시공기법과 구조를 정리하였다. 옹벽구조는 석축, 기단, 성곽으로 분류하여 종류, 구조, 특징, 시공방법 등을 예로 들어 정리하였다. 성곽에서 체성의 기울기를 조절하는 방법을 3가지 예로 정리하였고, 퇴물림의 시각적 역할을 정리하였다. 또한, 뒷뿌리석과 채움석의 관계를 정리하였고 심석의 역할을 정리하였다. 홍예구조는 용도에 따라 홍예문, 홍예교, 석빙고, 수구문으로 분류하여 종류, 구조, 특징, 시공방법 등을 예로 들어 정리하였다. 시공예는 현재 문화재수리 현장을 예로 들어 기록‧정리 하였다.
제5장에서는 앞에서 고찰되었던 내용들을 정리하였다. 각 장에서 고찰한 특징과 문제점 등을 정리 하였고, 현재의 석조문화재 수리 방법과 구조를 정리하였다.
This research deals with the construction methods of stone cultural heritages, and examines the processes of trimming stones and the methodsof construction, which are performed in the field where cultural assetsare repaired, and the structures and features of the cultural properties. Based on the re...
This research deals with the construction methods of stone cultural heritages, and examines the processes of trimming stones and the methodsof construction, which are performed in the field where cultural assetsare repaired, and the structures and features of the cultural properties. Based on the result of analyzing hands-on worker’s works and existing research results, I can summarize the result of this research, divided into several aspects, as shown below.
First, the supply of stone. When people built a stone fortress in Korea in the past, stone was supplied from near quarry or pit stone was used. Thus, the stone used for a mountain fortress was the same as that near the fortress. However, considering the current situation, it is impossible to supply the stone same to that of a stone fortress. Thus, in the current project of repairing a mountain fortress, the materials similar to those of a castle should be used as much as they can . This issue becomes a big obstacle to repair a stone fortress completely with the stone same to that of the fortress.
Second, the supply of raw stones to the field. Taking raw stones from a stony mountain is performed by using equipment. This method makes it difficult to maintain the own grain of stone so that great caution is required during stone collection. Raw stones from a rocky mountain aresupplied after being processed from a quarry or directly via a quarry to the field. These raw stones are finished by circular diamond saw or gang saw in a factory. The side processed and cut by a tool is worked again by a special device. Then, the surface was not natural. Thus, it is recommended that, after raw stones are supplied to the field, workers should cut the stone and process the cut surface by using hand tools.
Third, the stone masonry structure is divided into ‘integrated type’, and ‘separated type’ in terms of ‘the relation between filling rubble stone and slab stone’. The integrated type is usually shown when natural stone is heaped up. Back filling rubble stone and slab stone are joint crisscross, and slab stone is not easily escaped. However, in the separated type, back filling tone and slab stoneare not connected but separated. Thus, stone-spikes and steel materials are needed to prevent slab stone from being left. The two types need to finish a stone structure by tightly piling up back filling stones by workers. When slab stones are stacked up, the back root of slab stone should be processed not to be come off, and then, flat stone should be laid out.
Fourth, foundation platform is divided into four types; stack-up type, post-lintel type, masonry type, and mixed type. The structure of foundation platform is almost similar to that of stone masonry. The difference is the height of the former is lower than that of the latter. Thus, stone-spikes and steel materials, which are used to reinforce the structure of stone masonry, are not essential for foundation platform structure. However, in the foundation platform with long pedestal stone, prop stone is used to strengthen the corners. In the post-lintel type, a groove is cut on the foundation stone, and slab stone and stone for pillar standing in the middle of pedestal are weaved like wooden structure to prevent stones from being left back directly by earth pressure and to strengthen the entire structure.
Fifth, a fortress can be classified into plain fortress and mountain fortress according to its ‘geographical feature’. Plain fortresses are mainly made out of finished stone, and mountain fortresses are of stones from mountain or near quarry. Construction for inclination has several ways to perform using infill stone, directly finishing the facade of slab stone, and performing recess bond to adjust the inclination. Usually, a mountain fortress was built on inclined ground. At the time, to reinforce the basic structure, beam axis structure is used, or Coursed Masonry is used for convenient construction, resulting in natural ‘2-row construction method’. In general, the method of building a fortress is similar to that of constructing stonework. However, stone-spikes and steel materials are not used to strengthen the structure, but stone is used to reinforce it. Suwon Hwaseong Fortress, a plain fortress, is an example.
Sixth, the arch structure is divided into arch gate, arch bridge, ice storage, brick chamber tomb, and water gate in terms of usage. Arch gate has edges to allow horses and cows to pass. Abutment is big and well-finished stone. One abutment is set on edge or several stones are piled up. This abutment is a point that thrust is intensively applied. Thus, it needs to be reinforced. Big square stone, which is smoothly finished by using long pedestal stone, is used to strengthen the abutment on the left and right of the arch structure. In the arch gate of Korean style fortress, arch is formed on the internal and external stones. Inside of a fortress is empty, and wood and stone materials are used to decorate the ceiling.
For arch bridge, long pedestal stoneand natural stone are used to build an arch. Unlike arch gate, arch structure is constructed in whole. In Korea, arch bridges are generally made out of long pedestal stone. In the case of arch bridges with natural stones, soil and small stones are filled between stone materials to tightly connect key stones. In addition, soil is laid out to prevent the soil between key stones from being escaped.
Ice storage has two types; wooden and stone structures. Unfortunately, there is no wooden ice storage left. Stone ice storage has arch beams. Arch beam is built in parallel at regular intervals without arch structure for all areas of ceiling, and long pedestal stones are filled between arch beams. On the long pedestal stone, gravels and rubble stones are laid out, and quick lime and mud are mixed to a certain thickness to prevent rain from being permeated through the structure.
The structure of water gate is similar to that of brick chamber tomb. Igansumun in Dongdaemun has the voult structure like that of brick chamber tomb. Wooden fence was established to defend against enemies. Water gate of Joryeongkwan has stone pillars for defense, and, like the structure of ice storage, long pedestal stone wasused between arch beams. Water gate is constructed high with abutment like arch gate not to be flooded.
Unlike the existing researches, this research summarizesthe structures of stone cultural heritages based on the processes of constructing stone cultural properties, which are performed by hands-on workers, the construction methods being used when cultural assets are repaired, and the traditional research results.
Since this research is restricted to the repair projects that I participated in, the result of the research on building methods is the one verified in the range. Thus, it needs to be complemented by checking more fields and performing comprehensive investigations. In addition, because the classification and usage of traditional tools and the old techniques for construction are passed down orally, it was impossible to summarize them. However, the present will be a tradition of the future. Thus, it is expected that the summarization of the current construction procedures will be able to be materials to compare and check the original form and standard for repairing and restoring stone cultural assets in the future.
This research deals with the construction methods of stone cultural heritages, and examines the processes of trimming stones and the methodsof construction, which are performed in the field where cultural assetsare repaired, and the structures and features of the cultural properties. Based on the result of analyzing hands-on worker’s works and existing research results, I can summarize the result of this research, divided into several aspects, as shown below.
First, the supply of stone. When people built a stone fortress in Korea in the past, stone was supplied from near quarry or pit stone was used. Thus, the stone used for a mountain fortress was the same as that near the fortress. However, considering the current situation, it is impossible to supply the stone same to that of a stone fortress. Thus, in the current project of repairing a mountain fortress, the materials similar to those of a castle should be used as much as they can . This issue becomes a big obstacle to repair a stone fortress completely with the stone same to that of the fortress.
Second, the supply of raw stones to the field. Taking raw stones from a stony mountain is performed by using equipment. This method makes it difficult to maintain the own grain of stone so that great caution is required during stone collection. Raw stones from a rocky mountain aresupplied after being processed from a quarry or directly via a quarry to the field. These raw stones are finished by circular diamond saw or gang saw in a factory. The side processed and cut by a tool is worked again by a special device. Then, the surface was not natural. Thus, it is recommended that, after raw stones are supplied to the field, workers should cut the stone and process the cut surface by using hand tools.
Third, the stone masonry structure is divided into ‘integrated type’, and ‘separated type’ in terms of ‘the relation between filling rubble stone and slab stone’. The integrated type is usually shown when natural stone is heaped up. Back filling rubble stone and slab stone are joint crisscross, and slab stone is not easily escaped. However, in the separated type, back filling tone and slab stoneare not connected but separated. Thus, stone-spikes and steel materials are needed to prevent slab stone from being left. The two types need to finish a stone structure by tightly piling up back filling stones by workers. When slab stones are stacked up, the back root of slab stone should be processed not to be come off, and then, flat stone should be laid out.
Fourth, foundation platform is divided into four types; stack-up type, post-lintel type, masonry type, and mixed type. The structure of foundation platform is almost similar to that of stone masonry. The difference is the height of the former is lower than that of the latter. Thus, stone-spikes and steel materials, which are used to reinforce the structure of stone masonry, are not essential for foundation platform structure. However, in the foundation platform with long pedestal stone, prop stone is used to strengthen the corners. In the post-lintel type, a groove is cut on the foundation stone, and slab stone and stone for pillar standing in the middle of pedestal are weaved like wooden structure to prevent stones from being left back directly by earth pressure and to strengthen the entire structure.
Fifth, a fortress can be classified into plain fortress and mountain fortress according to its ‘geographical feature’. Plain fortresses are mainly made out of finished stone, and mountain fortresses are of stones from mountain or near quarry. Construction for inclination has several ways to perform using infill stone, directly finishing the facade of slab stone, and performing recess bond to adjust the inclination. Usually, a mountain fortress was built on inclined ground. At the time, to reinforce the basic structure, beam axis structure is used, or Coursed Masonry is used for convenient construction, resulting in natural ‘2-row construction method’. In general, the method of building a fortress is similar to that of constructing stonework. However, stone-spikes and steel materials are not used to strengthen the structure, but stone is used to reinforce it. Suwon Hwaseong Fortress, a plain fortress, is an example.
Sixth, the arch structure is divided into arch gate, arch bridge, ice storage, brick chamber tomb, and water gate in terms of usage. Arch gate has edges to allow horses and cows to pass. Abutment is big and well-finished stone. One abutment is set on edge or several stones are piled up. This abutment is a point that thrust is intensively applied. Thus, it needs to be reinforced. Big square stone, which is smoothly finished by using long pedestal stone, is used to strengthen the abutment on the left and right of the arch structure. In the arch gate of Korean style fortress, arch is formed on the internal and external stones. Inside of a fortress is empty, and wood and stone materials are used to decorate the ceiling.
For arch bridge, long pedestal stoneand natural stone are used to build an arch. Unlike arch gate, arch structure is constructed in whole. In Korea, arch bridges are generally made out of long pedestal stone. In the case of arch bridges with natural stones, soil and small stones are filled between stone materials to tightly connect key stones. In addition, soil is laid out to prevent the soil between key stones from being escaped.
Ice storage has two types; wooden and stone structures. Unfortunately, there is no wooden ice storage left. Stone ice storage has arch beams. Arch beam is built in parallel at regular intervals without arch structure for all areas of ceiling, and long pedestal stones are filled between arch beams. On the long pedestal stone, gravels and rubble stones are laid out, and quick lime and mud are mixed to a certain thickness to prevent rain from being permeated through the structure.
The structure of water gate is similar to that of brick chamber tomb. Igansumun in Dongdaemun has the voult structure like that of brick chamber tomb. Wooden fence was established to defend against enemies. Water gate of Joryeongkwan has stone pillars for defense, and, like the structure of ice storage, long pedestal stone wasused between arch beams. Water gate is constructed high with abutment like arch gate not to be flooded.
Unlike the existing researches, this research summarizesthe structures of stone cultural heritages based on the processes of constructing stone cultural properties, which are performed by hands-on workers, the construction methods being used when cultural assets are repaired, and the traditional research results.
Since this research is restricted to the repair projects that I participated in, the result of the research on building methods is the one verified in the range. Thus, it needs to be complemented by checking more fields and performing comprehensive investigations. In addition, because the classification and usage of traditional tools and the old techniques for construction are passed down orally, it was impossible to summarize them. However, the present will be a tradition of the future. Thus, it is expected that the summarization of the current construction procedures will be able to be materials to compare and check the original form and standard for repairing and restoring stone cultural assets in the future.
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