1. 건식, 습식 및 MAP포장이 절화장미의 선도유지에 미치는 영향 저장온도와 저장방법에 따른 절화장미의 선도유지 효과를 알아보기 위하여 건식, 습식, MAP(modified atmosphere packaging)방법으로 포장하여 5,25℃ 의 항온 항습 저장고에서 5일간 저장 후 생체중, 화폭, 꽃목굵기 변화를 저장전과 비교하였고, 저장 중 필름포장 내의 가스조성변화를 측정하였다. 포장해제 후 상온에서 절화수명을 측정하는 동안 생체중, ...
1. 건식, 습식 및 MAP포장이 절화장미의 선도유지에 미치는 영향 저장온도와 저장방법에 따른 절화장미의 선도유지 효과를 알아보기 위하여 건식, 습식, MAP(modified atmosphere packaging)방법으로 포장하여 5,25℃ 의 항온 항습 저장고에서 5일간 저장 후 생체중, 화폭, 꽃목굵기 변화를 저장전과 비교하였고, 저장 중 필름포장 내의 가스조성변화를 측정하였다. 포장해제 후 상온에서 절화수명을 측정하는 동안 생체중, 수분 흡수율, 수분균형, 화폭 변화등을 측정하였고, 각처리의 에틸렌발생량을 측정하였다. 저장 온도에 따른 선도유지효과 실험 결과, 저장 전후의 생육상태는 25℃보다 5℃저장조건에서 선도를 유지하는데 효과적이었으며, 저장방법에 따른 영향에 있어서는 건식저장에서 생체중의 감소가 가장 심하게 나타났고, 습식저장이 저장 전 상태에 비하여 생체중과 꽃목 직경의 변화가 없거나, 증가한 상태로 선도를 유지하였고, 개화가 많이 이루어지는 특징을 보였다. MAP저장에서 생체중은 습식저장에 비하여 약간의 감소가 있었으나, 습식저장에 비해 개화가 많이 이루어지지 않았고, 저장 전 상태와 비슷하게 유지되었다. 25℃조건 MAP저장 25℃처리에서 포장 내 과습과 고농도의 이산화탄소로 인해 상품가치가 떨어졌으며, 에틸렌의 발생량은 25℃가 5℃처리에 비해 두 배 가량 발생 하였다. 저장해제 후 절화수명은 위조가 심한 건식저장에서 초기 수분흡수율이 많았고, 수분균형에서도 초기에 가장 높은 값을 보였으나, 다른 처리구보다 절화수명이 짧게 나타났다. 수분 스트레스의 영향이 적은 습식저장은 저장초기부터 수분균형이 5℃저장에서는 -값을 25℃저장에서도 낮은 값을 나타냈지만, 절화수명은 건식저장보다 길게 나타났다. MAP저장은 습식저장보다 저장기간 동안 수분부족 스트레스를 받았지만, 저장해제 후 수분흡수나 화폭은 습식저장과 비슷하게 이루어졌다. 대체적으로 5℃ 조건 MAP에서 절화수명이 가장 좋은 값을 나타냈으나, 습식에서 절화수명이 가장 좋은 값을 나타내는 품종도 있어 습식저장과 MAP저장이 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보이지는 않았다. MAP의 선도유지 효과는 품종에 따른 차이가 있는 것으로 판단한다. 절화장미의 건식, 습식, MAP 포장법에 따른 경제성 비교 시 습식, MAP, 건식 순으로 포장 및 운송비용이 많은 것으로 나타났다. 습식과 MAP의 선도유지가 비슷하다면 포장 운송비 절감효과가 있는 MAP의 실용화를 고려 할 필요가 있다.
2. 기능성 포장재와 보호가스충전이 분화류의 신선도에 미치는 영향. 2.1. 저장온도와 포장방법이 분화장미의 선도유지에 미치는 영향 분화장미의 저장온도와 포장방법이 선도유지에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 관행적인 슬리브 포장과, Polyethylene (PE)포장과 PE 필름에 질소 충전하여 포장 한 장미를7, 15, 25℃에서 5일 저장 하였다. 저장온도에 따른 선도유지실험결과 7℃에서 선도가 가장 잘 유지되었고, 포장방법에 따른 선도유지실험결과 대조구에 비하여 PE필름포장 처리에서 토양습도나 무게가 잘 유지 되었으며, PE필름에 질소충전처리는 개화를 억제하는 효과를 나타내었다. 뿌리활력 측정결과 15, 7, 25℃ 순서로 뿌리활력이 높게 나타났다. 각 온도에서 PE 필름 처리에서 뿌리활력이 높게 나타났으나 질소충전여부는 영향을 미치지 못하였다. 잎의 Prolin 측정결과 25℃ 대조구에서 수분스트레스를 가장 많이 받은 것으로 나타났다.
2.2. 저장온도와 기능성포장재가 분화국화의 선도유지에 미치는 영향 대조구는 관행적으로 쓰이는 열려있는 필름 슬리브를 사용 하였고 일반적인 PE 필름과 기능성 필름의 차이를 비교해 보고자 필름에 기능성 물질을 함유한 FuntionalⅠ(이하 FⅠ로 표기 )과, FuntionalⅡ(이하 FⅡ로 표기)를 사용하여 밀폐포장 하였다. 질소충전의 효과를 알아보기 위하여 각 필름봉투에 공기를 제거 후 그대로 포장 한 처리구와 질소충전을 하여 포장한 처리구로 구분하였다. 5, 15℃ 조건에서 5일과 10일 동안 저장하여 장기 수송의 가능성을 알아 본 결과 저장온도에서는 5℃가 선도유지에 효과적 이었고, 무게와 토양습도 유지에는 대조구에 비하여 필름포장처리가 효과적이었으며, 기능성포장재의 효과를 알아보기 위한 실험결과 FⅠ필름에 질소충전 한 처리에서 황화 잎이 발생이 적었다. 분화장미와 마찬가지로 질소충전 처리에서 개화가 억제되는 경향이 나타났고, 포장 해제 후에도 정상적으로 개화하여 분화의 관상 수명이 길어졌다. 장기수송을 알아보기 위한 10일 저장은 화색이 변하여 상품가치가 떨어졌다.   2.3. 분화 아이비의 저장온도와 포장방법이 선도유지에 미치는 영향 분화 아이비의 저장온도와 포장방법이 선도유지에 미치는 영향을 알아 보고자 PE필름, PE 필름에 질소충전, Anti fog 필름, Anti fog 필름에 질소충전 포장하였고 적정 토양습도 알아보기 위하여 각 포장처리마다 건조토양과 습한토양으로 나누었다. 15, 25℃ 조건에서 각 포장처리를 10일과 20일 저장 후 무게와 토양습도, 생육상태의 변화를 비교한 결과 하였고, 저장온도 조건은 15℃가 선도유지에 효과적이었고, 저장기간 동안 5일 간격으로 봉투내의 산소와 이산화탄소의 변화를 측정한 결과 저장기간이 길어짐에 따라 산소량은 감소하여 5일째에는 1-2%를 유지 하였고 이산화탄소는 점차 증가하였다. AF필름에서 봉투표면에 결로현상이 일어나지 않아 상품성이 좋았으나 생육상태에는 영향이 없었다. 습한토양 조건은 처음에는 생육상태가 좋았으나 10일 이후 봉투 내 과습으로 상품성이 떨어졌고 건조한 토양습도 처리에서 선도가 유지 되었다
1. 건식, 습식 및 MAP포장이 절화장미의 선도유지에 미치는 영향 저장온도와 저장방법에 따른 절화장미의 선도유지 효과를 알아보기 위하여 건식, 습식, MAP(modified atmosphere packaging)방법으로 포장하여 5,25℃ 의 항온 항습 저장고에서 5일간 저장 후 생체중, 화폭, 꽃목굵기 변화를 저장전과 비교하였고, 저장 중 필름포장 내의 가스조성변화를 측정하였다. 포장해제 후 상온에서 절화수명을 측정하는 동안 생체중, 수분 흡수율, 수분균형, 화폭 변화등을 측정하였고, 각처리의 에틸렌발생량을 측정하였다. 저장 온도에 따른 선도유지효과 실험 결과, 저장 전후의 생육상태는 25℃보다 5℃저장조건에서 선도를 유지하는데 효과적이었으며, 저장방법에 따른 영향에 있어서는 건식저장에서 생체중의 감소가 가장 심하게 나타났고, 습식저장이 저장 전 상태에 비하여 생체중과 꽃목 직경의 변화가 없거나, 증가한 상태로 선도를 유지하였고, 개화가 많이 이루어지는 특징을 보였다. MAP저장에서 생체중은 습식저장에 비하여 약간의 감소가 있었으나, 습식저장에 비해 개화가 많이 이루어지지 않았고, 저장 전 상태와 비슷하게 유지되었다. 25℃조건 MAP저장 25℃처리에서 포장 내 과습과 고농도의 이산화탄소로 인해 상품가치가 떨어졌으며, 에틸렌의 발생량은 25℃가 5℃처리에 비해 두 배 가량 발생 하였다. 저장해제 후 절화수명은 위조가 심한 건식저장에서 초기 수분흡수율이 많았고, 수분균형에서도 초기에 가장 높은 값을 보였으나, 다른 처리구보다 절화수명이 짧게 나타났다. 수분 스트레스의 영향이 적은 습식저장은 저장초기부터 수분균형이 5℃저장에서는 -값을 25℃저장에서도 낮은 값을 나타냈지만, 절화수명은 건식저장보다 길게 나타났다. MAP저장은 습식저장보다 저장기간 동안 수분부족 스트레스를 받았지만, 저장해제 후 수분흡수나 화폭은 습식저장과 비슷하게 이루어졌다. 대체적으로 5℃ 조건 MAP에서 절화수명이 가장 좋은 값을 나타냈으나, 습식에서 절화수명이 가장 좋은 값을 나타내는 품종도 있어 습식저장과 MAP저장이 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보이지는 않았다. MAP의 선도유지 효과는 품종에 따른 차이가 있는 것으로 판단한다. 절화장미의 건식, 습식, MAP 포장법에 따른 경제성 비교 시 습식, MAP, 건식 순으로 포장 및 운송비용이 많은 것으로 나타났다. 습식과 MAP의 선도유지가 비슷하다면 포장 운송비 절감효과가 있는 MAP의 실용화를 고려 할 필요가 있다.
2. 기능성 포장재와 보호가스충전이 분화류의 신선도에 미치는 영향. 2.1. 저장온도와 포장방법이 분화장미의 선도유지에 미치는 영향 분화장미의 저장온도와 포장방법이 선도유지에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 관행적인 슬리브 포장과, Polyethylene (PE)포장과 PE 필름에 질소 충전하여 포장 한 장미를7, 15, 25℃에서 5일 저장 하였다. 저장온도에 따른 선도유지실험결과 7℃에서 선도가 가장 잘 유지되었고, 포장방법에 따른 선도유지실험결과 대조구에 비하여 PE필름포장 처리에서 토양습도나 무게가 잘 유지 되었으며, PE필름에 질소충전처리는 개화를 억제하는 효과를 나타내었다. 뿌리활력 측정결과 15, 7, 25℃ 순서로 뿌리활력이 높게 나타났다. 각 온도에서 PE 필름 처리에서 뿌리활력이 높게 나타났으나 질소충전여부는 영향을 미치지 못하였다. 잎의 Prolin 측정결과 25℃ 대조구에서 수분스트레스를 가장 많이 받은 것으로 나타났다.
2.2. 저장온도와 기능성포장재가 분화국화의 선도유지에 미치는 영향 대조구는 관행적으로 쓰이는 열려있는 필름 슬리브를 사용 하였고 일반적인 PE 필름과 기능성 필름의 차이를 비교해 보고자 필름에 기능성 물질을 함유한 FuntionalⅠ(이하 FⅠ로 표기 )과, FuntionalⅡ(이하 FⅡ로 표기)를 사용하여 밀폐포장 하였다. 질소충전의 효과를 알아보기 위하여 각 필름봉투에 공기를 제거 후 그대로 포장 한 처리구와 질소충전을 하여 포장한 처리구로 구분하였다. 5, 15℃ 조건에서 5일과 10일 동안 저장하여 장기 수송의 가능성을 알아 본 결과 저장온도에서는 5℃가 선도유지에 효과적 이었고, 무게와 토양습도 유지에는 대조구에 비하여 필름포장처리가 효과적이었으며, 기능성포장재의 효과를 알아보기 위한 실험결과 FⅠ필름에 질소충전 한 처리에서 황화 잎이 발생이 적었다. 분화장미와 마찬가지로 질소충전 처리에서 개화가 억제되는 경향이 나타났고, 포장 해제 후에도 정상적으로 개화하여 분화의 관상 수명이 길어졌다. 장기수송을 알아보기 위한 10일 저장은 화색이 변하여 상품가치가 떨어졌다.   2.3. 분화 아이비의 저장온도와 포장방법이 선도유지에 미치는 영향 분화 아이비의 저장온도와 포장방법이 선도유지에 미치는 영향을 알아 보고자 PE필름, PE 필름에 질소충전, Anti fog 필름, Anti fog 필름에 질소충전 포장하였고 적정 토양습도 알아보기 위하여 각 포장처리마다 건조토양과 습한토양으로 나누었다. 15, 25℃ 조건에서 각 포장처리를 10일과 20일 저장 후 무게와 토양습도, 생육상태의 변화를 비교한 결과 하였고, 저장온도 조건은 15℃가 선도유지에 효과적이었고, 저장기간 동안 5일 간격으로 봉투내의 산소와 이산화탄소의 변화를 측정한 결과 저장기간이 길어짐에 따라 산소량은 감소하여 5일째에는 1-2%를 유지 하였고 이산화탄소는 점차 증가하였다. AF필름에서 봉투표면에 결로현상이 일어나지 않아 상품성이 좋았으나 생육상태에는 영향이 없었다. 습한토양 조건은 처음에는 생육상태가 좋았으나 10일 이후 봉투 내 과습으로 상품성이 떨어졌고 건조한 토양습도 처리에서 선도가 유지 되었다
1. The Impact of Dry, Wet and MAP Packages on Maintaining Freshness of Cut-flower Roses
To identify the effect of maintaining freshness of cut-flower roses according to the storage temperature and method, cut-flower roses were packaged by dry, wet and MAP (modified atmosphere packaging) me...
1. The Impact of Dry, Wet and MAP Packages on Maintaining Freshness of Cut-flower Roses
To identify the effect of maintaining freshness of cut-flower roses according to the storage temperature and method, cut-flower roses were packaged by dry, wet and MAP (modified atmosphere packaging) methods and stored at a store room at a constant temperature of either 5 or 25℃ and constant humidity for 5 days and then their changed fresh weight, flower diameter and peduncle thickness were compared with those prior to the storage, and the change in gas formation was measured inside the film package during the storage. After the package was disassembled, the changes in fresh weight, water absorption rate, water balance and flower diameter while vase life was measured at a constant temperature and the amount of ethylene generated in each treatment. The effect of maintaining freshness according to the storage temperature was tested and the result showed that as for their growth and development before and after the storage, a storage condition of 5℃ is more effective in maintaining freshness than that of 25℃. As for the impact according to the storage method, the reduction in fresh weight during the dry storage was most significantly apparent, and as for wet storage, freshness was maintained with no change or an increase in fresh weight and peduncle diameter, compared with that prior to the storage and showed a characteristic that flowering was much achieved. Fresh weight during the MAP storage was slightly reduced, compared with that during the wet storage, but without much flowering achieved, compared with the wet storage, and was maintained in a condition similar to its pre-storage one. In a 25℃ treatment of MAP storage at 25℃ the value of commodities dropped and the amount of ethylene was generated at 25℃ twice as much as that at 5℃due to over-moisture and high-concentration carbon dioxide. After the package was disassembled, the vase life showed a high early-stage water absorption rate in dry storage which is much inclined to wilt, and as for the water balance also, it showed the highest value in early stage but its vase life was shown to be shorter than other treatments’. As for the wet storage which is less impacted by water stress, its water balance showed minus value during 5℃ storage and also low value during 25℃ storage but its vase life appeared longer than that of dry storage. MAP storage was under more stress than wet storage during the storage period but after it was released from the storage, its water absorption and flower diameter were formed similarly to those of wet storage. On the whole, the vase life showed the best value in MAP at 5℃, but there were varieties which showed the best value in wet storage, so wet storage and MAP storage showed no significant difference statistically. The effect of maintaining freshness of MAP storage is judged to vary according to varieties.
2. The Impact of Functional Packaging Materials and Protective Gas Charging on Freshness of Pot-plants 2.1.The Impact of Storage Temperature and Method on Freshness of Pot-roses To identify the impact of storage temperature and method for pot-roses on maintaining freshness, roses packaged in a customary PE film sleeve package, polyethylene (PE) package and nitrogen gas flushed PE film package were stored at 7, 15 and 25℃ respectively for 5 days. The maintaining of freshness according to storage temperature was tested and the result showed that freshness was maintained best at 7℃ and the test on the maintaining of freshness according to the storage method showed that soil water and weight were better maintained in treatment of PE film package than the control. Nitrogen gas flushed PE film treatment showed an effect of containing the flowering. The result of measuring root activity showed that it was shown to be high in the order of 15, 7 and 25℃. TTC in PE film was shown to be high in each temperature but whether or not nitrogen was flushed did not have any impact on it. The result of measuring Proin of leaves showed that the control at a temperature of 25℃ was under the most water stress. 2.2. The Impact of Storage Temperature and Functional Packaging Materials in Maintaining Freshness of Pot-chrysanthemum The open-type film sleeve used customarily was used in the control and to analyze the difference between ordinary PE film and functional film, airtight packaging was done using Functional Ⅰ(hereinafter referred to as FⅠ) containing functional materials and Functional Ⅱ(hereinafter referred to as F ll). To identify the effect of nitrogen charging, after the air was removed from each film envelop and then packaging was done as is, the control was divided into the treatment and the treatment packaged with flushed nitrogen gas. This study investigated the possibility of storing at 5 and 15℃ for 5 and 10 days and transporting for a long period of time and the result was that 5℃ was effective in maintaining freshness and film packaging treatment was more effective in maintaining weight and soil water than the control. And test was conducted to identify the effect of functional packaging materials and the result was that in the nitrogen gas charged F l film treatment there was less occurrence of yellow leaves. As with pot-roses, nitrogen gas flushed treatment apparently tends to contain the flowering and even after the package was disassembled, it flowered normally and thus its ornamental life was lengthened. The 10 days’ storage to investigate the long-term transportation, its flower color was changed, downgrading the value of commodities.
2.3. The Impact of Storage Temperature and Packaging Method for Pot-flower Ivy on Maintaining Freshness To investigate the impact of storage temperature and method for pot-flower ivy on maintaining freshness, packaging was done using PE film, nitrogen gas flushed PE film, anti fog film, nitrogen gas flushed anti fog film and to examine a proper soil water, each package treatment was divided into dry soil and wet soil. After each package treatment was stored at 15 and 25℃ for 10 and 20 days, the changes in weight, soil water and growth and development after the storage were compared and the result showed that 15℃ was effective in maintaining freshness. And the changes in oxygen and carbon dioxide in the envelop were measured at an interval of 5 days and the result showed that as the storage period is prolonged, the amount of oxygen which decreased, with 1~2% maintained on the fifth day, and carbon dioxide increased progressively. As there occurred no condensation in the surface of envelop of AF film, the value of commodities was good but was no impact on growth and development. Soggy soil condition was good for growth and development at first but the value of commodities dropped due to over-moisture and a good condition was maintained in dry soil water treatment.
1. The Impact of Dry, Wet and MAP Packages on Maintaining Freshness of Cut-flower Roses
To identify the effect of maintaining freshness of cut-flower roses according to the storage temperature and method, cut-flower roses were packaged by dry, wet and MAP (modified atmosphere packaging) methods and stored at a store room at a constant temperature of either 5 or 25℃ and constant humidity for 5 days and then their changed fresh weight, flower diameter and peduncle thickness were compared with those prior to the storage, and the change in gas formation was measured inside the film package during the storage. After the package was disassembled, the changes in fresh weight, water absorption rate, water balance and flower diameter while vase life was measured at a constant temperature and the amount of ethylene generated in each treatment. The effect of maintaining freshness according to the storage temperature was tested and the result showed that as for their growth and development before and after the storage, a storage condition of 5℃ is more effective in maintaining freshness than that of 25℃. As for the impact according to the storage method, the reduction in fresh weight during the dry storage was most significantly apparent, and as for wet storage, freshness was maintained with no change or an increase in fresh weight and peduncle diameter, compared with that prior to the storage and showed a characteristic that flowering was much achieved. Fresh weight during the MAP storage was slightly reduced, compared with that during the wet storage, but without much flowering achieved, compared with the wet storage, and was maintained in a condition similar to its pre-storage one. In a 25℃ treatment of MAP storage at 25℃ the value of commodities dropped and the amount of ethylene was generated at 25℃ twice as much as that at 5℃due to over-moisture and high-concentration carbon dioxide. After the package was disassembled, the vase life showed a high early-stage water absorption rate in dry storage which is much inclined to wilt, and as for the water balance also, it showed the highest value in early stage but its vase life was shown to be shorter than other treatments’. As for the wet storage which is less impacted by water stress, its water balance showed minus value during 5℃ storage and also low value during 25℃ storage but its vase life appeared longer than that of dry storage. MAP storage was under more stress than wet storage during the storage period but after it was released from the storage, its water absorption and flower diameter were formed similarly to those of wet storage. On the whole, the vase life showed the best value in MAP at 5℃, but there were varieties which showed the best value in wet storage, so wet storage and MAP storage showed no significant difference statistically. The effect of maintaining freshness of MAP storage is judged to vary according to varieties.
2. The Impact of Functional Packaging Materials and Protective Gas Charging on Freshness of Pot-plants 2.1.The Impact of Storage Temperature and Method on Freshness of Pot-roses To identify the impact of storage temperature and method for pot-roses on maintaining freshness, roses packaged in a customary PE film sleeve package, polyethylene (PE) package and nitrogen gas flushed PE film package were stored at 7, 15 and 25℃ respectively for 5 days. The maintaining of freshness according to storage temperature was tested and the result showed that freshness was maintained best at 7℃ and the test on the maintaining of freshness according to the storage method showed that soil water and weight were better maintained in treatment of PE film package than the control. Nitrogen gas flushed PE film treatment showed an effect of containing the flowering. The result of measuring root activity showed that it was shown to be high in the order of 15, 7 and 25℃. TTC in PE film was shown to be high in each temperature but whether or not nitrogen was flushed did not have any impact on it. The result of measuring Proin of leaves showed that the control at a temperature of 25℃ was under the most water stress. 2.2. The Impact of Storage Temperature and Functional Packaging Materials in Maintaining Freshness of Pot-chrysanthemum The open-type film sleeve used customarily was used in the control and to analyze the difference between ordinary PE film and functional film, airtight packaging was done using Functional Ⅰ(hereinafter referred to as FⅠ) containing functional materials and Functional Ⅱ(hereinafter referred to as F ll). To identify the effect of nitrogen charging, after the air was removed from each film envelop and then packaging was done as is, the control was divided into the treatment and the treatment packaged with flushed nitrogen gas. This study investigated the possibility of storing at 5 and 15℃ for 5 and 10 days and transporting for a long period of time and the result was that 5℃ was effective in maintaining freshness and film packaging treatment was more effective in maintaining weight and soil water than the control. And test was conducted to identify the effect of functional packaging materials and the result was that in the nitrogen gas charged F l film treatment there was less occurrence of yellow leaves. As with pot-roses, nitrogen gas flushed treatment apparently tends to contain the flowering and even after the package was disassembled, it flowered normally and thus its ornamental life was lengthened. The 10 days’ storage to investigate the long-term transportation, its flower color was changed, downgrading the value of commodities.
2.3. The Impact of Storage Temperature and Packaging Method for Pot-flower Ivy on Maintaining Freshness To investigate the impact of storage temperature and method for pot-flower ivy on maintaining freshness, packaging was done using PE film, nitrogen gas flushed PE film, anti fog film, nitrogen gas flushed anti fog film and to examine a proper soil water, each package treatment was divided into dry soil and wet soil. After each package treatment was stored at 15 and 25℃ for 10 and 20 days, the changes in weight, soil water and growth and development after the storage were compared and the result showed that 15℃ was effective in maintaining freshness. And the changes in oxygen and carbon dioxide in the envelop were measured at an interval of 5 days and the result showed that as the storage period is prolonged, the amount of oxygen which decreased, with 1~2% maintained on the fifth day, and carbon dioxide increased progressively. As there occurred no condensation in the surface of envelop of AF film, the value of commodities was good but was no impact on growth and development. Soggy soil condition was good for growth and development at first but the value of commodities dropped due to over-moisture and a good condition was maintained in dry soil water treatment.
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