This research was conducted to investigate the germination and early establishment characteristics(PART I), and growth and morphological characteristics(PART II) in warm-season grasses(WSG) and cool-season grasses(CSG). At the study of PART I, turfgrass entries were comprised of bermudagrass(Ber, Cy...
This research was conducted to investigate the germination and early establishment characteristics(PART I), and growth and morphological characteristics(PART II) in warm-season grasses(WSG) and cool-season grasses(CSG). At the study of PART I, turfgrass entries were comprised of bermudagrass(Ber, Cynodon dactylon[L.] Pers.), zoysiagrass(Zoy, Zoysia japonica Steud.), seashore paspalum(SP, Paspalum vaginatum Swartz.) from WSG and creeping bentgrass(CB, Agrostis palustris Huds.), Kentucky bluegrass(KB, Poa annua L.), perennial ryegrass(PR, Lolium perenne L.), tall fescue(TF, Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) and Chewings fescue(CF, Festuca rubra L. ssp. commutata Gaud.) from CSG. An alternative environment condition requiring for a WSG and CSG germination test by International Seed Testing Association(ISTA) was applied in the Experiment I, consisting of 8-hr light at 35℃ and 16-hr dark at 25℃ for WSG and 8-hr light at 30℃ and 16-hr dark at 20℃ for CSG. Experiment II was conducted under natural conditions of a room temperature of 25-29℃ natural condition.
Significant differences were observed in germination rate, days to the first germination, days to 50% germination, germination patterns among turfgrasses according to different conditions. Generally, the highest rate was associated with CSG over WSG. The final germination rate was highest in Zoy, followed by Ber and SP in WSG. For CSG, it was highest with CB and PR, followed by TF and KB and lowest in CF. Overall ranking was resulted as CB, PR > KB, TF > Zoy > and Ber. Days to the 50% germination were 6.30 to 13.14 days after seeding(DAS) among WSG, being 6.84 days in differences. It was 4.59 to 13.26 DAS among CSG, being maximum 8.67 days in differences among the entries. Germination peak time was becoming faster in PR > CB > Zoy > TF > and KB in order. Considering days to the first germination, days to 50% germination, germination pattern, and final germination rate, the overall ranking was shown as CB, PR > Zoy > TF > KB > Ber > SP, and CF in the study.
At the study of PART II, growth and morphological characteristics were evaluated under three different cultural intensities. Leaf emergence varied with turfgrass and season. In general, it was greater with CSG than WSG. Seasonal variation of leaf emergence occurred greatly in Zoysia japonica, being 0.33 to 4.00 during a growing period. Number of leaves in KB, PR, and TF ranged 3.00 to 5.67, 2.67 to 4.00, and 2.50 to 3.67, respectively. In other words, R-type turfgrass, KB produced much higher number of leaves than B-type, PR and TF. Overall ranking in leaf emergence under medium management was KB > PR, TF > and Zoy in order. Turfgrass color and density were associated with leaf emergence, but it was variable with season. Significant differences were greatly observed according to cultural intensities with such characteristics as 1st leaf height, morphological features and plant height. For 1st leaves(oldest leaf), its height increased with management level, being low > medium > and high management. In fully-expanded mature leaf, leaf morphological characteristics like blade, sheath, width, and plant height were shorter with management level, being low < medium, and < high.
These results suggest an on-site germination test be needed prior to planting for a successful establishment. Also, a proper analysis growth and morphological characteristics should be done for both the growing environmental conditions and cultural practices. From this study, in-depth information on germination characteristics, early establishment, and growth characteristics of WSG and CSG would be usefully applied for sports turf design and construction.
This research was conducted to investigate the germination and early establishment characteristics(PART I), and growth and morphological characteristics(PART II) in warm-season grasses(WSG) and cool-season grasses(CSG). At the study of PART I, turfgrass entries were comprised of bermudagrass(Ber, Cynodon dactylon[L.] Pers.), zoysiagrass(Zoy, Zoysia japonica Steud.), seashore paspalum(SP, Paspalum vaginatum Swartz.) from WSG and creeping bentgrass(CB, Agrostis palustris Huds.), Kentucky bluegrass(KB, Poa annua L.), perennial ryegrass(PR, Lolium perenne L.), tall fescue(TF, Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) and Chewings fescue(CF, Festuca rubra L. ssp. commutata Gaud.) from CSG. An alternative environment condition requiring for a WSG and CSG germination test by International Seed Testing Association(ISTA) was applied in the Experiment I, consisting of 8-hr light at 35℃ and 16-hr dark at 25℃ for WSG and 8-hr light at 30℃ and 16-hr dark at 20℃ for CSG. Experiment II was conducted under natural conditions of a room temperature of 25-29℃ natural condition.
Significant differences were observed in germination rate, days to the first germination, days to 50% germination, germination patterns among turfgrasses according to different conditions. Generally, the highest rate was associated with CSG over WSG. The final germination rate was highest in Zoy, followed by Ber and SP in WSG. For CSG, it was highest with CB and PR, followed by TF and KB and lowest in CF. Overall ranking was resulted as CB, PR > KB, TF > Zoy > and Ber. Days to the 50% germination were 6.30 to 13.14 days after seeding(DAS) among WSG, being 6.84 days in differences. It was 4.59 to 13.26 DAS among CSG, being maximum 8.67 days in differences among the entries. Germination peak time was becoming faster in PR > CB > Zoy > TF > and KB in order. Considering days to the first germination, days to 50% germination, germination pattern, and final germination rate, the overall ranking was shown as CB, PR > Zoy > TF > KB > Ber > SP, and CF in the study.
At the study of PART II, growth and morphological characteristics were evaluated under three different cultural intensities. Leaf emergence varied with turfgrass and season. In general, it was greater with CSG than WSG. Seasonal variation of leaf emergence occurred greatly in Zoysia japonica, being 0.33 to 4.00 during a growing period. Number of leaves in KB, PR, and TF ranged 3.00 to 5.67, 2.67 to 4.00, and 2.50 to 3.67, respectively. In other words, R-type turfgrass, KB produced much higher number of leaves than B-type, PR and TF. Overall ranking in leaf emergence under medium management was KB > PR, TF > and Zoy in order. Turfgrass color and density were associated with leaf emergence, but it was variable with season. Significant differences were greatly observed according to cultural intensities with such characteristics as 1st leaf height, morphological features and plant height. For 1st leaves(oldest leaf), its height increased with management level, being low > medium > and high management. In fully-expanded mature leaf, leaf morphological characteristics like blade, sheath, width, and plant height were shorter with management level, being low < medium, and < high.
These results suggest an on-site germination test be needed prior to planting for a successful establishment. Also, a proper analysis growth and morphological characteristics should be done for both the growing environmental conditions and cultural practices. From this study, in-depth information on germination characteristics, early establishment, and growth characteristics of WSG and CSG would be usefully applied for sports turf design and construction.
Keyword
#cultural intensity germination pattern germination speed ISTA leaf emergence leaf blade leaf sheathe morphological character visual turfgrass color visual turfgrass density
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