The effect of diet supplementation of Rice-Doenjang on the glucose, lipid metabolism and antioxidant defense status in high fat-fed mice was investigated. After adjusting period for two weeks, the C57BL/6N mice (male, 4-weeks-age) were randomly divided into 6 groups: normal control diet (NC group), ...
The effect of diet supplementation of Rice-Doenjang on the glucose, lipid metabolism and antioxidant defense status in high fat-fed mice was investigated. After adjusting period for two weeks, the C57BL/6N mice (male, 4-weeks-age) were randomly divided into 6 groups: normal control diet (NC group), high fat diet (HF group), high fat diet supplemented with soybean doenjang (HF+SB group), high fat diet supplemented with brown rice doenjang (HF+BR group), high fat diet supplemented with brown rice and rice bran doenjang (HF+BRB group), and high fat diet supplemented with brown rice and red ginseng marc doenjang (HF+BRG group). The mice had free access to the experimental diets and water for 8 weeks. The results were as followed: 1. The effect of Rice-Doenjang supplementation on glucose metabolism Prior to feeding with the experimental diets, the body weights of mice did not significantly differ. Throughout the entire study, the daily food intake was similar and constant in all the animal groups. At the end of the experimental period, a marked increase in the body weight of HF group was observed relative to that of the NC group. On the other hand, the HF+SB, HF+BR, HF+BRB and HF+BRG group exhibited significantly lower body weight gain than the HF group. The weights of liver and heart were not significantly different among the animal groups. The kidney was significantly higher in HF mice compared with that of the HF+BRG group. The weight of epididymal and perirenal adipose tissues were lowest in the all Rice-Doenjang mice. The weight of inguinal adipose tissue was lowest in the HF+BRG mice. The HF+SB and HF+BRG supplementation maintained significantly lower blood glucose level compared to the other group over the entire experimental period. The blood glucose levels of the HF+SB and HF+BRG groups were lower than that of the BR and BRB groups. The plasma insulin concentration in HF+SB, HF+BR and HF+BRB groups were higher than in HF+BRG group. However, hepatic glycogen concentration in HF+SB, HF+BR and HF+BRB groups were lower than in HF+BRG group. The hepatic glucokinase (GK) enzyme activity was significantly higher in HF+SB, HF+BRB and HF+BRG groups than that of the HF gorup. High-fat feeding resulted in a marked increased in glucose-6-phosphatase (G6pase) activity. However, supplementation of Rice-Doenjang groups in the diet suppressed the elevation and normalized the G6pase activity. In the same manner, significantly lower phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) activity was observed all Rice-Doenjang mice compared with that of the NC and HF mice. In the present study, a marked increase in the leptin, resistin and TNF-α levels was observed in the mice fed with a high fat diet. However, dietary feeding of all Rice-Doenjang groups counteracted the elevation in the adipokine concentrations. All Rice-Doenjang mice groups showed considerably higher amount of adiponectin compared with the NC and HF gorups. 2. The effect of Rice-Doenjang supplementation on lipid metabolism The plasma triglyceride content was substantially higher in HF mice that of the NC and all Rice-Doenjang groups. The plasma total cholesterol concentration was significantly higher in HF mice than that of the NC, HF+BRB and HF+BRG groups. A marked decrease in the HDL-cholesterol level was observed in HF group. Accordingly, the HDL-cholesterol/total cholesterol ratio (HTR) was significantly higher in all Rice-Doenjang groups than that of the HF gorup and all Rice-Doenjang groups effectively lowered the altherogenic index (AI) compared to the HF group. The activity of hepatic malic enzyme (ME) enzyme markedly decreased in HF+SB, HF+BRB and HF+BRG groups. Moreover, the activity of hepatic glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) and fatty acid synthase (FAS) enzyme significantly decreased in all Rice-Doenjang groups. On the other hand, the activity of hepatic carnitine palmitoyl transferase (CPT) enzyme increased in HF+BRB and HF+BRG gropus. Also, a marked increase in the hepatic β-oxidation activity was found in HF+BRG group. The adipocyte malic enzyme (ME), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) and fatty acid synthase (FAS) activities significantly decreased in all Rice-Doenjang groups. The adipocyte carnitine palmitoyl transferase (CPT) activity significantly increased in HF+SB, HF+BRB and HF+BRG groups. Previous studies have shown that an increase in CPT activity could lead to an increase in the fatty acid oxidation, thereby reducing the accumulation of triglyceride and cholesterol levels. The plasma free fatty acid concentration was lower in the HF+SB, HF+BRB and HF+BRG groups compared to the HF+BRB group. The plasma phospholipid level was higher in the HF+SB and HF+BRG groups compared to the HF+BR and HF+BRB groups. 3. The effect of Rice-Doenjang supplementation on antioxidant metabolism The HF+SB, HF+BR, HF+BRB and HF+BRG groups tended to increase the hepatic catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities. Moreover, the HF+SB, HF+BRB and HF+BRG groups significantly increased the hepatic superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. Also, the plasma and erythrocyte TBARS levels were significantly lower in the all Rice-Doenjang groups than NC and HF groups. The hepatic paraoxonase (PON) activity was not different among all groups. In conclusion, results of this study illustrate that Rice-Doenjang could improve the lipid and glucose metabolism and enhance the antioxidant defense status in mice under a high fat diet condition. The hypolipidemic effect and the antioxidant status-improving action were partly due to the inhibition of hepatic and adipocyte lipogenesis and hepatic antioxidant enzymes. Moreover, the hypoglycemia effect was partly due to the inhibition of hepatic glucose output by increasing glucose utilization or decreasing gluconeogenesis and via their ability to increase the glucose disposal of the adipocyte. Thus, the Rice-Doenjang may be useful as a functional biomaterial in the development of therapeutic agent against obesity, diabetes and hyperlipidemia and its associated diseases.
The effect of diet supplementation of Rice-Doenjang on the glucose, lipid metabolism and antioxidant defense status in high fat-fed mice was investigated. After adjusting period for two weeks, the C57BL/6N mice (male, 4-weeks-age) were randomly divided into 6 groups: normal control diet (NC group), high fat diet (HF group), high fat diet supplemented with soybean doenjang (HF+SB group), high fat diet supplemented with brown rice doenjang (HF+BR group), high fat diet supplemented with brown rice and rice bran doenjang (HF+BRB group), and high fat diet supplemented with brown rice and red ginseng marc doenjang (HF+BRG group). The mice had free access to the experimental diets and water for 8 weeks. The results were as followed: 1. The effect of Rice-Doenjang supplementation on glucose metabolism Prior to feeding with the experimental diets, the body weights of mice did not significantly differ. Throughout the entire study, the daily food intake was similar and constant in all the animal groups. At the end of the experimental period, a marked increase in the body weight of HF group was observed relative to that of the NC group. On the other hand, the HF+SB, HF+BR, HF+BRB and HF+BRG group exhibited significantly lower body weight gain than the HF group. The weights of liver and heart were not significantly different among the animal groups. The kidney was significantly higher in HF mice compared with that of the HF+BRG group. The weight of epididymal and perirenal adipose tissues were lowest in the all Rice-Doenjang mice. The weight of inguinal adipose tissue was lowest in the HF+BRG mice. The HF+SB and HF+BRG supplementation maintained significantly lower blood glucose level compared to the other group over the entire experimental period. The blood glucose levels of the HF+SB and HF+BRG groups were lower than that of the BR and BRB groups. The plasma insulin concentration in HF+SB, HF+BR and HF+BRB groups were higher than in HF+BRG group. However, hepatic glycogen concentration in HF+SB, HF+BR and HF+BRB groups were lower than in HF+BRG group. The hepatic glucokinase (GK) enzyme activity was significantly higher in HF+SB, HF+BRB and HF+BRG groups than that of the HF gorup. High-fat feeding resulted in a marked increased in glucose-6-phosphatase (G6pase) activity. However, supplementation of Rice-Doenjang groups in the diet suppressed the elevation and normalized the G6pase activity. In the same manner, significantly lower phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) activity was observed all Rice-Doenjang mice compared with that of the NC and HF mice. In the present study, a marked increase in the leptin, resistin and TNF-α levels was observed in the mice fed with a high fat diet. However, dietary feeding of all Rice-Doenjang groups counteracted the elevation in the adipokine concentrations. All Rice-Doenjang mice groups showed considerably higher amount of adiponectin compared with the NC and HF gorups. 2. The effect of Rice-Doenjang supplementation on lipid metabolism The plasma triglyceride content was substantially higher in HF mice that of the NC and all Rice-Doenjang groups. The plasma total cholesterol concentration was significantly higher in HF mice than that of the NC, HF+BRB and HF+BRG groups. A marked decrease in the HDL-cholesterol level was observed in HF group. Accordingly, the HDL-cholesterol/total cholesterol ratio (HTR) was significantly higher in all Rice-Doenjang groups than that of the HF gorup and all Rice-Doenjang groups effectively lowered the altherogenic index (AI) compared to the HF group. The activity of hepatic malic enzyme (ME) enzyme markedly decreased in HF+SB, HF+BRB and HF+BRG groups. Moreover, the activity of hepatic glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) and fatty acid synthase (FAS) enzyme significantly decreased in all Rice-Doenjang groups. On the other hand, the activity of hepatic carnitine palmitoyl transferase (CPT) enzyme increased in HF+BRB and HF+BRG gropus. Also, a marked increase in the hepatic β-oxidation activity was found in HF+BRG group. The adipocyte malic enzyme (ME), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) and fatty acid synthase (FAS) activities significantly decreased in all Rice-Doenjang groups. The adipocyte carnitine palmitoyl transferase (CPT) activity significantly increased in HF+SB, HF+BRB and HF+BRG groups. Previous studies have shown that an increase in CPT activity could lead to an increase in the fatty acid oxidation, thereby reducing the accumulation of triglyceride and cholesterol levels. The plasma free fatty acid concentration was lower in the HF+SB, HF+BRB and HF+BRG groups compared to the HF+BRB group. The plasma phospholipid level was higher in the HF+SB and HF+BRG groups compared to the HF+BR and HF+BRB groups. 3. The effect of Rice-Doenjang supplementation on antioxidant metabolism The HF+SB, HF+BR, HF+BRB and HF+BRG groups tended to increase the hepatic catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities. Moreover, the HF+SB, HF+BRB and HF+BRG groups significantly increased the hepatic superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. Also, the plasma and erythrocyte TBARS levels were significantly lower in the all Rice-Doenjang groups than NC and HF groups. The hepatic paraoxonase (PON) activity was not different among all groups. In conclusion, results of this study illustrate that Rice-Doenjang could improve the lipid and glucose metabolism and enhance the antioxidant defense status in mice under a high fat diet condition. The hypolipidemic effect and the antioxidant status-improving action were partly due to the inhibition of hepatic and adipocyte lipogenesis and hepatic antioxidant enzymes. Moreover, the hypoglycemia effect was partly due to the inhibition of hepatic glucose output by increasing glucose utilization or decreasing gluconeogenesis and via their ability to increase the glucose disposal of the adipocyte. Thus, the Rice-Doenjang may be useful as a functional biomaterial in the development of therapeutic agent against obesity, diabetes and hyperlipidemia and its associated diseases.
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