纵观东北亚国际关系史的萌芽、形成和发展历程,19世纪是一个十分重要的历史时期。在这一时期,由于欧美列强的强行介入,中国、日本、俄国以及朝鲜的国内外形势发生了巨大变化,延续了几个世纪的华夷朝贡体系被西方条约体系所取代。典型的近代国际关系形成。而地处东北亚区域内的中、日、俄、朝,这四个国家的动向形成了19世纪末期的东北亚国际局面。 在这一时期,位于朝鲜和清朝,分别有两个女人——明成皇后与西太后,她们手握国家权力,影响着朝局变化。虽然现在对于明成皇后和西太后有着“朝鲜时代与清朝末期的杰出女政治家”的评价,但是作为受到儒教思想深远影响的两国,她们无论是在过去,还是在现在,都受到了广泛的否定。 朝鲜半岛...
纵观东北亚国际关系史的萌芽、形成和发展历程,19世纪是一个十分重要的历史时期。在这一时期,由于欧美列强的强行介入,中国、日本、俄国以及朝鲜的国内外形势发生了巨大变化,延续了几个世纪的华夷朝贡体系被西方条约体系所取代。典型的近代国际关系形成。而地处东北亚区域内的中、日、俄、朝,这四个国家的动向形成了19世纪末期的东北亚国际局面。 在这一时期,位于朝鲜和清朝,分别有两个女人——明成皇后与西太后,她们手握国家权力,影响着朝局变化。虽然现在对于明成皇后和西太后有着“朝鲜时代与清朝末期的杰出女政治家”的评价,但是作为受到儒教思想深远影响的两国,她们无论是在过去,还是在现在,都受到了广泛的否定。 朝鲜半岛西接中国、北邻俄罗斯、南濒日本,地处三大国之中心,战略地位十分重要。自19世纪中叶起,朝鲜半岛便成为各大国势力的撞击点,各国冲突与矛盾在此酝酿、激化,是大国间博弈的焦点。明成皇后依靠闵氏戚族的支持,打败高宗的父亲大院君,影响着高宗的政策决定。作为几百年的中国附属国,随着《江华条约》的签订,日本势力大量侵入门户开放的朝鲜半岛,清朝对朝鲜的“朝政不干涉”变为了积极的内政干涉,明成皇后听进德国人穆麟德(Mollendorff, P. G. von)的劝说,和俄国先后进行了两次的“朝俄密约”,导致清朝对朝鲜的内政干涉更加深入。通过震撼东亚的中日甲午战争,庞大而虚弱的“大清帝国”败于东邻小邦日本之手。《马关条约》的签订后,朝鲜脱离了与中国的宗藩关系,成为“完全无缺之独立自主”。日本虽然取得了胜利,但由于屈服于三国的干涉,俄国因在“三国干涉还辽”中的作用,被明成皇后为首的闵氏戚族政权认为是无与伦比的强国,于是,她更加接近俄国,采取“引俄拒日”政策,使俄国势力急剧渗透到朝鲜政府。因而日本将明成皇后认为是最大的障碍而发动了“乙未事变”,杀害了明成皇后,朝鲜也最终沦为了日本的殖民地。 清朝的西太后通过三立年幼皇帝,三次垂帘听政,牢牢将清朝政权握在手里47年。在甲午战争之前,西太后对外有着排斥仇恨的心理,她的心中清朝是真正的“天朝上国”。而甲午战争之后,朝鲜脱离与中国的宗藩关系,在俄国主导的三国干涉还辽事件过后,西太后对俄国的积极产生了兴趣。在李鸿章等人的进谏下,她同意了“联俄抗日”的政策。但是俄国一直觊觎着中国领土,对东北三省虎视眈眈,并不是真心与其结盟。在德国占领了胶州湾后,俄罗斯立即占领了旅顺与大连。至此西太后为首的清朝政府认识到了俄国的野心,因而立即将“联俄抗日”政策转变为了“联英日抗俄”政策。 明成皇后与西太后都一心希望借用他国的力量保卫本国的安全,力求通过“均衡外交”保住各自的权力不被剥夺。虽然都各自怀有一定的积极推进国家近代化发展的态度,但是由于自身的局限,以及对外局势了解知识的欠缺而一一失败,最终朝鲜与清朝都被日本以及列强殖民或者瓜分。 19世纪末期俄罗斯的动向影响着东亚局势的发展,而明成皇后与西太后的对俄政策又成为了东亚局势变化的催化剂。本论文即将明成皇后与西太后的对俄政策为中心进行比较研究,了解当时的政治背景,以及两人的势力基础,通过对她们的掌权过程的研究,探索朝鲜和清朝末期国际形势的变化,力图为19世纪末的相关研究,以及关于两位女人的研究做出一番贡献。 关键词:明成皇后;慈禧太后;19世纪末;俄罗斯;三国干涉还辽The 19th century was a very important period of history according to the germination, formation and development of the Northeast Asia’s history of international relations. In this period, China, Japan, Russia and Korea’s situation both at home and abroad changed greatly because of western powers’ intrusion. As a result, the Chinese-Barbarity System that last several centuries was replaced by Western Treaty System. Then, the typical Modern international relations came into being, China, Japan, Russia and Korea the 4 countries’ trend formed Northeast Asia’s international pattern in the late 19th century. In this period, there were 2 women in Korea and Qing dynasty who had state power and influenced the changing situation. They were Empress Myeongseong of Korea and Empress Dowager CiXi. Though at present they were given the evaluation of outstanding stateswomen in Korea and Qing dynasty, they still receive a lot negation in the 2 countries that was influenced by Confucianism greatly. Korean peninsula is west to China, north to Russia, and south to Japan. It locates in the center of the 3 countries and possesses important strategic position. Since the middle period of 19th century, Korean peninsula became the focus of many countries’ power. The countries’ conflicts and contradictions incubated and sharpened in here. Empress Myeongseong of Korea beat King Gojong’s father and influenced King Gojong’s political decisions by relying on the Min clan’s support. Korea had been China’s dependent country for hundreds years. Then Japan invaded open-door Korean peninsula and Qing dynasty changed its policy towards Korea from non - intervention of internal affairs to intervention. Empress Myeongseong of Korea accepted Mollendorff, P. G. von’s suggestion and signed two Secret Agreements with Russia. As a result, Qing dynasty interfered in the internal affairs of Korea more deeply. Big and weak Qing dynasty was beat by its neighbouring country Japan in Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895. After the agreement of Treaty of Shimonoseki, Korea severed its connection with China and was independent. In the Triple intervention, Japan bent its knee to Russia, which is considered as a unbeatable country by Min clan. So, she got closer to Russia, adopted the Pro-Russian and anti- Japanese Policy just after the Triple. This policy made Russia’s power permeated Korea’s government quickly Empress Dowager CiXi of Qing dynasty took the helm of state for 47 years through set up the young emperor 3 times and attended to state affairs 3 times. Before the Sino-Japaness War of 1894-1895, Empress Dowager CiXi rejected and hated the foreign country. In her mind, Qing dynasty was the real Celestial Empire. But after the Sino-Japaness War of 1894-1895, Korea severed its connection with China. After the Triple intervention lead by Russia, Empress Dowager CiXi became very interested in Russia. She agreed the policy that unite with Soviet and resist against Japan at the suggestion of Li Hongzhang and other people. But Russia always coveted China’s territory and wanted to invade three provinces in the north instead of sincere alliance. After Germany occupied kiaochow bay, Russia occupied Lvshun and Dalian immediately. By now, Qing Government lead by Empress Dowager CiXi recognized Russia’s ambition and changed the policy to unite with England and Japan and resist against Russia. Empress Myeongseong of Korea and Empress Dowager CiXi wished they can protect their countries’ safety by relying on other countries, they tried to retain their power by balanced diplomacy. Though they both hold the attitude that promote country’s modern development actively to a certain extent, they both failed because of the limitations of themselves and little cognition of external situation. Finally, Korea and Qing dynasty were divided up by Japan and western powers. In the late 19th century, Russia’s trend influenced the development of East Asia’s situation. Policy towards Russia of Empress Myeongseong of Korea and Empress Dowager CiXi became the catalyst of East Asia’s situation’s variation. This thesis attempts to make comparative study on policy towards Russia of Empress Myeongseong of Korea and Empress Dowager CiXi, find out the political background of that time and their power base. Through the research of their leading process,this thesis tries to search after the change of Korea and the late Qing dynasty’s international situation. As a result, this thesis attempts to make contribution to the research of the two women and the related late 19th study. Key Words: Myeongseong of Korea; Empress Dowager CiXi; the late 19th century; Russia; Triple Intervention
纵观东北亚国际关系史的萌芽、形成和发展历程,19世纪是一个十分重要的历史时期。在这一时期,由于欧美列强的强行介入,中国、日本、俄国以及朝鲜的国内外形势发生了巨大变化,延续了几个世纪的华夷朝贡体系被西方条约体系所取代。典型的近代国际关系形成。而地处东北亚区域内的中、日、俄、朝,这四个国家的动向形成了19世纪末期的东北亚国际局面。 在这一时期,位于朝鲜和清朝,分别有两个女人——明成皇后与西太后,她们手握国家权力,影响着朝局变化。虽然现在对于明成皇后和西太后有着“朝鲜时代与清朝末期的杰出女政治家”的评价,但是作为受到儒教思想深远影响的两国,她们无论是在过去,还是在现在,都受到了广泛的否定。 朝鲜半岛西接中国、北邻俄罗斯、南濒日本,地处三大国之中心,战略地位十分重要。自19世纪中叶起,朝鲜半岛便成为各大国势力的撞击点,各国冲突与矛盾在此酝酿、激化,是大国间博弈的焦点。明成皇后依靠闵氏戚族的支持,打败高宗的父亲大院君,影响着高宗的政策决定。作为几百年的中国附属国,随着《江华条约》的签订,日本势力大量侵入门户开放的朝鲜半岛,清朝对朝鲜的“朝政不干涉”变为了积极的内政干涉,明成皇后听进德国人穆麟德(Mollendorff, P. G. von)的劝说,和俄国先后进行了两次的“朝俄密约”,导致清朝对朝鲜的内政干涉更加深入。通过震撼东亚的中日甲午战争,庞大而虚弱的“大清帝国”败于东邻小邦日本之手。《马关条约》的签订后,朝鲜脱离了与中国的宗藩关系,成为“完全无缺之独立自主”。日本虽然取得了胜利,但由于屈服于三国的干涉,俄国因在“三国干涉还辽”中的作用,被明成皇后为首的闵氏戚族政权认为是无与伦比的强国,于是,她更加接近俄国,采取“引俄拒日”政策,使俄国势力急剧渗透到朝鲜政府。因而日本将明成皇后认为是最大的障碍而发动了“乙未事变”,杀害了明成皇后,朝鲜也最终沦为了日本的殖民地。 清朝的西太后通过三立年幼皇帝,三次垂帘听政,牢牢将清朝政权握在手里47年。在甲午战争之前,西太后对外有着排斥仇恨的心理,她的心中清朝是真正的“天朝上国”。而甲午战争之后,朝鲜脱离与中国的宗藩关系,在俄国主导的三国干涉还辽事件过后,西太后对俄国的积极产生了兴趣。在李鸿章等人的进谏下,她同意了“联俄抗日”的政策。但是俄国一直觊觎着中国领土,对东北三省虎视眈眈,并不是真心与其结盟。在德国占领了胶州湾后,俄罗斯立即占领了旅顺与大连。至此西太后为首的清朝政府认识到了俄国的野心,因而立即将“联俄抗日”政策转变为了“联英日抗俄”政策。 明成皇后与西太后都一心希望借用他国的力量保卫本国的安全,力求通过“均衡外交”保住各自的权力不被剥夺。虽然都各自怀有一定的积极推进国家近代化发展的态度,但是由于自身的局限,以及对外局势了解知识的欠缺而一一失败,最终朝鲜与清朝都被日本以及列强殖民或者瓜分。 19世纪末期俄罗斯的动向影响着东亚局势的发展,而明成皇后与西太后的对俄政策又成为了东亚局势变化的催化剂。本论文即将明成皇后与西太后的对俄政策为中心进行比较研究,了解当时的政治背景,以及两人的势力基础,通过对她们的掌权过程的研究,探索朝鲜和清朝末期国际形势的变化,力图为19世纪末的相关研究,以及关于两位女人的研究做出一番贡献。 关键词:明成皇后;慈禧太后;19世纪末;俄罗斯;三国干涉还辽The 19th century was a very important period of history according to the germination, formation and development of the Northeast Asia’s history of international relations. In this period, China, Japan, Russia and Korea’s situation both at home and abroad changed greatly because of western powers’ intrusion. As a result, the Chinese-Barbarity System that last several centuries was replaced by Western Treaty System. Then, the typical Modern international relations came into being, China, Japan, Russia and Korea the 4 countries’ trend formed Northeast Asia’s international pattern in the late 19th century. In this period, there were 2 women in Korea and Qing dynasty who had state power and influenced the changing situation. They were Empress Myeongseong of Korea and Empress Dowager CiXi. Though at present they were given the evaluation of outstanding stateswomen in Korea and Qing dynasty, they still receive a lot negation in the 2 countries that was influenced by Confucianism greatly. Korean peninsula is west to China, north to Russia, and south to Japan. It locates in the center of the 3 countries and possesses important strategic position. Since the middle period of 19th century, Korean peninsula became the focus of many countries’ power. The countries’ conflicts and contradictions incubated and sharpened in here. Empress Myeongseong of Korea beat King Gojong’s father and influenced King Gojong’s political decisions by relying on the Min clan’s support. Korea had been China’s dependent country for hundreds years. Then Japan invaded open-door Korean peninsula and Qing dynasty changed its policy towards Korea from non - intervention of internal affairs to intervention. Empress Myeongseong of Korea accepted Mollendorff, P. G. von’s suggestion and signed two Secret Agreements with Russia. As a result, Qing dynasty interfered in the internal affairs of Korea more deeply. Big and weak Qing dynasty was beat by its neighbouring country Japan in Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895. After the agreement of Treaty of Shimonoseki, Korea severed its connection with China and was independent. In the Triple intervention, Japan bent its knee to Russia, which is considered as a unbeatable country by Min clan. So, she got closer to Russia, adopted the Pro-Russian and anti- Japanese Policy just after the Triple. This policy made Russia’s power permeated Korea’s government quickly Empress Dowager CiXi of Qing dynasty took the helm of state for 47 years through set up the young emperor 3 times and attended to state affairs 3 times. Before the Sino-Japaness War of 1894-1895, Empress Dowager CiXi rejected and hated the foreign country. In her mind, Qing dynasty was the real Celestial Empire. But after the Sino-Japaness War of 1894-1895, Korea severed its connection with China. After the Triple intervention lead by Russia, Empress Dowager CiXi became very interested in Russia. She agreed the policy that unite with Soviet and resist against Japan at the suggestion of Li Hongzhang and other people. But Russia always coveted China’s territory and wanted to invade three provinces in the north instead of sincere alliance. After Germany occupied kiaochow bay, Russia occupied Lvshun and Dalian immediately. By now, Qing Government lead by Empress Dowager CiXi recognized Russia’s ambition and changed the policy to unite with England and Japan and resist against Russia. Empress Myeongseong of Korea and Empress Dowager CiXi wished they can protect their countries’ safety by relying on other countries, they tried to retain their power by balanced diplomacy. Though they both hold the attitude that promote country’s modern development actively to a certain extent, they both failed because of the limitations of themselves and little cognition of external situation. Finally, Korea and Qing dynasty were divided up by Japan and western powers. In the late 19th century, Russia’s trend influenced the development of East Asia’s situation. Policy towards Russia of Empress Myeongseong of Korea and Empress Dowager CiXi became the catalyst of East Asia’s situation’s variation. This thesis attempts to make comparative study on policy towards Russia of Empress Myeongseong of Korea and Empress Dowager CiXi, find out the political background of that time and their power base. Through the research of their leading process,this thesis tries to search after the change of Korea and the late Qing dynasty’s international situation. As a result, this thesis attempts to make contribution to the research of the two women and the related late 19th study. Key Words: Myeongseong of Korea; Empress Dowager CiXi; the late 19th century; Russia; Triple Intervention
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